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Huo X, Han W, Yang Z, Lu Y, Liu N, Hou H. RNF43 in cancer: Molecular understanding and clinical significance in immunotherapy. J Gene Med 2024; 26:e3729. [PMID: 39146560 DOI: 10.1002/jgm.3729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2024] [Revised: 07/01/2024] [Accepted: 07/29/2024] [Indexed: 08/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Identifying biomarkers to predict immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) efficacy is warranted. Considering that somatic mutation-derived neoantigens induce strong immune responses, patients with a high tumor mutational burden reportedly tend to respond to ICIs. Therefore, the original function of neoantigenic mutations and their impact on the tumor microenvironment (TME) require attention. RNF43 is a type of RING E3 ubiquitin ligase, and long-term survivors in most cancers had conserved patterns of mutations of RNF43. Also, high microsatellite instability patients had a higher RNF43 mutation rate compared with microsatellite stability tumor patients, who were more sensitive to ICI treatment. Therefore, RNF43 has become a promising biomarker of immunotherapy in a wide range of cancers. This review focuses on the up-to-date knowledge of RNF43 mutation in cancer. We summarize the cancer hallmarks involving activities regulated by RNF43 and highlight its extremely sophisticated regulation of WNT signaling and tumor microenvironment. The key genes interacting with RNF43 have also been summarized and discussed. Additionally, we highlight and propose new strategies of targeting RNF43 and RNF43-based combinations with established immunotherapy and combination therapy. These efforts may provide new perspectives for RNF43-based target therapy in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingfa Huo
- Precision Medicine Center of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Weizhong Han
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Zhen Yang
- Department of Pathology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Yongzhi Lu
- Department of Oncology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Ning Liu
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Helei Hou
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
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Vasudevan S, Mehta A, Karki D, Kumar D. Ring Finger 43 Hot-spot Frameshift Mutation G659V in Colorectal Cancer Patients: Report from a Tertiary Cancer Care Hospital in North India. Int J Appl Basic Med Res 2024; 14:17-22. [PMID: 38504846 PMCID: PMC10947763 DOI: 10.4103/ijabmr.ijabmr_403_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Background The Ring Finger 43 (RNF43) is a tumor suppressor gene that negatively regulates the Wnt/β-catenin signaling. The p.G659fs is a recurrent RNF43 C-terminal truncating variant frequent in colorectal cancer (CRC) patients. We aimed to identify this hotspot variant in CRC patients and assessed the relationship between the mutation, clinical characteristics, and tumor β-catenin localization. Materials and Methods Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue samples of upfront, surgically resected, sporadic colorectal adenocarcinoma cases were selected. The p.G659fs mutation was determined by capillary sequencing with sequence-specific primers. Tissue microarray and immunohistochemistry were employed to analyze nuclear β-catenin expression and the expression of mismatch repair (MMR) proteins, respectively. In addition, clinical details were retrieved from the hospital medical records and data were analyzed. Results The RNF43 p.G659fs mutation was observed in 8% of CRC patients. In total, 25% of tumors showed a loss of immunostaining for one or more MMR proteins and 14.6% of tumors showed positive nuclear β-catenin staining. The p.G659fs variant was significantly enriched in MMR-deficient tumors (P = 0.04). Importantly, no correlation was observed between the variant and nuclear β-catenin localization (P = 0.48), indicating a Wnt-independent role of this variant in CRC tumors. Conclusions To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study from North India to show the involvement of RNF43 p.G659fs variant in CRC patients. The mutation correlated with MMR protein deficiency and seems to be conferring tumorigenicity independent of the Wnt pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Smreti Vasudevan
- Department of Research, Rajiv Gandhi Cancer Institute and Research Centre, Delhi, India
| | - Anurag Mehta
- Department of Laboratory and Transfusion Services and Department of Research, Rajiv Gandhi Cancer Institute and Research Centre, Delhi, India
| | - Diksha Karki
- Department of Laboratory and Transfusion Services, Rajiv Gandhi Cancer Institute and Research Centre, Delhi, India
| | - Dushyant Kumar
- Department of Laboratory and Transfusion Services, Rajiv Gandhi Cancer Institute and Research Centre, Delhi, India
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Shang P, Lu J, Song F, Zhao Y, Hong W, He Y, Shen W, Geng L. RNF43 is associated with genomic features and clinical outcome in BRAF mutant colorectal cancer. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1119587. [PMID: 37409251 PMCID: PMC10319416 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1119587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Colorectal cancer (CRC) patients with BRAF mutation have very poor prognosis. It is urgent to search for prognostic factors of BRAF mutant CRC. RNF43 is a ENF ubiquitin ligase of Wnt signaling. Mutation of RNF43 has been observed frequently in various types of human cancers. However, few studies have evaluated the role of RNF43 in CRC. The present study aimed to explore the impact of RNF43 mutations on molecular characteristics and prognosis in BRAF mutant CRC. Methods Samples of 261 CRC patients with BRAF mutation were retrospectively analyzed. Tumor tissue and matched peripheral blood samples were collected and subjected to targeted sequencing with a panel of 1021 cancer-related genes. The association of molecular characteristics and survival in patients were then analyzed. 358 CRC patients with BRAF mutation from the cBioPortal dataset were used for further confirmation. Results This study was inspired by a CRC patient with BRAF V600E and RNF43 co-mutation, who achieved a best remission of 70% and a progression free survival (PFS) of 13 months. Genomic analysis indicated that RNF43 mutation affected the genomic characteristics of patients with BRAF mutation, including microsatellite instability (MSI), tumor mutation burden (TMB) and the proportion of common gene mutations. Survival analysis showed that RNF43 mutation was a predictive biomarker for better PFS and OS in BRAF mutant CRC. Conclusion Collectively, we identified that RNF43 mutations were correlated with favorable genomic features, resulting in a better clinical outcome for BRAF mutant CRC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peipei Shang
- Oncology Department, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgical Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiongjiong Lu
- Department of Special Treatment, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgical Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Feihong Song
- Department of Special Treatment, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgical Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Yijun Zhao
- Department of Special Treatment, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgical Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Weipeng Hong
- Department of Medical Center, Geneplus-Beijing Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Yuange He
- Department of Medical Center, Geneplus-Beijing Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Weidong Shen
- Department of Medical Center, Geneplus-Beijing Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Li Geng
- Department of Special Treatment, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgical Hospital, Shanghai, China
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Saddozai UAK, Wang F, Khattak S, Akbar MU, Badar M, Khan NH, Zhang L, Zhu W, Xie L, Li Y, Ji X, Guo X. Define the Two Molecular Subtypes of Epithelioid Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma. Cells 2022; 11:cells11182924. [PMID: 36139498 PMCID: PMC9497219 DOI: 10.3390/cells11182924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) is a fatal disease of respiratory system. Despite the availability of invasive biomarkers with promising results, there are still significant diagnostic and therapeutic challenges in the treatment of MPM. One of three main mesothelioma cell types, epithelioid mesothelioma makes up approximately 70% of all mesothelioma cases. Different observational findings are under process, but the molecular heterogeneity and pathogenesis of epithelioid malignant pleural mesothelioma (eMPM) are still not well understood. Through molecular analysis, expression profiling data were used to determine the possibility and optimal number of eMPM molecular subtypes. Next, clinicopathological characteristics and different molecular pathways of each subtype were analyzed to prospect the clinical applications and advanced mechanisms of eMPM. In this study, we identified two distinct epithelioid malignant pleural mesothelioma subtypes with distinct gene expression patterns. Subtype I eMPMs were involved in steroid hormone biosynthesis, porphyrin and chlorophyll metabolism, and drug metabolism, while subtype II eMPMs were involved in rational metabolism, tyrosine metabolism, and chemical carcinogenesis pathways. Additionally, we identified potential subtype-specific therapeutic targets, including CCNE1, EPHA3, RNF43, ROS1, and RSPO2 for subtype I and CDKN2A and RET for subtype II. Considering the need for potent diagnostic and therapeutic biomarkers for eMPM, we are anticipating that our findings will help both in exploring underlying mechanisms in the development of eMPM and in designing targeted therapy for eMPM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umair Ali Khan Saddozai
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Institute of Bioinformatics Center, Henan Provincial Engineering Center for Tumor Molecular Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Fengling Wang
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Institute of Bioinformatics Center, Henan Provincial Engineering Center for Tumor Molecular Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Saadullah Khattak
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Institute of Bioinformatics Center, Henan Provincial Engineering Center for Tumor Molecular Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Muhammad Usman Akbar
- Gomal Center of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan 29050, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Badar
- Gomal Center of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan 29050, Pakistan
| | - Nazeer Hussain Khan
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Institute of Bioinformatics Center, Henan Provincial Engineering Center for Tumor Molecular Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Lu Zhang
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Institute of Bioinformatics Center, Henan Provincial Engineering Center for Tumor Molecular Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Wan Zhu
- Department of Anesthesia, Stanford University, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Longxiang Xie
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Institute of Bioinformatics Center, Henan Provincial Engineering Center for Tumor Molecular Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Yongqiang Li
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Institute of Bioinformatics Center, Henan Provincial Engineering Center for Tumor Molecular Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Xinying Ji
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Institute of Bioinformatics Center, Henan Provincial Engineering Center for Tumor Molecular Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
- Correspondence: (X.J.); (X.G.)
| | - Xiangqian Guo
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Institute of Bioinformatics Center, Henan Provincial Engineering Center for Tumor Molecular Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
- Correspondence: (X.J.); (X.G.)
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Siraj AK, Bu R, Masoodi T, Parvathareddy SK, Iqbal K, Al-Haqawi W, Al-Dossari H, Azam S, Qadri Z, Annaiyappanaidu P, Al-Dayel F, Al-Kuraya KS. Exome sequencing revealed comparable frequencies of RNF43 and BRAF mutations in Middle Eastern colorectal cancer. Sci Rep 2022; 12:13098. [PMID: 35907983 PMCID: PMC9338933 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-17449-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutation-induced activation of Wnt-β Catenin signaling pathway is frequent in CRC. The E3 ubiquitin ligase, RNF43, has been reported to negatively regulate the Wnt signaling pathway and RNF43 mutations are frequently seen in CRC. However, its role in Middle Eastern CRC remains unclear. Therefore, we employed Exome and Sanger sequencing technology to assess the frequency of RNF43 mutations and its association with other clinico-pathological features in Middle Eastern CRC. RNF43 mutations were found in 5.9% (13/220) of CRC cases and was inversely correlated to APC and TP53 mutations. A strong association of RNF43 mutations with right sided and sporadic microsatellite instable (MSI) CRC was observed. No association was identified between RNF43 mutation and other clinico-pathological features including BRAF mutation, age, tumor histological subtype, tumor grade or patients’ prognosis. Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that MSI status and wild type APC were independent predictor of RNF43 mutation. We conclude that RNF43 mutations occur in Middle Eastern CRC at comparable frequencies with BRAF mutations and represent a distinct molecular subtype which further enhances our understanding of how different mutational subsets of Wnt tumor suppressor genes link to distinct tumor characteristics, which might be considered for treatment strategies for CRC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Khalid Siraj
- Human Cancer Genomic Research, Research Center, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, MBC#98-16, P.O. Box 3354, Riyadh, 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rong Bu
- Human Cancer Genomic Research, Research Center, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, MBC#98-16, P.O. Box 3354, Riyadh, 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | - Tariq Masoodi
- Human Cancer Genomic Research, Research Center, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, MBC#98-16, P.O. Box 3354, Riyadh, 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sandeep Kumar Parvathareddy
- Human Cancer Genomic Research, Research Center, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, MBC#98-16, P.O. Box 3354, Riyadh, 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | - Kaleem Iqbal
- Human Cancer Genomic Research, Research Center, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, MBC#98-16, P.O. Box 3354, Riyadh, 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | - Wael Al-Haqawi
- Human Cancer Genomic Research, Research Center, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, MBC#98-16, P.O. Box 3354, Riyadh, 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hassan Al-Dossari
- Human Cancer Genomic Research, Research Center, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, MBC#98-16, P.O. Box 3354, Riyadh, 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saud Azam
- Human Cancer Genomic Research, Research Center, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, MBC#98-16, P.O. Box 3354, Riyadh, 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | - Zeeshan Qadri
- Human Cancer Genomic Research, Research Center, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, MBC#98-16, P.O. Box 3354, Riyadh, 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | - Padmanaban Annaiyappanaidu
- Human Cancer Genomic Research, Research Center, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, MBC#98-16, P.O. Box 3354, Riyadh, 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fouad Al-Dayel
- Department of Pathology, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khawla Sami Al-Kuraya
- Human Cancer Genomic Research, Research Center, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, MBC#98-16, P.O. Box 3354, Riyadh, 11211, Saudi Arabia.
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Sahin IH, Ciombor KK, Diaz LA, Yu J, Kim R. Immunotherapy for Microsatellite Stable Colorectal Cancers: Challenges and Novel Therapeutic Avenues. Am Soc Clin Oncol Educ Book 2022; 42:1-12. [PMID: 35658496 DOI: 10.1200/edbk_349811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
With the development of immune checkpoint inhibitors, immunotherapy researchers have facilitated substantial progress for patients with mismatch repair deficient/microsatellite instability-high colorectal cancer, which has led to practice changes at a head-spinning pace. However, this benefit has not been translated into microsatellite stable colorectal cancer, which carries the hallmarks of chromosomal instability. So far, clinical trials have not shown any substantial clinical benefits of immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy for patients with microsatellite stable colorectal cancer, which has been disappointing. Recently, combinations of immune checkpoint inhibitors with tyrosine kinase inhibitors and targeted therapies have been investigated for potential synergistic effects that may increase antitumor activity in the tumor microenvironment and achieve more substantial clinical and radiologic responses. In this article, we discuss the current state of the science for the use of immune checkpoint inhibitors in microsatellite stable colorectal cancers, and we review the molecular underpinnings of inherited physiologic barriers for the delivery of effective immunotherapy. We also elaborate on existing therapeutic opportunities to convert microsatellite stable colorectal cancer into an "immune hot" cancer, which may define the future treatment paradigm of colorectal cancer for which there is a great unmet need.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Luis A Diaz
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | | | - Richard Kim
- H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa FL
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7
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WNT/β-Catenin Pathway in Soft Tissue Sarcomas: New Therapeutic Opportunities? Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13215521. [PMID: 34771683 PMCID: PMC8583315 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13215521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The WNT/β-catenin signaling pathway is involved in fundamental processes for the proliferation and differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells. However, little is known about its relevance for mesenchymal neoplasms, such us soft tissue sarcomas (STS). Chemotherapy based on doxorubicin (DXR) still remains the standard first-line treatment for locally advanced unresectable or metastatic STS, although overall survival could not be improved by combination with other chemotherapeutics. In this sense, the development of new therapeutic approaches continues to be an unmatched goal. This review covers the most important molecular alterations of the WNT signaling pathway in STS, broadening the current knowledge about STS as well as identifying novel drug targets. Furthermore, the current therapeutic options and drug candidates to modulate WNT signaling, which are usually classified by their interaction site upstream or downstream of β-catenin, and their presumable clinical impact on STS are discussed. Abstract Soft tissue sarcomas (STS) are a very heterogeneous group of rare tumors, comprising more than 50 different histological subtypes that originate from mesenchymal tissue. Despite their heterogeneity, chemotherapy based on doxorubicin (DXR) has been in use for forty years now and remains the standard first-line treatment for locally advanced unresectable or metastatic STS, although overall survival could not be improved by combination with other chemotherapeutics. In this sense, the development of new therapeutic approaches continues to be a largely unmatched goal. The WNT/β-catenin signaling pathway is involved in various fundamental processes for embryogenic development, including the proliferation and differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells. Although the role of this pathway has been widely researched in neoplasms of epithelial origin, little is known about its relevance for mesenchymal neoplasms. This review covers the most important molecular alterations of the WNT signaling pathway in STS. The detection of these alterations and the understanding of their functional consequences for those pathways controlling sarcomagenesis development and progression are crucial to broaden the current knowledge about STS as well as to identify novel drug targets. In this regard, the current therapeutic options and drug candidates to modulate WNT signaling, which are usually classified by their interaction site upstream or downstream of β-catenin, and their presumable clinical impact on STS are also discussed.
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Mikaeel RR, Young JP, Tapia Rico G, Hewett PJ, Hardingham JE, Uylaki W, Horsnell M, Price TJ. Immunohistochemistry features and molecular pathology of appendiceal neoplasms. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 2021; 58:369-384. [PMID: 33569997 DOI: 10.1080/10408363.2021.1881756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Primary appendiceal neoplasms (ANs) comprise a heterogeneous group of tumors. The pathology and classification of ANs have been controversial, and thus, a new classification of these neoplasms was published in the World Health Organization (WHO) classification of tumors (5th edition, 2019). However, immunohistochemistry (IHC) features of epithelial ANs are not explained in this edition and the limited data on the molecular pathology of these tumors shows inconsistent findings in various studies. It would be useful to identify biomarkers appropriate for each subtype to better aid in treatment selection. Therefore, we reviewed the literature to investigate what is known of the molecular pathology and IHC features of the most frequently diagnosed pathological subtypes of epithelial ANs based on the recent classification. The inconsistencies in research findings regarding the IHC features and molecular pathology of ANs could be due to differences in the number of samples and their collection and preparation as well as to the lack of a universally accepted classification system for these neoplasms. However, the literature shows that epithelial ANs typically stain positive for MUC2, CK20, and CDX2 and that the expression of SATB2 protein could be used as a biomarker for appendix tumor origin. Low-grade appendiceal mucinous neoplasms tend to have mutations in KRAS and GNAS but are usually wild-type for BRAF, APC, and P53. Conversely, appendiceal adenocarcinomas are frequently found with mutations in KRAS, GNAS, P53, PIK3CA, and APC, and have significant nuclear expression of β-catenin, loss of nuclear or nuclear and cytoplasmic expression of SMAD4, and loss of cytoplasmic membranous expression of E-cadherin. Goblet cell carcinomas (GCCs) typically stain positive for keratin and mucin markers and are frequently mutated in P53 and chromatin-modifier genes, but they tend to be wild-type for KRAS, GNAS, APC, and PIK3CA. The expression of CK7 and SATB2 proteins is usually negative in appendiceal neuroendocrine neoplasms and they lack the mutations in common cancer-associated genes including APC, BRAF, SMAD4, and PIK3C. The available data suggest that GCCs have distinct molecular and immunohistochemical features and that they have characteristics more in common with adenocarcinoma than classical neuroendocrine tumors. In addition, MSI does not seem to have a role in the pathogenesis of epithelial ANs because they are rarely detected in these tumors. Finally, hereditary predisposition may have a role in the development of ANs because heterozygous CTNNβ1, NOTCH1, and NOTCH4 germline mutations have recently been identified in low and high grades ANs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reger R Mikaeel
- Department of Haematology and Oncology, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Adelaide, Australia.,SAHMRI Colorectal Node, Basil Hetzel Institute, Woodville South, Australia.,Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.,Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Duhok, Duhok, Kurdistan
| | - Joanne P Young
- Department of Haematology and Oncology, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Adelaide, Australia.,SAHMRI Colorectal Node, Basil Hetzel Institute, Woodville South, Australia.,Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Gonzalo Tapia Rico
- Department of Medical Oncology, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Peter J Hewett
- University of Adelaide Department of Surgery, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Jennifer E Hardingham
- Department of Haematology and Oncology, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Adelaide, Australia.,SAHMRI Colorectal Node, Basil Hetzel Institute, Woodville South, Australia.,Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Wendy Uylaki
- Department of Haematology and Oncology, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Mehgan Horsnell
- Department of Haematology and Oncology, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Timothy J Price
- Department of Haematology and Oncology, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Adelaide, Australia.,Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
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9
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Bugter JM, Fenderico N, Maurice MM. Mutations and mechanisms of WNT pathway tumour suppressors in cancer. Nat Rev Cancer 2021; 21:5-21. [PMID: 33097916 DOI: 10.1038/s41568-020-00307-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 234] [Impact Index Per Article: 78.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Mutation-induced activation of WNT-β-catenin signalling is a frequent driver event in human cancer. Sustained WNT-β-catenin pathway activation endows cancer cells with sustained self-renewing growth properties and is associated with therapy resistance. In healthy adult stem cells, WNT pathway activity is carefully controlled by core pathway tumour suppressors as well as negative feedback regulators. Gene inactivation experiments in mouse models unequivocally demonstrated the relevance of WNT tumour suppressor loss-of-function mutations for cancer growth. However, in human cancer, a far more complex picture has emerged in which missense or truncating mutations mediate stable expression of mutant proteins, with distinct functional and phenotypic ramifications. Herein, we review recent advances and challenges in our understanding of how different mutational subsets of WNT tumour suppressor genes link to distinct cancer types, clinical outcomes and treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeroen M Bugter
- Oncode Institute and Department of Cell Biology, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Nicola Fenderico
- Oncode Institute and Department of Cell Biology, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Madelon M Maurice
- Oncode Institute and Department of Cell Biology, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands.
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10
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Cao H, Liu X, Chen Y, Yang P, Huang T, Song L, Xu R. Circulating Tumor DNA Is Capable of Monitoring the Therapeutic Response and Resistance in Advanced Colorectal Cancer Patients Undergoing Combined Target and Chemotherapy. Front Oncol 2020; 10:466. [PMID: 32318348 PMCID: PMC7154135 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.00466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2019] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a highly lethal disease worldwide. The majority of patients receiving targeted therapy or chemotherapy develop drug resistance, while its molecular mechanism remains to be elucidated. The plasma circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) exhibited the potential in identifying gene variations and monitoring drug resistance in CRC treatment. In this study, we monitored the ctDNA mutational changes in advanced CRC patients underwent first-line therapy with bevacizumab and cetuximab combined with chemotherapy. The mutation spectrum of 43 patients was established by a 605-gene next-generation sequencing (NGS) panel. The baseline measurement shows that genes with the highest mutation frequency were TP53 (74%), APC (58%), KRAS (40%), SYNE1 (33%), LRP1B (23%), TOP1 (23%), and PIK3CA (21%). Mutations in TP53, APC, and KRAS were detected in 29 paired plasma and tissue samples with the consistency of 81, 67, and 42%, respectively. Clinically targetable gene mutations, such as APC, RNF43, SMAD4, BRAD1, KRAS, RAF1, and TP53, were also identified in ctDNA. The overall consistency between ctDNA and tissue samples was 54.6%. Alleviation of mutational burden in BRAF, KRAS, AMER1, and other major driving genes was observed following the first-line therapy. Patients with KRAS and TP53 mutations in tissues appeared to benefit more than the wild-type counterpart. The dynamic change of plasma mutation status was consistent with the tissue tumor burden and was closely correlated with disease progression. In conclusion, ctDNA monitoring is a useful method for molecular genotyping of colorectal cancer patients. Dynamic changes in resistance can be sensitively monitored by gene variation status, which potentially helps to develop treatment strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Cao
- Department of Oncology, Shenzhen People's Hospital, The 2nd Clinical Medical School of Ji'nan University, The First Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xinyi Liu
- HaploX Biotechnology, Co., Ltd., Shenzhen, China
| | - Yixin Chen
- Department of Oncology, Shenzhen People's Hospital, The 2nd Clinical Medical School of Ji'nan University, The First Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Pan Yang
- HaploX Biotechnology, Co., Ltd., Shenzhen, China
| | | | - Lele Song
- HaploX Biotechnology, Co., Ltd., Shenzhen, China
| | - Ruilian Xu
- Department of Oncology, Shenzhen People's Hospital, The 2nd Clinical Medical School of Ji'nan University, The First Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
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Matsumoto A, Shimada Y, Nakano M, Oyanagi H, Tajima Y, Nakano M, Kameyama H, Hirose Y, Ichikawa H, Nagahashi M, Nogami H, Maruyama S, Takii Y, Ling Y, Okuda S, Wakai T. RNF43 mutation is associated with aggressive tumor biology along with BRAF V600E mutation in right-sided colorectal cancer. Oncol Rep 2020; 43:1853-1862. [PMID: 32236609 PMCID: PMC7160543 DOI: 10.3892/or.2020.7561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Right-sided colorectal cancer (RCRC) demonstrates worse survival outcome compared with left-sided CRC (LCRC). Recently, the importance of RNF43 mutation and BRAF V600E mutation has been reported in the serrated neoplasia pathway, which is one of the precancerous lesions in RCRC. It was hypothesized that the clinical significance of RNF43 mutation differs according to primary tumor sidedness. To test this hypothesis, the clinicopathological characteristics and survival outcome of patients with RNF43 mutation in RCRC and LCRC were investigated. Stage I–IV CRC patients (n=201) were analyzed. Genetic alterations including RNF43 using a 415-gene panel were investigated. Clinicopathological characteristics between RNF43 wild-type and RNF43 mutant-type were analyzed. Moreover, RNF43 mutant-type was classified according to primary tumor sidedness, i.e., right-sided RNF43 mutant-type or left-sided RNF43 mutant-type, and the clinicopathological characteristics between the two groups were compared. RNF43 mutational prevalence, spectrum and frequency between our cohort and TCGA samples were compared. RNF43 mutation was observed in 27 out of 201 patients (13%). Multivariate analysis revealed that age (≥65), absence of venous invasion, and BRAF V600E mutation were independently associated with RNF43 mutation. Among the 27 patients with RNF43 mutation, 12 patients were right-sided RNF43 mutant-type and 15 left-sided RNF43 mutant-type. Right-sided RNF43 mutant-type was significantly associated with histopathological grade 3, presence of lymphatic invasion, APC wild, BRAF V600E mutation, microsatellite instability-high (MSI-H), and RNF43 nonsense/frameshift mutation compared with left-sided RNF43 mutant-type. Similarly, RNF43 nonsense/frameshift mutations were more frequently observed in RCRC compared with LCRC in the TCGA cohort (P=0.042). Right-sided RNF43 mutant-type exhibited significantly worse overall survival than RNF43 wild-type and left-sided RNF43 mutant-type (P=0.001 and P=0.023, respectively) in stage IV disease. RNF43 mutation may be a distinct molecular subtype which is associated with aggressive tumor biology along with BRAF V600E mutation in RCRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akio Matsumoto
- Division of Digestive and General Surgery, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata 951-8520, Japan
| | - Yoshifumi Shimada
- Division of Digestive and General Surgery, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata 951-8520, Japan
| | - Mae Nakano
- Division of Digestive and General Surgery, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata 951-8520, Japan
| | - Hidehito Oyanagi
- Division of Digestive and General Surgery, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata 951-8520, Japan
| | - Yosuke Tajima
- Division of Digestive and General Surgery, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata 951-8520, Japan
| | - Masato Nakano
- Division of Digestive and General Surgery, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata 951-8520, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Kameyama
- Division of Digestive and General Surgery, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata 951-8520, Japan
| | - Yuki Hirose
- Division of Digestive and General Surgery, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata 951-8520, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ichikawa
- Division of Digestive and General Surgery, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata 951-8520, Japan
| | - Masayuki Nagahashi
- Division of Digestive and General Surgery, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata 951-8520, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Nogami
- Department of Surgery, Niigata Cancer Centre Hospital, Niigata 951-8566, Japan
| | - Satoshi Maruyama
- Department of Surgery, Niigata Cancer Centre Hospital, Niigata 951-8566, Japan
| | - Yasumasa Takii
- Department of Surgery, Niigata Cancer Centre Hospital, Niigata 951-8566, Japan
| | - Yiwei Ling
- Division of Bioinformatics, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata 951-8510, Japan
| | - Shujiro Okuda
- Medical Genome Center, Niigata University Medical and Dental Hospital, Niigata 951-8520, Japan
| | - Toshifumi Wakai
- Division of Digestive and General Surgery, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata 951-8520, Japan
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Tu J, Park S, Yu W, Zhang S, Wu L, Carmon K, Liu QJ. The most common RNF43 mutant G659Vfs*41 is fully functional in inhibiting Wnt signaling and unlikely to play a role in tumorigenesis. Sci Rep 2019; 9:18557. [PMID: 31811196 PMCID: PMC6898356 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-54931-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
RNF43 is an E3 ligase that inhibits Wnt signaling by ubiquitinating Wnt receptors for degradation. It is mutated in various cancer types with the most recurrent mutation being the frameshift G659Vfs*41 with frequencies of ~5-8% in colon, stomach and endometrial cancers. This mutation, a deletion of G in a 7-G repeat, has been assumed to encode an inactive enzyme that would lead to increased Wnt signaling and drive tumorigenesis, yet no functional characterization has been reported. We analyzed the distribution of G659Vfs*41 and its association with other cancer gene mutations, and found that the mutation occurred nearly exclusively in tumors with low expression of the DNA mismatch repair gene MLH1. Mutant RNF43-G659Vfs*41 was no different from wild type RNF43 in expression, stability, localization, R-spondin binding, and inhibition of Wnt signaling. No dominant negative activity of the mutant was observed. Colon tumors with RNF43-G659Vfs*41 had low Wnt/β-catenin signaling and were frequently mutated in BRAF. A colon cancer cell line with RNF43-G659Vfs*41 and BRAF-V600E mutations was sensitive to activation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling. These findings suggest that the frequent occurrence of RNF43-G659Vfs*41 may result from error-prone replication of the 7-G repeat in MLH1-deficient tumors and that the mutation itself does not inactivate enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianghua Tu
- Texas Therapeutics Institute and The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 1825, Pressler St., Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Soohyun Park
- Texas Therapeutics Institute and The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 1825, Pressler St., Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Wangsheng Yu
- Texas Therapeutics Institute and The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 1825, Pressler St., Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Sheng Zhang
- Texas Therapeutics Institute and The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 1825, Pressler St., Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Ling Wu
- Texas Therapeutics Institute and The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 1825, Pressler St., Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Kendra Carmon
- Texas Therapeutics Institute and The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 1825, Pressler St., Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Qingyun J Liu
- Texas Therapeutics Institute and The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 1825, Pressler St., Houston, Texas, USA.
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