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Sendo S, Machado CRL, Boyle DL, Benschop RJ, Perumal NB, Choi E, Wang W, Firestein GS. Dysregulated NUB1 and Neddylation Enhances Rheumatoid Arthritis Fibroblast-Like Synoviocyte Inflammatory Responses. Arthritis Rheumatol 2024. [PMID: 38566346 DOI: 10.1002/art.42856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLS) contribute to the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), in part due to activation of the proinflammatory transcription factor NF-κB. Neddylation is modulated by the negative regulator of ubiquitin-like protein (NUB) 1. We determined whether NUB1 and neddylation are aberrant in the models with RA FLS, thereby contributing to their aggressive phenotype. METHODS Models with RA or osteoarthritis (OA) FLS were obtained from arthroplasty synovia. Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction and Western blot analysis assessed gene and protein expression, respectively. NUB1 was overexpressed using an expression vector. NF-κB activation was assessed by stimulating FLS with interleukin (IL)-1β. Neddylation inhibitor (MLN4924) and proteasome inhibitor were used in migration and gene expression assays. MLN4924 was used in the model with K/BxN serum-transfer arthritis. RESULTS Enhanced H3K27ac and H3K27me3 peaks were observed in the NUB1 promoter in the OA FLS compared with the RA FLS. NUB1 was constitutively expressed by FLS, but induction by IL-1β was significantly greater in the OA FLS. The ratio of neddylated cullin (CUL) 1 to nonneddylated CUL1 was lower in the OA FLS than the RA FLS. NUB1 overexpression decreased NF-κB nuclear translocation and IL-6 messenger RNA (mRNA) in IL-1β-stimulated the RA FLS. MLN4924 decreased CUL1 neddylation, NF-κB nuclear translocation, and IL-6 mRNA in IL-1β-stimulated the RA FLS. MLN4924 significantly decreased arthritis severity in the model with K/BxN serum-transfer arthritis. CONCLUSION CUL1 neddylation and NUB1 induction is dysregulated in the models with RA, which increases FLS activation. Inhibition of neddylation is an effective therapy in an animal model of arthritis. These data suggest that the neddylation system contributes to the pathogenesis of RA and that regulation of neddylation could be a novel therapeutic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sho Sendo
- University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine, La Jolla
| | | | - David L Boyle
- University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine, La Jolla
| | | | - Narayanan B Perumal
- Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana, and Eli Lilly and Company, San Diego, California
| | - Eunice Choi
- University of California, San Diego, La Jolla
| | - Wei Wang
- University of California, San Diego, La Jolla
| | - Gary S Firestein
- University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine, La Jolla
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2
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Lin X, Hessenow R, Yang S, Ma D, Yang S. A seven-immune-genes risk model predicts the survival and suitable treatments for patients with skin cutaneous melanoma. Heliyon 2023; 9:e20234. [PMID: 37809963 PMCID: PMC10560028 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e20234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Skin cutaneous melanoma is characterized by high malignancy and prognostic heterogeneity. Immune cell networks are critical to the biological progression of melanoma through the tumor microenvironment. Thus, identifying effective biomarkers for skin cutaneous melanoma from the perspective of the tumor microenvironment may offer strategies for precise prognosis prediction and treatment selection. Methods A total of 470 cases from The Cancer Genome Atlas and 214 from the Gene Expression Omnibus were systematically evaluated to construct an optimal independent immune cell risk model with predictive value using weighted gene co-expression network analysis, Cox regression, and least absolute shrinkage and selection operator assay. The predictive power of the developed model was estimated through receiver operating characteristic curves and Kaplan-Meier analysis. The association of the model with tumor microenvironment status, immune checkpoints, and mutation burden was assessed using multiple algorithms. Additionally, the sensitivity of immune and chemotherapeutics was evaluated using the ImmunophenScore and pRRophetic algorithm. Furthermore, the expression profiles of risk genes were validated using gene expression profiling interactive analysis and Human Protein Atlas resources. Results The risk model integrated seven immune-related genes: ARNTL, N4BP2L1, PARP11, NUB1, GSDMD, HAPLN3, and IRX3. The model demonstrated considerable predictive ability and was positively associated with clinical and molecular characteristics. It can be utilized as a prognostic factor for skin cutaneous melanoma, where a high-risk score was linked to a poor prognosis and indicated an immunosuppressive microenvironment. Furthermore, the model revealed several potential target checkpoints and predicted the therapeutic benefits of multiple clinically used drugs. Conclusion Our findings provide a comprehensive landscape of the tumor immune microenvironment in skin cutaneous melanoma and identify prognostic markers that may serve as efficient clinical diagnosis and treatment selection tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xixi Lin
- Division of Experimental Radiation Biology, Department of Radiation Therapy, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45122 Essen, Germany
| | - Razan Hessenow
- West German Proton Therapy Center Essen (WPE), University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Siling Yang
- Division of Plastic Surgery, University Hospital Muenster, 48149 Muenster, Germany
| | - Dongjie Ma
- Department of Nephrology, 923 Hospital of the PLA Joint Service Support Force, 530219 Nanning, China
| | - Sijie Yang
- Collaborative Innovation Centre of Regenerative Medicine and Medical BioResource Development and Application Co-constructed by the Province and Ministry, Guangxi Medical University, 530021 Nanning, China
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Wang Q, Wang C, Zhang W, Tao Y, Guo J, Liu Y, Liu Z, Liu D, Mei J, Chen F. Identification of biomarkers related to sepsis diagnosis based on bioinformatics and machine learning and experimental verification. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1087691. [PMID: 37449204 PMCID: PMC10337583 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1087691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Sepsis is a systemic inflammatory response syndrome caused by bacteria and other pathogenic microorganisms. Every year, approximately 31.5 million patients are diagnosed with sepsis, and approximately 5.3 million patients succumb to the disease. In this study, we identified biomarkers for diagnosing sepsis analyzed the relationships between genes and Immune cells that were differentially expressed in specimens from patients with sepsis compared to normal controls. Finally, We verified its effectiveness through animal experiments. Specifically, we analyzed datasets from four microarrays(GSE11755、GSE12624、GSE28750、GSE48080) that included 106 blood specimens from patients with sepsis and 69 normal human blood samples. SVM-RFE analysis and LASSO regression model were carried out to screen possible markers. The composition of 22 immune cell components in patients with sepsis were also determined using CIBERSORT. The expression level of the biomarkers in Sepsis was examined by the use of qRT-PCR and Western Blot (WB). We identified 50 differentially expressed genes between the cohorts, including 2 significantly upregulated and 48 significantly downregulated genes, and KEGG pathway analysis identified Salmonella infection, human T cell leukemia virus 1 infection, Epstein-Barr virus infection, hepatitis B, lysosome and other pathways that were significantly enriched in blood from patients with sepsis. Ultimately, we identified COMMD9, CSF3R, and NUB1 as genes that could potentially be used as biomarkers to predict sepsis, which we confirmed by ROC analysis. Further, we identified a correlation between the expression of these three genes and immune infiltrate composition. Immune cell infiltration analysis revealed that COMMD9 was correlated with T cells regulatory (Tregs), T cells follicular helper, T cells CD8, et al. CSF3R was correlated with T cells regulatory (Tregs), T cells follicular helper, T cells CD8, et al. NUB1 was correlated with T cells regulatory (Tregs), T cells gamma delta, T cells follicular helper, et al. Taken together, our findings identify potential new diagnostic markers for sepsis that shed light on novel mechanisms of disease pathogenesis and, therefore, may offer opportunities for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianfei Wang
- Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, China
- The First Affiliated Hospital ,Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Chenxi Wang
- Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Weichao Zhang
- Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, China
- The First Affiliated Hospital ,Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Yulei Tao
- Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, China
- The First Affiliated Hospital ,Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Junli Guo
- Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, China
- The First Affiliated Hospital ,Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Yuan Liu
- Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, China
- The First Affiliated Hospital ,Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Zhiliang Liu
- Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, China
- The First Affiliated Hospital ,Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Dong Liu
- Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, China
- The First Affiliated Hospital ,Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Jianqiang Mei
- The First Affiliated Hospital ,Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Fenqiao Chen
- The First Affiliated Hospital ,Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, China
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Jin Y, Song X, Sun X, Ding Y. Up-regulation of collagen type V alpha 2 ( COL5A2) promotes malignant phenotypes in gastric cancer cell via inducing epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Open Med (Wars) 2023; 18:20220593. [PMID: 36712590 PMCID: PMC9843231 DOI: 10.1515/med-2022-0593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have reported that collagen type V alpha 2 (COL5A2) is a hub gene and associated with the prognosis of gastric cancer (GC) patients, playing an important role in GC. In this study, we aim to fathom out the biological roles of COL5A2 and its relevant mechanism in GC. Oncomine, gene expression profiling interactive analysis, and UALCAN were used to explore the effects of COL5A2 on GC. Cell counting kit-8 assay, colony formation assay, and transwell assay were conducted to investigate the biological behaviors of GC cell lines AGS and SGC-7901. Quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and western blot were performed to determine gene and protein expressions. COL5A2 expression was up-regulated and negatively correlated with survival percentage of GC patients. COL5A2 expression was notably elevated in high stage and high grade of GC. Down-regulation of COL5A2 inhibited proliferation, migration, and invasion of AGS and SGC-7901 cells. COL5A2 induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) by promoting the expressions of mesenchymal markers (SNAI1, SNAI2, TWIST, VIM, and MMP2), thereby facilitating the malignant phenotypes of GC. COL5A2 plays an oncogenic role in GC and has potential to predict the progression and prognosis of GC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanfeng Jin
- Department of Gastroenterology, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Yantai, China
| | - Xinyan Song
- Pharmacy of Laishan Branch, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Yantai, China
| | - Xuankai Sun
- Department of Radiation, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Yantai, China
| | - Yan Ding
- Department of Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Yantaishan Hospital, No. 10087 Keji Avenue, Laishan District, Yantai, Shandong 264003, China
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Sauerer T, Lischer C, Weich A, Berking C, Vera J, Dörrie J. Single-Molecule RNA Sequencing Reveals IFNγ-Induced Differential Expression of Immune Escape Genes in Merkel Cell Polyomavirus-Positive MCC Cell Lines. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:785662. [PMID: 35003017 PMCID: PMC8727593 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.785662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) is a rare and highly aggressive cancer, which is mainly caused by genomic integration of the Merkel cell polyomavirus and subsequent expression of a truncated form of its large T antigen. The resulting primary tumor is known to be immunogenic and under constant pressure to escape immune surveillance. Because interferon gamma (IFNγ), a key player of immune response, is secreted by many immune effector cells and has been shown to exert both anti-tumoral and pro-tumoral effects, we studied the transcriptomic response of MCC cells to IFNγ. In particular, immune modulatory effects that may help the tumor evade immune surveillance were of high interest to our investigation. The effect of IFNγ treatment on the transcriptomic program of three MCC cell lines (WaGa, MKL-1, and MKL-2) was analyzed using single-molecule sequencing via the Oxford Nanopore platform. A significant differential expression of several genes was detected across all three cell lines. Subsequent pathway analysis and manual annotation showed a clear upregulation of genes involved in the immune escape of tumor due to IFNγ treatment. The analysis of selected genes on protein level underlined our sequencing results. These findings contribute to a better understanding of immune escape of MCC and may help in clinical treatment of MCC patients. Furthermore, we demonstrate that single-molecule sequencing can be used to assess characteristics of large eukaryotic transcriptomes and thus contribute to a broader access to sequencing data in the community due to its low cost of entry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatjana Sauerer
- RNA-based Immunotherapy, Hautklinik, Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen European Metropolitan Area of Nuremberg, Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Christopher Lischer
- Systems Tumor Immunology, Hautklinik, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen European Metropolitan Area of Nuremberg, Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Adrian Weich
- Systems Tumor Immunology, Hautklinik, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen European Metropolitan Area of Nuremberg, Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Carola Berking
- Hautklinik, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen European Metropolitan Area of Nuremberg, Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Julio Vera
- Systems Tumor Immunology, Hautklinik, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen European Metropolitan Area of Nuremberg, Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jan Dörrie
- RNA-based Immunotherapy, Hautklinik, Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen European Metropolitan Area of Nuremberg, Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
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Jiang W, Zhao W, Ye F, Huang S, Wu Y, Chen H, Zhou R, Fu G. SNHG12 regulates biological behaviors of ox-LDL-induced HA-VSMCs through upregulation of SPRY2 and NUB1. Atherosclerosis 2021; 340:1-11. [PMID: 34847450 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2021.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Human vascular smooth muscle cells (HA-VSMCs) are an important cell type involved in atherosclerosis. Low density lipoprotein (LDL) is a lipoprotein particle that carries cholesterol into peripheral tissue cells, and oxidized modified LDL (ox-LDL) is a well-known inducer of the atherosclerosis-related phenotype switch in VSMCs, leading to the occurrence of atherosclerosis. Accumulating studies have revealed that long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) mediate the effect of ox-LDL on the atherosclerosis-related biological activities of HA-VSMCs, including proliferation, migration, and apoptosis. However, the mechanism of small nucleolar RNA host gene 12 (SNHG12) in ox-LDL-induced phenotype switch of VSMCs remains unclear. Thus, this research dug in whether SNHG12 mediated the influence of ox-LDL on HA-VSMCs and the potential mechanism. METHODS Fundamental experiments and functional assays were performed to measure the function of SNHG12 on HA-VSMCs. Then, mechanism assays and rescue assays were performed to study the regulatory mechanism of SNHG12 in HA-VSMCs. RESULTS SNHG12 reversed the influence of ox-LDL treatment in enhancing cell proliferative and migratory abilities and weakening apoptotic ability in HA-VSMCs. SNHG12 was a competitive endogenous RNA (ceRNA) competing with sprouty RTK signaling antagonist 2 (SPRY2) to bind to miR-1301-3p, thus up-regulating SPRY2 expression in ox-LDL-treated HA-VSMCs. Besides, SNHG12 recruited serine and arginine rich splicing factor 1 (SRSF1) to stabilize negative regulator of ubiquitin like proteins 1 (NUB1) expression. CONCLUSIONS This study illustrated that SNHG12 inhibited cell proliferation, migration and facilitated cell apoptosis in ox-LDL-induced HA-VSMCs by up-regulating SPRY2 and NUB1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenbing Jiang
- Department of Cardiology, The Dingli Clinical College of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, Zhejiang Province, PR China
| | - Wei Zhao
- Department of Cardiology, The Dingli Clinical College of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, Zhejiang Province, PR China
| | - Fanhao Ye
- Department of Cardiology, The Dingli Clinical College of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, Zhejiang Province, PR China
| | - Shiwei Huang
- Department of Cardiology, The Dingli Clinical College of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, Zhejiang Province, PR China
| | - Youyang Wu
- Department of Cardiology, The Dingli Clinical College of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, Zhejiang Province, PR China
| | - Hao Chen
- Department of Cardiology, The Dingli Clinical College of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, Zhejiang Province, PR China
| | - Rui Zhou
- Department of Cardiology, The Dingli Clinical College of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, Zhejiang Province, PR China
| | - Guosheng Fu
- Department of Cardiology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, No. 3 East Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, 310016, Zhejiang Province, PR China.
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Arshad M, Abdul Hamid N, Chan MC, Ismail F, Tan GC, Pezzella F, Tan KL. NUB1 and FAT10 Proteins as Potential Novel Biomarkers in Cancer: A Translational Perspective. Cells 2021; 10:cells10092176. [PMID: 34571823 PMCID: PMC8468723 DOI: 10.3390/cells10092176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer increases the global disease burden substantially, but it remains a challenge to manage it. The search for novel biomarkers is essential for risk assessment, diagnosis, prognosis, prediction of treatment response, and cancer monitoring. This paper examined NEDD8 ultimate buster-1 (NUB1) and F-adjacent transcript 10 (FAT10) proteins as novel biomarkers in cancer. This literature review is based on the search of the electronic database, PubMed. NUB1 is an interferon-inducible protein that mediates apoptotic and anti-proliferative actions in cancer, while FAT10 is a ubiquitin-like modifier that promotes cancer. The upregulated expression of both NUB1 and FAT10 has been observed in various cancers. NUB1 protein binds to FAT10 non-covalently to promote FAT10 degradation. An overexpressed FAT10 stimulates nuclear factor-kappa β, activates the inflammatory pathways, and induces the proliferation of cancer. The FAT10 protein interacts with the mitotic arrest deficient 2 protein, causing chromosomal instability and breast tumourigenesis. FAT10 binds to the proliferating cell nuclear antigen protein and inhibits the DNA damage repair response. In addition, FAT10 involves epithelial–mesenchymal transition, invasion, apoptosis, and multiplication in hepatocellular carcinoma. Our knowledge about them is still limited. There is a need to further develop NUB1 and FAT10 as novel biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Arshad
- Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia (USIM), Persiaran Ilmu, Putra Nilai, Nilai 71800, Malaysia; (M.A.); (N.A.H.)
| | - Nazefah Abdul Hamid
- Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia (USIM), Persiaran Ilmu, Putra Nilai, Nilai 71800, Malaysia; (M.A.); (N.A.H.)
| | - Mun Chiang Chan
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia;
| | - Fuad Ismail
- Department of Radiotherapy & Oncology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Jalan Yaacob Latif, Bandar Tun Razak, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia;
| | - Geok Chin Tan
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Hospital Canselor Tuanku Muhriz, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Yaacob Latif, Bandar Tun Razak, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia;
| | - Francesco Pezzella
- Tumour Pathology Laboratory, Nuffield Division of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK;
| | - Ka-Liong Tan
- Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia (USIM), Persiaran Ilmu, Putra Nilai, Nilai 71800, Malaysia; (M.A.); (N.A.H.)
- Correspondence: or ; Tel.: +60-6798-2309; Fax: +60-6758-0404
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