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Kitanaka N, Arai K, Takehara K, Hall FS, Tomita K, Igarashi K, Sato T, Uhl GR, Kitanaka J. Opioid receptor antagonists reduce motivated wheel-running behavior in mice. Behav Pharmacol 2024; 35:114-121. [PMID: 38451023 DOI: 10.1097/fbp.0000000000000769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
We hypothesized that opioid receptor antagonists would inhibit motivated behavior produced by a natural reward. To evaluate motivated responses to a natural reward, mice were given access to running wheels for 71.5 h in a multi-configuration testing apparatus. In addition to a running wheel activity, locomotor activity (outside of the wheel), food and water intake, and access to a food container were measured in the apparatus. Mice were also tested separately for novel-object exploration to investigate whether naloxone affects behavior unrelated to natural reward. In untreated mice wheel running increased from day 1 to day 3. The selective µ-opioid receptor antagonist β-funaltrexamine (β-FNA) (5 mg/kg) slightly decreased wheel running, but did not affect the increase in wheel running from day 1 to day 3. The non-selective opioid receptor antagonist naloxone produced a greater reduction in wheel running than β-FNA and eliminated the increase in wheel running that occurred over time in the other groups. Analysis of food access, locomotor behavior, and behavior in the novel-object test suggested that the reduction in wheel running was selective for this highly reinforcing behavior. These results indicate that opioid receptor antagonism reduces responses to the natural rewarding effects of wheel running and that these effects involve multiple opioid receptors since the non-selective opioid receptor antagonist had greater effects than the selective µ-opioid receptor antagonist. It is possible that at the doses employed, other receptor systems than opioid receptors might be involved, at least in part, in the effect of naloxone and β-FNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobue Kitanaka
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Hyogo Medical University, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Kanayo Arai
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Hyogo Medical University, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Kaoko Takehara
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Hyogo Medical University, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, Japan
| | - F Scott Hall
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio, USA
| | - Kazuo Tomita
- Department of Applied Pharmacology, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Kento Igarashi
- Department of Applied Pharmacology, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Tomoaki Sato
- Department of Applied Pharmacology, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - George R Uhl
- Neurology, VA Maryland Healthcare System
- Departments of Neurology
- Pharmacology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Junichi Kitanaka
- Neurology, VA Maryland Healthcare System
- Laboratory of Drug Addiction and Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Hyogo Medical University, Kobe, Japan
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Israel BS, Belcher AM, Ford JD. A Harm Reduction Framework for Integrated Treatment of Co-Occurring Opioid Use Disorder and Trauma-Related Disorders. J Dual Diagn 2024; 20:52-85. [PMID: 38165922 DOI: 10.1080/15504263.2023.2295416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2024]
Abstract
The opioid epidemic has exposed a gulf in mental health research, treatment, and policy: Most patients with comorbid trauma-related disorder (TRD) and opioid use disorder (OUD) (TRD + OUD) remain undiagnosed or unsuccessfully treated for the combination of TRD symptoms and opioid use. TRD treatments tend to be psychotherapies that are not accessible or practical for many individuals with TRD + OUD, due to TRD treatment models not systematically incorporating principles of harm reduction (HR). HR practices prioritize flexibility and unequivocally improve outcomes and save lives in the treatment of OUD. Considering the urgent need to improve TRD + OUD treatment and outcomes, we propose that the OUD and TRD fields can be meaningfully reconciled by integrating HR principles with classic phasic treatment for TRD. Adding a "prestabilization" phase of treatment for TRD - largely analogous to the precontemplation Stage of Change - creates opportunities to advance research, clinical practice, and policies and potentially improve patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin S Israel
- Division of Addiction Research and Treatment, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Annabelle M Belcher
- Division of Addiction Research and Treatment, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Julian D Ford
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
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Tobin KV, Brogden NK. Thermosensitive biomaterial gels with chemical permeation enhancers for enhanced microneedle delivery of naltrexone for managing opioid and alcohol dependency. Biomater Sci 2023; 11:5846-5858. [PMID: 37455601 PMCID: PMC10443048 DOI: 10.1039/d3bm00972f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Naltrexone (NTX) can be transdermally delivered using microneedles (MN) to treat opioid and alcohol misuse disorders, but delivery is blunted by rapid in vivo micropore closure. Poloxamer (P407), a thermosensitive biocompatible hydrogel, sustains NTX delivery through MN-treated skin by generating a drug depot within the micropores. Optimizing P407 formulations could maintain sustained delivery after micropore closure while reducing required patch sizes, which would be more discreet and preferred by most patients. Here we developed NTX-loaded P407 gels with chemical permeation enhancers (CPEs) and used these novel formulations alongside MN treatment to enhance NTX permeation, utilizing parallel micropore and intact skin transport pathways. We analyzed physicochemical and rheological properties of CPE-loaded P407 formulations and selected formulations with DMSO and benzyl alcohol for further study. In vitro permeation tests demonstrated more consistent and sustained NTX delivery through MN-treated porcine skin from 16% P407 formulations vs. aqueous solutions. P407 with 1% benzyl alcohol and 10% DMSO significantly, P < 0.05, increased flux through MN-treated skin vs. formulations with benzyl alcohol alone. This formulation would require a smaller size patch than previously used to deliver NTX in humans, with half the NTX concentration. This is the first time poloxamer biomaterials have been used in combination with CPEs to improve MN-assisted transdermal delivery of an opioid antagonist. Here we have demonstrated that P407 in combination with CPEs effectively sustains NTX delivery in MN-treated skin while requiring less NTX than previously needed to meet clinical goals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin V Tobin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Iowa College of Pharmacy, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
| | - Nicole K Brogden
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Iowa College of Pharmacy, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
- Department of Dermatology, The University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
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