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Elvevåg B, Cohen AS, Wolters MK, Whalley HC, Gountouna V, Kuznetsova KA, Watson AR, Nicodemus KK. An examination of the language construct in NIMH's research domain criteria: Time for reconceptualization! Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2016; 171:904-19. [PMID: 26968151 PMCID: PMC5025728 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.32438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The National Institute of Mental Health's Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) Initiative "calls for the development of new ways of classifying psychopathology based on dimensions of observable behavior." As a result of this ambitious initiative, language has been identified as an independent construct in the RDoC matrix. In this article, we frame language within an evolutionary and neuropsychological context and discuss some of the limitations to the current measurements of language. Findings from genomics and the neuroimaging of performance during language tasks are discussed in relation to serious mental illness and within the context of caveats regarding measuring language. Indeed, the data collection and analysis methods employed to assay language have been both aided and constrained by the available technologies, methodologies, and conceptual definitions. Consequently, different fields of language research show inconsistent definitions of language that have become increasingly broad over time. Individually, they have also shown significant improvements in conceptual resolution, as well as in experimental and analytic techniques. More recently, language research has embraced collaborations across disciplines, notably neuroscience, cognitive science, and computational linguistics and has ultimately re-defined classical ideas of language. As we move forward, the new models of language with their remarkably multifaceted constructs force a re-examination of the NIMH RDoC conceptualization of language and thus the neuroscience and genetics underlying this concept. © 2016 The Authors. American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B: Neuropsychiatric Genetics Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brita Elvevåg
- Department of Clinical MedicineUniversity of Tromsø−The Arctic University of NorwayTromsøNorway
- Norwegian Centre for eHealth ResearchUniversity Hospital of North NorwayTromsøNorway
| | - Alex S. Cohen
- Department of PsychologyLouisiana State UniversityBaton RougeLouisiana
| | - Maria K. Wolters
- School of InformaticsUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUnited Kingdom
| | | | - Viktoria‐Eleni Gountouna
- Centre for Genomic and Experimental MedicineInstitute of Genetics and Molecular MedicineUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUnited Kingdom
| | - Ksenia A. Kuznetsova
- Centre for Genomic and Experimental MedicineInstitute of Genetics and Molecular MedicineUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUnited Kingdom
| | - Andrew R. Watson
- Division of PsychiatryUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUnited Kingdom
| | - Kristin K. Nicodemus
- Centre for Genomic and Experimental MedicineInstitute of Genetics and Molecular MedicineUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUnited Kingdom
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Yang Y, Lueken U, Wittmann A, Holtz K, Kleint NI, Herrmann MJ, Sass K, Jansen A, Konrad C, Ströhle A, Pfleiderer B, Lotze M, Hamm A, Deckert J, Arolt V, Wittchen HU, Kircher T, Straube B. Neural correlates of individual differences in anxiety sensitivity: an fMRI study using semantic priming. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2016; 11:1245-54. [PMID: 26969863 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsw024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2014] [Accepted: 03/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Individuals with high anxiety sensitivity (AS) have an increased risk of developing anxiety disorders and are more biased in how they process fear-related stimuli. This study investigates the neural correlates of fear-related words and word associations in high- and low-AS individuals. We used a semantic priming paradigm during functional magnetic resonance imaging in which three types of target words (fear symptoms, e.g. 'dizziness'; neutral, e.g. 'drink'; and pseudowords, e.g. 'salkom') were preceded by two types of prime words (fear-triggers, e.g. 'elevator'; and neutral, e.g. 'bottle'). Subjects with high AS rated fear-symptom words (vs neutral words) as more unpleasant than low-AS individuals; they also related these words more strongly to fear-triggers and showed prolonged reaction times. During the processing of fear-symptom words, greater activation in the left anterior insula was observed in high-AS subjects than in low-AS subjects. Lower activation in the left inferior frontal gyrus, angular gyrus, fusiform gyrus and bilateral amygdalae was found in high-AS subjects when fear-symptom words were preceded by fear-trigger words. The findings suggest that cognitive biases and the anterior insula play a crucial role in high-AS individuals. Furthermore, semantic processes may contribute to high AS and the risk of developing anxiety disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunbo Yang
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany,
| | - Ulrike Lueken
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany Institute of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - André Wittmann
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Katharina Holtz
- Department of Biological and Clinical Psychology, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Nina Isabel Kleint
- Institute of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Martin J Herrmann
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Katharina Sass
- Department of Medical Psychology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Andreas Jansen
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Carsten Konrad
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany, Department of Psychiatry, Agaplesion Diakonieklinikum Rotenburg (Wümme), Rotenburg (Wümme), Germany
| | - Andreas Ströhle
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Bettina Pfleiderer
- Department of Clinical Radiology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Martin Lotze
- Functional Imaging Unit, Institute for Diagnostic Radiology and Neuroradiology, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Alfons Hamm
- Department of Biological and Clinical Psychology, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Jürgen Deckert
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Volker Arolt
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Hans-Ulrich Wittchen
- Institute of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Tilo Kircher
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Benjamin Straube
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
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