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Chang C, He X, Di R, Wang X, Han M, Liang C, Chu M. Thyroid transcriptomic profiling reveals the differential regulation of lncRNA and mRNA related to prolificacy in Small Tail Han sheep with FecB++ genotype. Anim Biotechnol 2024; 35:2254568. [PMID: 37694839 DOI: 10.1080/10495398.2023.2254568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
The thyroid gland is an important endocrine gland in animals, which mainly secretes thyroid hormones and acts on various organs of the body. Long-chain non-coding RNA (lncRNA) plays an important role in animal reproduction. However, there is still a lack of understanding of their expression patterns and potential roles in the thyroid of Small Tail Han (STH) sheep. In this study, RNA-seq was used to examine the transcriptome expression patterns of lncRNAs and mRNAs in the follicular phase (ww_FT) and luteal phase (ww_LT) in FecB++ genotype STH Sheep. A total of 17,217 lncRNAs and 39,112 mRNAs were identified including 96 differentially expressed lncRNAs (DELs) and 1054 differentially expressed mRNAs (DEGs). Functional analysis of genes with significant differences in expression level showed that these genes could be enriched in Ras signalling pathway, hedgehog (HH) signalling pathway, ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters and other signalling pathways related to animal reproduction. In addition, through correlation analysis for lncRNA-mRNA co-expression and network construction, we found that LNC_009115 and LNC_005796 trans target NIK-related kinase (NRK) and poly(A)-specific ribonuclease (PARN). LNC_007189 and LNC_002045 trans target progesterone-induced blocking factor 1 (PIBF1), LNC_009013 trans targets small mothers against decapentaplegic (SMAD1) are related to animal reproduction. These genes add new resources for elucidating the regulatory mechanisms of reproduction in sheep with different reproductive cycles of the FecB++ genotype STH sheep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Chang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Animal Science, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, China
| | - Xiaoyun He
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ran Di
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiangyu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Miaoceng Han
- College of Animal Science, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, China
| | - Chen Liang
- College of Animal Science, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, China
| | - Mingxing Chu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
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He Z, Ouyang Q, Chen Q, Song Y, Hu J, Hu S, He H, Li L, Liu H, Wang J. Molecular mechanisms of hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian/thyroid axis regulating age at first egg in geese. Poult Sci 2024; 103:103478. [PMID: 38295497 PMCID: PMC10844868 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2024.103478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Age at first egg (AFE) has consistently garnered interest as a crucial reproductive indicator within poultry production. Previous studies have elucidated the involvement of the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian (HPO) and hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axes in regulating poultry sexual maturity. Concurrently, there was evidence suggesting a potential co-regulatory relationship between these 2 axes. However, as of now, no comprehensive exploration of the key pathways and genes responsible for the crosstalk between the HPO and HPT axes in the regulation of AFE has been reported. In this study, we conducted a comparative analysis of morphological differences and performed transcriptomic analysis on the hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, and ovarian stroma between normal laying group (NG) and abnormal laying group (AG). Morphological results showed that the thyroid index difference (D-) value (thyroid index D-value=right thyroid index-left thyroid index) was significantly (P < 0.05) lower in the NG than in the AG, while the ovarian index was significantly (P < 0.01) higher in the NG than in the AG. Furthermore, between NG and AG, we identified 99, 415, 167, and 1182 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, and ovarian stroma, respectively. Gene ontology (GO) analysis highlighted that DEGs from 4 tissues were predominantly enriched in the "biological processes" category. Additionally, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis revealed that 16, 14, 3, and 26 KEGG pathways were significantly enriched (P < 0.05) in the hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, and ovarian stroma. The MAPK signaling pathway emerged as the sole enriched pathway across all 4 tissues. Employing an integrated analysis of the protein-protein interaction (PPI) network and correlation analysis, we found GREB1 emerged as a pivotal component within the HPO axis to regulate estrogen-related signaling in the HPT axis, meanwhile, the HPT axis influenced ovarian development by regulating thyroid hormone-related signaling mainly through OPN5. Then, 10 potential candidate genes were identified, namely IGF1, JUN, ERBB4, KDR, PGF, FGFR1, GREB1, OPN5, DIO3, and THRB. These findings establish a foundation for elucidating the physiological and genetic mechanisms by which the HPO and HPT axes co-regulate goose AFE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyu He
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, PR China
| | - Qingyuan Ouyang
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, PR China
| | - Qingliang Chen
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, PR China
| | - Yang Song
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, PR China
| | - Jiwei Hu
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, PR China
| | - Shenqiang Hu
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, PR China
| | - Hua He
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, PR China
| | - Liang Li
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, PR China
| | - Hehe Liu
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, PR China
| | - Jiwen Wang
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611130, PR China.
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Ma Y, Cheng B, Zhou S, Wang Y, Jing Y, Leng L, Wang S, Li Y, Luan P, Cao Z, Li H. Comparative analyses of laying performance and follicular development characteristics between fat and lean broiler lines. Poult Sci 2024; 103:103250. [PMID: 37992620 PMCID: PMC10667750 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.103250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The deposition of high levels of fat in broiler breeder hens can have a profound impact on follicular development and laying performance. This study was formulated with the goal of comparing egg production and follicular development characteristics at different laying stages in the Northeast Agricultural University broiler lines divergently selected for abdominal fat content (NEAUHLF). The egg production was analyzed using the birds from the 19th to 24th generations of NEAUHLF; the follicular development characteristics were analyzed by hematoxylin-eosin staining and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction using the birds from the 24th generation of NEAUHLF. The results showed that the age at first egg of lean hens was significantly earlier than that of fat hens in this study. While no significant differences in total egg output from the first egg to 50 wk of age were noted when comparing these 2 chicken lines, lean hens laid more eggs from the first egg to 35 wk of age relative to fat hens, whereas fat hens laid more eggs from wk 36 to 42 and 43 to 50 relative to their lean counterparts. No differences in ovarian morphology and small yellow follicle (SYF) histological characteristics were noted when comparing these 2 chicken lines at 27 wk of age. At 35 and 52 wk of age, however, lean hens exhibited significantly lower ovarian weight, ovarian proportion values, numbers of hierarchical follicles, hierarchical follicle weight, and SYF granulosa layer thickness as compared to fat hens, together with a significant increase in the number of prehierarchical follicles relative to those in fat hens. Gene expression analyses suggested that follicle selection was impaired in the fat hens in the early laying stage, whereas both follicle selection and maturation were impaired in the lean hens in the middle and late laying stages. Overall, these data highlight that fat deposition in broiler hens can have a range of effects on follicular development and egg production that are laying stage-dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyan Ma
- Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150030, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Education Department of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150030, China; College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150030, China
| | - Bohan Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150030, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Education Department of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150030, China; College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150030, China
| | - Sitong Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150030, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Education Department of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150030, China; College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150030, China
| | - Youdong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150030, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Education Department of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150030, China; College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150030, China
| | - Yang Jing
- Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150030, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Education Department of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150030, China; College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150030, China
| | - Li Leng
- Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150030, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Education Department of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150030, China; College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150030, China
| | - Shouzhi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150030, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Education Department of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150030, China; College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150030, China
| | - Yumao Li
- Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150030, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Education Department of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150030, China; College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150030, China
| | - Peng Luan
- Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150030, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Education Department of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150030, China; College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150030, China
| | - Zhiping Cao
- Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150030, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Education Department of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150030, China; College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150030, China
| | - Hui Li
- Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150030, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Education Department of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150030, China; College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150030, China.
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Du W, Lv Y, Wu H, Li Y, Tang R, Zhao M, Wei F, Li C, Ge W. Research on the effect of Dipsaci Radix before and after salt-processed on kidney yang deficiency syndrome rats and the preliminary mechanism study through the BMP-Smad signaling pathway. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 312:116480. [PMID: 37061069 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.116480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Dipsaci Radix (DR) is the dry root of Dipsacus asper Wall. ex DC. AIM OF THE STUDY The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of DR on rats before and after salt-processed with kidney yang deficiency syndrome (KYDS), and we selected the BMP-Smad signaling pathway to explore the mechanism of DR. MATERIALS AND METHODS The model of KYDS was established by subcutaneous injection of hydrocortisone, the crude DR (CDR) and salt-processed DR (SDR) were given the corresponding dose (2 g/kg, 4 g/kg, and 6 g/kg). The organ index and the contents of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), cortistatin (CORT), thyroid hormone (T4), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), testosterone (T), estradiol (E2), cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP), Na+-K+-ATPase, and growth hormone (GH) in serum were measured to evaluate the intervention effect of DR on KYDS rats. The expression of Smad 1, Smad 4, Smad 5, Smad 8, and BMP 7 protein in kidney was determined by immunohistochemistry, quantitative PCR (qPCR) and Western blot analysis. The effects of DR on 5 expression factors in the BMP-Smad signaling pathway were studied. Constituents absorbed into blood were identified by UPLC-Q-TOF/MS. RESULTS The results showed that compared with the model group, the thymus and kidney index, as well as the contents of ACTH, CORT, cAMP, GH, Na+-K+-ATPase, T, T4, and E2 were significantly increased in the CDR and SDR groups, and the contents of cGMP and TNF-α were significantly decreased. Compared with the CDR high dose group, ACTH, Na+-K+-ATPase, T, and T4 were significantly increased in the SDR high dose group. The results of immunohistochemistry, qPCR, and Western blot analysis showed that compared with the model group, the expression levels of Smad 1, Smad 4, Smad 5, Smad 8 and BMP 7 proteins in the kidney of DR groups were significantly increased. And SDR groups tended to be better than CDR groups. 8 constituents migrating to blood were identified. CONCLUSION This study showed that both CDR and SDR could have a good therapeutic effect on KYDS, and SDR was better than CDR. This study chose the BMP-Smad signaling pathway to study the mechanism of DR in the treatment of KYDS and provided a scientific basis for the processing mechanism of salt-processed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weifeng Du
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 311400, PR China; Research Center of TCM Processing Technology, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 311401, PR China; Zhejiang Chinese Medical University Chinese Medicine Yinpian Co., Ltd., Hangzhou, 311401, PR China.
| | - Yue Lv
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 311400, PR China.
| | - Hangsha Wu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 311400, PR China.
| | - Yafei Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 311400, PR China
| | - Rui Tang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 311400, PR China
| | - Mingfang Zhao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 311400, PR China
| | - Feiyang Wei
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 311400, PR China
| | - Changyu Li
- Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, PR China.
| | - Weihong Ge
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 311400, PR China; Research Center of TCM Processing Technology, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 311401, PR China; Zhejiang Chinese Medical University Chinese Medicine Yinpian Co., Ltd., Hangzhou, 311401, PR China.
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Brown ME, Pukazhenthi B, Olsen GH, Crowe C, Lynch W, Wildt DE, Songsasen N. Low estradiol production of non-laying whooping cranes (Grus americana) is associated with the failure of small follicles to enter follicular hierarchy. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2023; 338:114280. [PMID: 37011766 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2023.114280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/04/2023]
Abstract
For endangered species managed ex situ, production of offspring is a key factor to ensure healthy and self-sustaining populations. However, current breeding goals for the whooping crane (Grus americana) are impeded by poor reproduction. Our study sought to better understand mechanisms regulating ovarian function in ex situ managed whooping cranes and the regulatory function of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis in relation to follicle formation and egg laying. To characterize hormonal regulation of follicular development and ovulation, we collected weekly blood samples from six female whooping cranes during two breeding seasons, for a total of 11 reproductive cycles. The plasma samples were assessed for follicle stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, estradiol, and progesterone and the yolk precursors vitellogenin and very low-density lipoprotein. Ultrasonographic examination of the ovary was conducted at the time of blood collection. Preovulatory follicles (>12 mm) were present in laying cycles (n = 6) but absent in non-laying cycles (n = 5). The patterns of plasma hormone and yolk precursor concentrations corresponded to the stage of follicle development. Specifically, gonadotropin and yolk precursors concentrations increased as follicles transitioned from the non-yolky to yolky stage but did not increase further as the follicle advanced to preovulatory and ovulatory stages. Estrogen and progesterone concentrations increased as follicle size increased and reached peak concentrations (P < 0.05) when follicles developed to ovulatory and preovulatory stages, respectively. While overall mean circulating gonadotropin, progesterone, and yolk precursor concentrations did not differ for laying versus non-laying cycles, mean plasma estradiol in laying cycles was significantly higher than that in non-laying cycles. In summary, the findings suggested that disruption of mechanisms regulating follicle recruitment is likely responsible for the oviposition failure of the captive female whooping crane.
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Scanes CG. Discontinuities in understanding follicular development, the ovulatory cycle and the oviposition cycles in the hen: Advances, opportunities, slow downs and complete stops. Front Physiol 2022; 13:1023528. [PMID: 36262257 PMCID: PMC9573971 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.1023528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
There has been considerable progress in understanding follicular development, the ovulatory cycle and the oviposition cycles in the hen. In particular, there have been tremendous advances in understanding follicular development and recruitment of follicles to the hierarchy of large yellow follicles. There is a need to continue to follow the earlier literature while employing present techniques. Early work allowed an understanding of the ovulation and oviposition cycles. Models for ovulation were developed. However, while these have no passed the test of time, there is no present model that fully accounts to the cycles. Earlier work employed ahemoral light cycles to examine ovulation and oviposition cycles. Recent work has demonstrated that clock genes are expressed in the ovary. The control of incubation by prolactin has been largely elucidated in turkeys. There is evidence that other endocrine glands influence female reproduction in birds including the adrenal cortex, thyroid and pineal. However, there is much that remains to be fully understood.
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