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Zhang X, Gao P, Wang L, Liu L, Wang Q, Xu Z, Zhang Y, Yu Y, Ma J. ADP-ribosylation factor 6 promotes infectious bursal disease virus replication by affecting the internalization process via clathrin. Vet Microbiol 2024; 290:109989. [PMID: 38266371 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2024.109989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
ADP-ribosylation factor 6 (ARF6) is a small G protein with extensive functions, including regulation of cellular membrane transport and viral infection. Infectious bursal disease (IBD) is caused by infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV), which mainly invades the bursa of Fabricius and causes low immunity in poultry. Our study demonstrated that IBDV infection could promote the expression of ARF6; however, the underlying mechanism remains unclear. Herein, the function of ARF6 in IBDV infection was explored, and it was revealed that viral replication was significantly promoted by ARF6 overexpression and hampered by siRNA-mediated inhibition of ARF6. Using two site mutants of ARF6 (ARF6-T27N and ARF6-Q67L), we found that IBDV replication was repressed by ARF6-T27N, indicating that ARF6 promotes IBDV replication. Further exploration of its mechanism revealed that ARF6 affects the copy number of IBDVs entering cells. A clathrin inhibitor (pitstop 2) impeded the early replication of IBDV, even when ARF6 was overexpressed. These results indicated that ARF6 promotes viral replication by affecting the internalization of IBDV, which may involve clathrin-dependent endocytosis. Our findings improve the understanding of the processes governing IBDV infection and provide insights into its prevention and control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinxin Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang 453003, Henan, PR China; Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Xujiaping, Lanzhou 730046, PR China
| | - Pei Gao
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang 453003, Henan, PR China
| | - Li Wang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang 453003, Henan, PR China
| | - Liu Liu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang 453003, Henan, PR China
| | - Qiuxia Wang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang 453003, Henan, PR China
| | - Zhiyong Xu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang 453003, Henan, PR China
| | - Yanhong Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang 453003, Henan, PR China
| | - Yan Yu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang 453003, Henan, PR China
| | - Jinyou Ma
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang 453003, Henan, PR China.
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Zhang L, Yang Y. Analysis of Pathogen Characteristics and Nursing Factors of Tonsil Infection Based on Regression Equation. SCANNING 2022; 2022:3149619. [PMID: 35811760 PMCID: PMC9206557 DOI: 10.1155/2022/3149619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In order to meet the needs of the analysis and application of regression equation in clinical medicine of tonsil infection, this paper focuses on the semiparametric regression model method, cross-validation method, empirical method, and multiple regression equation analysis of atypical data using regression equation. The general method of analyzing this kind of data is given, and the parameter estimation and hypothesis testing of the model are systematically studied. The experimental results showed that among the 90 paraffin-embedded tissue specimens of chronic tonsillitis and adenoid hypertrophy in this study, 26 out of 49 male children were EBERs positive, accounting for 53.06% of male children (26/49 cases). 28 of the 41 female children were positive, accounting for 68.29 of the female children (28/41 cases). There were 14 cases in infant group, 20 cases in preschool age group, 25 cases in school-age group, and 31 cases in adolescence group; the EBERs-positive rate was 42.86% (6/14 cases) in early childhood and 55.00% in early school-age (11/20 cases), and the EBERs-positive rate was 60.00% in school-age group (15/20 cases) and 70.97% in adolescent group. The results showed that the latent infection rate of adenoid hypertrophy EBV in children with chronic tonsillitis showed no significant difference between genders. It is proved that the regression equation method can meet the needs of clinical analysis and application of tonsil infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longfang Zhang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Stomatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215008, China
| | - Yuanyuan Yang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Stomatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215008, China
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Trapp J, Rautenschlein S. Infectious bursal disease virus' interferences with host immune cells: What do we know? Avian Pathol 2022; 51:303-316. [PMID: 35616498 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2022.2080641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
AbstractInfectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) induces one of the most important immunosuppressive diseases in chickens leading to high economic losses due increased mortality and condemnation rates, secondary infections and the need for antibiotic treatment. Over 400 publications have been listed in PubMed.gov in the last five years pointing out the research interest in this disease and the development of improved preventive measures. While B cells are the main target cells of the virus, also other immune and non-immune cell populations are affected leading a multifaceted impact on the normally well orchestrated immune system in IBDV-infected birds. Recent studies clearly revealed the contribution of innate immune cells as well as T cells to a cytokine storm and subsequent death of affected birds in the acute phase of the disease. Transcriptomics identified differential regulation of immune related genes between different chicken genotypes as well as virus strains, which may be associated with a variable disease outcome. The recent availability of primary B cell culture systems allowed a closer look into virus-host interactions during IBDV-infection. The new emerging field of research with transgenic chickens will open up new opportunities to understand the impact of IBDV on the host also under in vivo conditions, which will help to understand the complex virus-host interactions further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Trapp
- Clinic for Poultry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - Silke Rautenschlein
- Clinic for Poultry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany
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