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Hong SM, Ha EJ, Kim HW, Kim SJ, Ahn SM, An SH, Kim G, Kim S, Kwon HJ, Choi KS. Effects of G and SH Truncation on the Replication, Virulence, and Immunogenicity of Avian Metapneumovirus. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:106. [PMID: 38276678 PMCID: PMC10818707 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12010106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Four mutants varying the length of the G and SH genes, including a G-truncated mutant (ΔG) and three G/SH-truncated mutants (ΔSH/G-1, ΔSH/G-2, and ΔSH/G-3), were generated via serially passaging the avian metapneumovirus strain SNU21004 into the cell lines Vero E6 and DF-1 and into embryonated chicken eggs. The mutant ΔG particles resembled parental virus particles except for the variance in the density of their surface projections. G and G/SH truncation significantly affected the viral replication in chickens' tracheal ring culture and in infected chickens but not in the Vero E6 cells. In experimentally infected chickens, mutant ΔG resulted in the restriction of viral replication and the attenuation of the virulence. The mutants ΔG and ΔSH/G-1 upregulated three interleukins (IL-6, IL-12, and IL-18) and three interferons (IFNα, IFNβ, and IFNγ) in infected chickens. In addition, the expression levels of innate immunity-related genes such as Mda5, Rig-I, and Lgp2, in BALB/c mice were also upregulated when compared to the parental virus. Immunologically, the mutant ΔG induced a strong, delayed humoral immune response, while the mutant ΔSH/G-1 induced no humoral immune response. Our findings indicate the potential of the mutant ΔG but not the mutant ΔSH/G-1 as a live attenuated vaccine candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Min Hong
- Laboratory of Avian Diseases, Department of Farm Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and BK21 PLUS for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 088026, Republic of Korea; (S.-M.H.); (E.-J.H.); (H.-W.K.); (S.-J.K.); (S.-M.A.)
- Research Institute for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea;
| | - Eun-Jin Ha
- Laboratory of Avian Diseases, Department of Farm Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and BK21 PLUS for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 088026, Republic of Korea; (S.-M.H.); (E.-J.H.); (H.-W.K.); (S.-J.K.); (S.-M.A.)
- Research Institute for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea;
| | - Ho-Won Kim
- Laboratory of Avian Diseases, Department of Farm Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and BK21 PLUS for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 088026, Republic of Korea; (S.-M.H.); (E.-J.H.); (H.-W.K.); (S.-J.K.); (S.-M.A.)
- Research Institute for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea;
| | - Seung-Ji Kim
- Laboratory of Avian Diseases, Department of Farm Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and BK21 PLUS for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 088026, Republic of Korea; (S.-M.H.); (E.-J.H.); (H.-W.K.); (S.-J.K.); (S.-M.A.)
- Research Institute for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea;
| | - Sun-Min Ahn
- Laboratory of Avian Diseases, Department of Farm Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and BK21 PLUS for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 088026, Republic of Korea; (S.-M.H.); (E.-J.H.); (H.-W.K.); (S.-J.K.); (S.-M.A.)
- Research Institute for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea;
| | - Se-Hee An
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Republic of Korea;
| | - Gun Kim
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, Research Institute of Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 088026, Republic of Korea;
| | - Suji Kim
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam 13620, Republic of Korea;
| | - Hyuk-Joon Kwon
- Research Institute for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea;
- Laboratory of Poultry Medicine, Department of Farm Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and BK21 PLUS for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 088026, Republic of Korea
- Institutes of Green-bio Science Technology (GBST), Farm Animal Clinical Training and Research Center (FACTRC), Seoul National University, Pyeongchang 25354, Republic of Korea
- GeNiner Inc., Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Kang-Seuk Choi
- Laboratory of Avian Diseases, Department of Farm Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and BK21 PLUS for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 088026, Republic of Korea; (S.-M.H.); (E.-J.H.); (H.-W.K.); (S.-J.K.); (S.-M.A.)
- Research Institute for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea;
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Jbenyeni A, Croville G, Cazaban C, Guérin JL. Predominance of low pathogenic avian influenza virus H9N2 in the respiratory co-infections in broilers in Tunisia: a longitudinal field study, 2018-2020. Vet Res 2023; 54:88. [PMID: 37789451 PMCID: PMC10548753 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-023-01204-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Respiratory diseases are a health and economic concern for poultry production worldwide. Given global economic exchanges and migratory bird flyways, respiratory viruses are likely to emerge continuously in new territories. The primary aim of this study was to investigate the major pathogens involved in respiratory disease in Tunisian broiler poultry and their epidemiology. Between 2018 and 2020, broilers farms in northeastern Tunisia were monitored, and 39 clinically diseased flocks were sampled. Samples were screened for five viral and three bacterial respiratory pathogens using a panel of real-time PCR assays. The reemergence of H9N2 low pathogenic avian influenza virus (LPAIV) in commercial poultry was reported, and the Northern and Western African GI lineage strain was typed. The infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) GI-23 lineage and the avian metapneumovirus (aMPV) subtype B also were detected for the first time in broilers in Tunisia. H9N2 LPAIV was the most detected pathogen in the flocks tested, but rarely alone, as 15 of the 16 H9N2 positive flocks were co-infected. Except for infectious laryngotracheitis virus (ILTV), all of the targeted pathogens were detected, and in 61% of the respiratory disease cases, a combination of pathogens was identified. The major combinations were H9N2 + aMPV (8/39) and H9N2 + IBV (6/39), showing the high contribution of H9N2 LPAIV to the multifactorial respiratory diseases. This field survey provided evidence of the emergence of new respiratory viruses and the complexity of respiratory disease in Tunisia. A comprehensive and continuous surveillance strategy therefore is needed to better control respiratory pathogens in Tunisia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Jbenyeni
- IHAP, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, Toulouse, France
- Ceva Santé Animale S.A., Libourne, France
| | | | | | - Jean-Luc Guérin
- IHAP, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, Toulouse, France.
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