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Raoul L, Grosbras MH. Relating different Dimensions of Bodily Experiences: Review and proposition of an integrative model relying on phenomenology, predictive brain and neuroscience of the self. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2023; 148:105141. [PMID: 36965863 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 03/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/27/2023]
Abstract
How we mentally experience our body has been studied in a variety research domains. Each of these domains focuses in its own ways on different aspects of the body, namely the neurophysiological, perceptual, affective or social components, and proposes different conceptual taxonomies. It is therefore difficult to find one's way through this vast literature and to grasp the relationships between the different dimensions of bodily experiences. In this narrative review, we summarize the existing research directions and present their limits. We propose an integrative framework, grounded in studies on phenomenal consciousness, self-consciousness and bodily self-consciousness, that can provide a common basis for evaluating findings on different dimensions of bodily experiences. We review the putative mechanisms, relying on predictive processes, and neural substrates that support this model. We discuss how this model enables a conceptual assessment of the interrelationships between multiple dimensions of bodily experiences and potentiate interdisciplinary approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Raoul
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, LNC, Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives, Marseille, France.
| | - Marie-Hélène Grosbras
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, LNC, Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives, Marseille, France.
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Kassim FM, Mark Lim JH, Albrecht MA, Martin-Iverson MT. Dexamphetamine influences funneling illusion based on psychometric score. Hum Psychopharmacol 2023; 38:e2862. [PMID: 36799101 DOI: 10.1002/hup.2862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Our team previously showed that like the experience of the rubber hand illusion (RHI) in people with schizophrenia and their offspring¸ dexamphetamine administration to healthy volunteers increases the stimulus binding windows (BWs) in RHI. It is not clear if similar expansions of BWs are present for unimodal illusions. Studies have also shown that subjective or objective effects of amphetamine would be linked to between-person variations in personality measures. Therefore, we aimed to examine the effect of dexamphetamine (DEX), a dopamine-releasing stimulant, on illusory perception using unimodal sensory stimuli (Tactile Funneling Illusion [TFI]) across both temporal and spatial variables. We further examined the relationship between changes in psychometric scores and changes in illusion perception induced by dexamphetamine. METHODS Healthy subjects (N = 20) participated in a randomized, double-blind, counter-balanced, placebo-controlled, cross-over study. The effects of dexamphetamine (0.45 mg/kg, PO, q.d.) on funneling and error of spatial localization (EL) were examined using TFI. Psychotomimetic effects were assessed using a battery of psychological measures. RESULTS Dexamphetamine did not significantly increased the funneling illusion (p = 0.88) or EL (p = 0.5), relative to placebo. However, the degree of change in psychometric scores following dexamphetamine positively correlated with changes in funneling (ρ = 0.48, p = 0.03, n = 20), mainly at 0 ms delay condition (ρ = 0.6, p = 0.004, n = 20). CONCLUSION Unlike multimodal illusions, alteration of BWs does not occur for unimodal illusions after administration of a dopamine-releasing agent. However, our findings indicate that moderate release of dopamine, through its psychotomimetic effect, indirectly influences unimodal illusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faiz M Kassim
- Neuropsychopharmacology Research Unit, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - J H Mark Lim
- Neuropsychopharmacology Research Unit, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Matthew A Albrecht
- Western Australian Centre for Road Safety Research, School of Psychological Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Mathew T Martin-Iverson
- Neuropsychopharmacology Research Unit, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
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Psychometric Properties of the Italian Version of the Embodied Sense-of-Self Scale. Brain Sci 2022; 13:brainsci13010034. [PMID: 36672015 PMCID: PMC9856127 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13010034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: The Embodied Sense-of-Self Scale (ESSS) is the only validated measure for self-assessing embodiment abnormalities, which differentiate people with anomalous embodied self-representations such as schizophrenic patients from controls. The aim of the current study was to translate the ESSS from English to Italian and to examine its factor structure, reliability, and validity in the Italian context. (2) Methods: We tested the fit of the original three-factor structure (agency, ownership, and narrative identity) across a community sample (N = 269) and the reliability as well as the convergent and divergent validity of the ESSS. (3) Results: The three-factor structure of the ESSS was confirmed. However, three different factors have emerged from our analysis (self-recognition, self-consistence, and self-awareness). Higher internal consistency of the ESSS was obtained by removing six items that seemed problematic. The three ESSS scales show highly intercorrelated constructs. The measure was reliable and positively correlated with schizotypy (via the Perceptual Aberration Scale) and aberrant salience (via the Aberrant Salience Inventory), and negatively correlated with empathy (via the Italian Short Empathy Quotient scale), generalized self-efficacy (via the Generalized Self-Efficacy Scale), and social self-efficacy (via the Perceived Social Self-Efficacy Scale). (4) Conclusions: The 19-item Italian version of the ESSS is a suitable measure with which to assess embodiment abnormalities in Italian samples.
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Body transfer illusions in the schizophrenia spectrum: a systematic review. SCHIZOPHRENIA 2022; 8:103. [PMID: 36424451 PMCID: PMC9691625 DOI: 10.1038/s41537-022-00314-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Schizophrenia has been viewed as a disorder of the self. Accordingly, the question arises if and how senses of ownership and agency are impaired in schizophrenia. To address this question, several body transfer illusions (BTIs) have been investigated in schizophrenia patients and other schizophrenia spectrum (SCZ-S) populations. The objective of the study was to systematically review the current evidence from BTIs in the SCZ-S. A systematic literature search in PubMed and CENTRAL (search date: February 12, 2022) was conducted on BTI studies carried out in SCZ-S populations. Studies were included if they were published in English after peer review, reported original research data, related to the SCZ-S, and used a BTI as its study method. Conference papers, study protocols, and reviews were excluded. For each included BTI study, various study characteristics and outcomes were retrieved, and a risk-of-bias score was calculated based on six study quality criteria. K = 40 studies were identified, of which k = 20 studies met the eligibility criteria. For BTI paradigms using visuotactile stimulation, most studies found elevated sense of ownership ratings in SCZ-S populations compared to healthy controls (HC). Implicit illusion measures (e.g., proprioceptive drift), in turn, did not generally indicate elevated embodiment levels in SCZ-S populations. Likewise, no consistent group differences emerged between SCZ-S populations and HC with respect to BTI paradigms using visuomotor stimulation. Furthermore, BTI vividness was found to correlate significantly with core symptoms of schizophrenia and various subclinical characteristics related to the SCZ-S. In line with the self-disturbance hypothesis, SCZ-S populations appear to be affected by aberrations in bodily self-awareness. Review registration: PROSPERO (identifier: CRD42022287960).
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Scandola M, Pietroni G, Landuzzi G, Polati E, Schweiger V, Moro V. Bodily Illusions and Motor Imagery in Fibromyalgia. Front Hum Neurosci 2022; 15:798912. [PMID: 35126075 PMCID: PMC8811121 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2021.798912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibromyalgia (FM) is characterised by chronic, continuous, widespread pain, often associated with a sense of fatigue, non-restorative sleep and physical exhaustion. Due to the nature of this condition and the absence of other neurological issues potentially able to induce disorders in body representations per se, it represents a perfect model since it provides an opportunity to study the relationship between pain and the bodily self. Corporeal illusions were investigated in 60 participants with or without a diagnosis of FM by means of an ad hoc devised interview. In addition, motor imagery was investigated and illusions relating to body part movements and changes in body size, feelings of alienness, and sensations of body parts not belonging to one’s own body (disownership and somatoparaphrenic-like sensations) were found. Crucially, these symptoms do not correlate with any of the clinical measures of pain or functional deficits. The results showed that motor imagery was also impaired, and the severity of the deficits found correlated with the functional impairment of the participant. This indicates that disorders in body representations and motor imagery are part of the clinical expression of FM. However, while motor imagery seems to be linked to reduced autonomy and functional deficits, bodily illusions are independent and potentially represent a concurrent symptom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Scandola
- NPSY-Lab.VR, Department of Human Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Giorgia Pietroni
- NPSY-Lab.VR, Department of Human Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | | | - Enrico Polati
- Department of Surgery, Dentistry, Paediatrics and Gynaecology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Vittorio Schweiger
- Department of Surgery, Dentistry, Paediatrics and Gynaecology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Valentina Moro
- NPSY-Lab.VR, Department of Human Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
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Cognitive and temperamental determinants of susceptibility to the Müller-Lyer illusion. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2020.110555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Liang Y, Shimokawa K, Yoshida S, Sugimori E. What "Tears" Remind Us of: An Investigation of Embodied Cognition and Schizotypal Personality Trait Using Pencil and Teardrop Glasses. Front Psychol 2020; 10:2826. [PMID: 31998171 PMCID: PMC6967394 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Facial expressions influence our experience and perception of emotions—they not only tell other people what we are feeling but also might tell us what to feel via sensory feedback. We conducted three experiments to investigate the interaction between facial feedback phenomena and different environmental stimuli, by asking participants to remember emotional autobiographical memories. Moreover, we examined how people with schizotypal traits would be affected by their experience of emotional facial simulations. We found that using a directed approach (gripping a pencil with teeth/lips) while remembering a specific autobiographical memory could successfully evoke participants’ positive (e.g., happy and excited)/negative (e.g., angry and sad) emotions (i.e., Experiment 1). When using indirective environmental stimuli (e.g., teardrop glasses), the results of our experiments (i.e., Experiments 2 and 3) investigating facial feedback and the effect of teardrop glasses showed that participants who scored low in schizotypy reported little effect from wearing teardrop glasses, while those with high schizotypy reported a much greater effect in both between- and within-subject conditions. The results are discussed from the perspective of sense of ownership, which people with schizophrenia are believed to have deficits in.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Liang
- Graduate School of Human Sciences, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuma Shimokawa
- Graduate School of Human Sciences, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shigeo Yoshida
- Cyber Interface Laboratory, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Eriko Sugimori
- Graduate School of Human Sciences, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
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Burin D, Pignolo C, Ales F, Giromini L, Pyasik M, Ghirardello D, Zennaro A, Angilletta M, Castellino L, Pia L. Relationships Between Personality Features and the Rubber Hand Illusion: An Exploratory Study. Front Psychol 2019; 10:2762. [PMID: 31920815 PMCID: PMC6914866 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The rubber hand illusion paradigm allows investigating human body ownership by inducing an illusion of owning a life-sized fake hand. Despite the wide consensus on the fact that integration of multisensory signals is the main interpretative framework of the rubber hand illusion, increasing amount of data show that additional factors might contribute to the emergence of the illusion and, in turn, explain the strong inter-individual differences of the illusory patterns. Here, we explored whether and how personality features contribute to the emergence of the illusion by administering to healthy participants the rubber hand illusion paradigm along with two well-known personality tests, i.e., the Personality Assessment Inventory (PAI) and the Rorschach test. Results showed that two Rorschach domains (i.e., "Perception and Thinking Problems" and "Self and Other Representation") were positively correlated with the illusory mislocalization of the own left hand toward the fake hand. Further analyses suggested that while the tendency to perceive unconventionally is related to mislocalizing the own hand toward the fake hand, the association of the RHI index and other personality features measured by the Rorschach remain uncertain. However, our findings in general suggest that personality features might have a role in the emergence of the rubber hand illusion. This, in turn, could explain the high inter-individual variability of the illusory effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalila Burin
- Kawashima Laboratory, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer and Smart-Aging Research Center, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | | | - Francesca Ales
- Department of Psychology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | | | - Maria Pyasik
- SpAtial, Motor and Bodily Awareness Research Group, Department of Psychology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | - Lorenzo Pia
- SpAtial, Motor and Bodily Awareness Research Group, Department of Psychology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
- Neuroscience Institute of Turin, Turin, Italy
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Cutts SA, Fragaszy DM, Mangalam M. Consistent inter-individual differences in susceptibility to bodily illusions. Conscious Cogn 2019; 76:102826. [PMID: 31670011 DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2019.102826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Revised: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Illusory senses of ownership and agency (that the hand or effector that we see belongs to us and moves at our will, respectively) support the embodiment of prosthetic limbs, tele-operated surgical devices, and human-machine interfaces. We exposed forty-eight individuals to four different procedures known to elicit illusory ownership or agency over a fake visible rubber hand or finger. The illusory ownership or agency arising from the hand correlated with that of the finger. For both body parts, sensory stimulation across different modalities (visual with tactile or visual with kinesthetic) produced illusions of similar strength. However, the strengths of the illusions of ownership and agency were unrelated within individuals, supporting the proposal that distinct neuropsychological processes underlie these two senses. Developing training programs to enhance susceptibility to illusions of agency or ownership for people with lower natural susceptibility could broaden the usefulness of the above technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A Cutts
- Department of Psychology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | | | - Madhur Mangalam
- Department of Physical Therapy, Movement and Rehabilitation Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Crespi B, Dinsdale N. Autism and psychosis as diametrical disorders of embodiment. Evol Med Public Health 2019; 2019:121-138. [PMID: 31402979 PMCID: PMC6682708 DOI: 10.1093/emph/eoz021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Humans have evolved an elaborate system of self-consciousness, self-identity, self-agency, and self-embodiment that is grounded in specific neurological structures including an expanded insula. Instantiation of the bodily self has been most-extensively studied via the 'rubber hand illusion', whereby parallel stimulation of a hidden true hand, and a viewed false hand, leads to the felt belief that the false hand is one's own. Autism and schizophrenia have both long been regarded as conditions centrally involving altered development of the self, but they have yet to be compared directly with regard to the self and embodiment. Here, we synthesize the embodied cognition literature for these and related conditions, and describe evidence that these two sets of disorders exhibit opposite susceptibilities from typical individuals to the rubber hand illusion: reduced on the autism spectrum and increased in schizophrenia and other psychotic-affective conditions. Moreover, the opposite illusion effects are mediated by a consilient set of associated phenomena, including empathy, interoception, anorexia risk and phenotypes, and patterns of genetic correlation. Taken together, these findings: (i) support the diametric model of autism and psychotic-affective disorders, (ii) implicate the adaptive human system of self-embodiment, and its neural bases, in neurodevelopmental disorders, and suggest new therapies and (iii) experimentally ground Bayesian predictive coding models with regard to autism compared with psychosis. Lay summary: Humans have evolved a highly developed sense of self and perception of one's own body. The 'rubber hand illusion' can be used to test individual variation in sense of self, relative to connection with others. We show that this illusion is reduced in autism spectrum disorders, and increased in psychotic and mood disorders. These findings have important implications for understanding and treatment of mental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard Crespi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | - Natalie Dinsdale
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC, Canada
- Department of Psychology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
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Prikken M, van der Weiden A, Baalbergen H, Hillegers MH, Kahn RS, Aarts H, van Haren NE. Multisensory integration underlying body-ownership experiences in schizophrenia and offspring of patients: a study using the rubber hand illusion paradigm. J Psychiatry Neurosci 2019; 44:177-184. [PMID: 30525317 PMCID: PMC6488483 DOI: 10.1503/jpn.180049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Schizophrenia is a disorder of basic self-disturbance. Evidence suggests that people with schizophrenia may have aberrant experiences of body ownership: they may feel that they are not the subject of their own body experiences. However, little is known about the development of such disturbances. METHODS Using a rubber hand illusion paradigm, we assessed body ownership in patients with schizophrenia (n = 54), healthy controls (n = 56), children/adolescents at increased familial risk of developing schizophrenia (n = 24) or mood disorders (n = 33), and children/adolescents without this risk (n = 18). In this paradigm, a rubber hand (visible) and a participant’s real hand (invisible) were stroked synchronously and asynchronously; we then measured subjective illusory experiences and proprioceptive drift. RESULTS All groups showed the expected effect of the rubber hand illusion: stronger proprioceptive drift and increased subjective illusory experiences after synchronous versus asynchronous stroking. The effect of synchronicity on subjective experiences was significantly weaker in patients with schizophrenia than in healthy controls, and subjective ratings were positively correlated with delusions in patients. We found no significant differences between children/adolescents with and without increased familial risk. LIMITATIONS Large individual differences raised questions for future research. CONCLUSION We found subtle disturbances in body-ownership experiences in patients with schizophrenia, which were associated with delusions. We found no evidence for impairments in children/adolescents at increased familial risk of developing schizophrenia or a mood disorder. Longitudinal data might reveal whether impairments in body ownership are predictive of psychosis onset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merel Prikken
- From the Brain Centre Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Prikken, Baalbergen, Hillegers, Kahn, Van Haren); the Utrecht University, Department of Psychology, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Van der Weiden, Aarts); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Sophia Children’s Hospital, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, the Netherlands (Hillegers); and the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Department of Psychiatry, New York, NY (Kahn)
| | - Anouk van der Weiden
- From the Brain Centre Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Prikken, Baalbergen, Hillegers, Kahn, Van Haren); the Utrecht University, Department of Psychology, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Van der Weiden, Aarts); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Sophia Children’s Hospital, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, the Netherlands (Hillegers); and the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Department of Psychiatry, New York, NY (Kahn)
| | - Heleen Baalbergen
- From the Brain Centre Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Prikken, Baalbergen, Hillegers, Kahn, Van Haren); the Utrecht University, Department of Psychology, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Van der Weiden, Aarts); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Sophia Children’s Hospital, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, the Netherlands (Hillegers); and the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Department of Psychiatry, New York, NY (Kahn)
| | - Manon H.J. Hillegers
- From the Brain Centre Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Prikken, Baalbergen, Hillegers, Kahn, Van Haren); the Utrecht University, Department of Psychology, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Van der Weiden, Aarts); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Sophia Children’s Hospital, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, the Netherlands (Hillegers); and the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Department of Psychiatry, New York, NY (Kahn)
| | - René S. Kahn
- From the Brain Centre Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Prikken, Baalbergen, Hillegers, Kahn, Van Haren); the Utrecht University, Department of Psychology, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Van der Weiden, Aarts); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Sophia Children’s Hospital, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, the Netherlands (Hillegers); and the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Department of Psychiatry, New York, NY (Kahn)
| | - Henk Aarts
- From the Brain Centre Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Prikken, Baalbergen, Hillegers, Kahn, Van Haren); the Utrecht University, Department of Psychology, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Van der Weiden, Aarts); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Sophia Children’s Hospital, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, the Netherlands (Hillegers); and the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Department of Psychiatry, New York, NY (Kahn)
| | - Neeltje E.M. van Haren
- From the Brain Centre Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Prikken, Baalbergen, Hillegers, Kahn, Van Haren); the Utrecht University, Department of Psychology, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Van der Weiden, Aarts); the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Sophia Children’s Hospital, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, the Netherlands (Hillegers); and the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Department of Psychiatry, New York, NY (Kahn)
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Marotta A, Zampini M, Tinazzi M, Fiorio M. Age-related changes in the sense of body ownership: New insights from the rubber hand illusion. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0207528. [PMID: 30440038 PMCID: PMC6237395 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0207528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
How do age-related changes affect the sense of body ownership? This study tackles this issue by means of the rubber hand illusion (RHI), a widely used experimental tool for investigating the sense of body ownership. There is ample literature on the RHI in young populations, but research on age-related changes in the RHI is still scarce. Here we extend the use of the RHI to examine the changes in the sense of body ownership related to healthy aging. Subjective reports (i.e., questionnaire) and proprioceptive drift were compared among young (n = 22, age range 20-22 years), middle-aged (n = 22, age range 44-55 years), and older adults (n = 22, age range 60-72 years). A stronger subjective experience of illusion was observed in the young and older adults as compared to the middle-aged. No differences in proprioceptive drift were found between the three groups. These findings are discussed in relation to: 1) different stages of development of perceptual and cognitive components of the sense of body ownership, and 2) compensatory mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Marotta
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
- Neurology Unit, Neuroscience Department, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata, Verona, Italy
| | | | - Michele Tinazzi
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Mirta Fiorio
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
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Xu A, Cullen B, Penner C, Zimmerman C, Kerr C, Schmalzl L. Comparing embodiment experiences in expert meditators and non-meditators using the rubber hand illusion. Conscious Cogn 2018; 65:325-333. [DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2018.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2017] [Revised: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Stone KD, Bullock F, Keizer A, Dijkerman HC. The disappearing limb trick and the role of sensory suggestibility in illusion experience. Neuropsychologia 2018; 117:418-427. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2018.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Revised: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Martínez E, Aira Z, Buesa I, Aizpurua I, Rada D, Azkue JJ. Embodied pain in fibromyalgia: Disturbed somatorepresentations and increased plasticity of the body schema. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0194534. [PMID: 29624596 PMCID: PMC5889164 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0194534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS) is a highly prevalent, chronic musculoskeletal condition characterized by widespread pain and evoked pain at tender points. This study evaluated various aspects of body awareness in a sample of 14 women with FMS and 13 healthy controls, such as plasticity of the body schema, body esteem, and interoceptive awareness. To this end, the Rubber Hand Illusion (RHI), the Body Esteem Scale (BES), and the Body Perception Questionnaire (BPQ) were used, respectively. Consistent with increased plasticity of the body schema, FMS patients scored higher, with large or very large effect sizes, across all three domains evaluated in the RHI paradigm, namely proprioceptive drift and perceived ownership and motor control over the rubber hand. Scores on all items addressed by the BES were consistently lower among FMS subjects (2.52, SEM .19 vs 3.89, SEM .16, respectively, p < .01, Cohen’s d = .38-.66). In the FMS sample, BES scores assigned to most painful regions also were lower than those assigned to the remaining body sites (1.58, SEM .19 vs 2.87, SEM .18, respectively, p < .01). Significantly higher scores (p < .01, Cohen’s d = .51-.87) were found in the FMS sample across awareness (3.57 SEM .15 vs 1.87 SEM .11), stress response (3.76 SEM .11 vs 1.78 SEM .11), autonomic nervous system reactivity (2.59 SEM .17 vs 1.35 SEM .07), and stress style 2 (2.73 SEM .27 vs 1.13 SEM .04) subscales of the BPQ. Intensity of ongoing clinical pain was found to be strongly correlated with interoceptive awareness (r = .75, p = .002). The results suggest a disturbed embodiment in FMS, characterized by instability of the body schema, negatively biased cognitions regarding one’s own body, and increased vigilance to internal bodily cues. These manifestations may be interpreted as related with the inability of incoming sensory inputs to adequately update negatively biased off-line somatorepresentations stored as long-term memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Endika Martínez
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine and Nursery, University of the Basque Country, UPV/EHU Barrio Sarriena s/n, Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Zigor Aira
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine and Nursery, University of the Basque Country, UPV/EHU Barrio Sarriena s/n, Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Itsaso Buesa
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine and Nursery, University of the Basque Country, UPV/EHU Barrio Sarriena s/n, Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain
- * E-mail:
| | - Ibane Aizpurua
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine and Nursery, University of the Basque Country, UPV/EHU Barrio Sarriena s/n, Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Diego Rada
- Preventive Medicine and Public Health Department, School of Pharmacy University of the Basque Country, UPV/EHU Paseo de la Universidad, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Araba, Spain
| | - Jon Jatsu Azkue
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine and Nursery, University of the Basque Country, UPV/EHU Barrio Sarriena s/n, Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain
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16
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On the relation between body ownership and sense of agency: A link at the level of sensory-related signals. Acta Psychol (Amst) 2018. [PMID: 29533775 DOI: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2018.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The relation between sense of body ownership and sense of agency is still highly debated. Here we investigated in a large sample of healthy participants the associations between several implicit and explicit indexes of the two senses. Specifically, we examined the correlations between proprioceptive shift (implicit measure) and questionnaire on the subjective experience of ownership (explicit measure) within the rubber hand illusion paradigm (body ownership), and intentional binding (implicit measure), attenuation of the intensity of auditory outcomes of actions (implicit measure) and questionnaire on the subjective experience of authorship (explicit measure) within the Libet's clock paradigm (sense of agency). Our results showed that proprioceptive shift was positively correlated with the attenuation of auditory outcomes. No significant correlations were found between the explicit measures of the two senses. We argue that the individual spatiotemporal constraints subserving the integration of sensory-related signals (implicit signature) would be common to both senses, whereas their subjective experience (explicit signature) would rely on additional processes specific for any given sense.
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Botan V, Fan S, Critchley H, Ward J. Atypical susceptibility to the rubber hand illusion linked to sensory-localised vicarious pain perception. Conscious Cogn 2018. [PMID: 29529588 DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2018.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The Rubber Hand Illusion (RHI) paradigm has been widely used to investigate the sense of body ownership. People who report experiencing the pain of others are hypothesised to have differences in computing body ownership and, hence, we predicted that they would perform atypically on the RHI. The Vicarious Pain Questionnaire (VPQ), was used to divide participants into three groups: (1) non-responders (people who report no pain when seeing someone else experiencing physical pain), (2) sensory-localised responders (report sensory qualities and a localised feeling of pain) and (3) affective-general responders (report a generalised and emotional feeling of pain). The sensory-localised group, showed susceptibility to the RHI (increased proprioceptive drift) irrespective of whether stimulation was synchronous or asynchronous, whereas the other groups only showed the RHI in the synchronous condition. This is not a general bias to always incorporate the dummy hand as we did not find increased susceptibility in other conditions (seeing touch without feeling touch, or feeling touch without seeing touch), but there was a trend for this group to incorporate the dummy hand when it was stroked with a laser light. Although individual differences in the RHI have been noted previously, this particular pattern is rare. It suggests a greater malleability (i.e. insensitivity to asynchrony) in the conditions in which other bodies influence own-body judgments.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Botan
- School of Psychology, University of Sussex, UK; Sackler Centre for Consciousness Science, UK.
| | - S Fan
- School of Psychology, University of Sussex, UK
| | - H Critchley
- School of Psychology, University of Sussex, UK; Sackler Centre for Consciousness Science, UK; Brighton and Sussex Medical School, UK
| | - J Ward
- School of Psychology, University of Sussex, UK; Sackler Centre for Consciousness Science, UK
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18
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Ferri F, Nikolova YS, Perrucci MG, Costantini M, Ferretti A, Gatta V, Huang Z, Edden RAE, Yue Q, D’Aurora M, Sibille E, Stuppia L, Romani GL, Northoff G. A Neural "Tuning Curve" for Multisensory Experience and Cognitive-Perceptual Schizotypy. Schizophr Bull 2017; 43:801-813. [PMID: 28168302 PMCID: PMC5472158 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbw174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Our coherent perception of external events is enabled by the integration of inputs from different senses occurring within a range of temporal offsets known as the temporal binding window (TBW), which varies from person to person. A relatively wide TBW may increase the likelihood that stimuli originating from different environmental events are erroneously integrated and abnormally large TBW has been found in psychiatric disorders characterized by unusual perceptual experiences. Despite strong evidence of inter-individual differences in TBW, both within clinical and nonclinical populations, the neurobiological underpinnings of this variability remain unclear. We adopted an integrated strategy linking TBW to temporal dynamics in functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)-resting-state activity and cortical excitation/inhibition (E/I) balance. E/I balance was indexed by glutamate/Gamma-AminoButyric Acid (GABA) concentrations and common variation in glutamate and GABA genes in a healthy sample. Stronger resting-state long-range temporal correlations, indicated by larger power law exponent (PLE), in the auditory cortex, robustly predicted narrower audio-tactile TBW, which was in turn associated with lower cognitive-perceptual schizotypy. Furthermore, PLE was highest and TBW narrowest for individuals with intermediate levels of E/I balance, with shifts towards either extreme resulting in reduced multisensory temporal precision and increased schizotypy, effectively forming a neural "tuning curve" for multisensory experience and schizophrenia risk. Our findings shed light on the neurobiological underpinnings of multisensory integration and its potentially clinically relevant inter-individual variability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Ferri
- Department of Psychology, University of Essex, Colchester, UK;,Institute of Mental Health Research, Brain and Mind Research Centre, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada;,These authors contributed equally to the article
| | - Yuliya S. Nikolova
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute of CAMH, Toronto, ON, Canada;,These authors contributed equally to the article
| | - Mauro Gianni Perrucci
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Science, “G.d’Annunzio” University of Chieti, and ITAB—Institute for Advanced Biomedical Technologies, Chieti, Italy
| | - Marcello Costantini
- Department of Psychology, University of Essex, Colchester, UK;,Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Science, “G.d’Annunzio” University of Chieti, and ITAB—Institute for Advanced Biomedical Technologies, Chieti, Italy
| | - Antonio Ferretti
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Science, “G.d’Annunzio” University of Chieti, and ITAB—Institute for Advanced Biomedical Technologies, Chieti, Italy
| | - Valentina Gatta
- Department of Psychological, Humanities and Territorial Sciences, “G.d’Annunzio” University of Chieti, Chieti, Italy
| | - Zirui Huang
- Institute of Mental Health Research, Brain and Mind Research Centre, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Richard A. E. Edden
- Russel H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD;,F. M. Kirby Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD
| | - Qiang Yue
- Department of Radiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Marco D’Aurora
- Department of Psychological, Humanities and Territorial Sciences, “G.d’Annunzio” University of Chieti, Chieti, Italy
| | - Etienne Sibille
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute of CAMH, Toronto, ON, Canada;,Departments of Psychiatry and of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Liborio Stuppia
- Department of Psychological, Humanities and Territorial Sciences, “G.d’Annunzio” University of Chieti, Chieti, Italy
| | - Gian Luca Romani
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Science, “G.d’Annunzio” University of Chieti, and ITAB—Institute for Advanced Biomedical Technologies, Chieti, Italy
| | - Georg Northoff
- Institute of Mental Health Research, Brain and Mind Research Centre, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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Marotta A, Tinazzi M, Cavedini C, Zampini M, Fiorio M. Individual Differences in the Rubber Hand Illusion Are Related to Sensory Suggestibility. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0168489. [PMID: 27977783 PMCID: PMC5158054 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0168489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
In the rubber hand illusion (RHI), watching a rubber hand being stroked in synchrony with one’s own hidden hand may induce a sense of ownership over the rubber hand. The illusion relies on bottom-up multisensory integration of visual, tactile, and proprioceptive information, and on top-down processes through which the rubber hand is incorporated into pre-existing representations of the body. Although the degree of illusory experience varies largely across individuals, the factors influencing individual differences are unknown. We investigated whether sensory suggestibility might modulate susceptibility to the RHI. Sensory suggestibility is a personality trait related to how individuals react to sensory information. Because of its sensory nature, this trait could be relevant for studies using the RHI paradigm. Seventy healthy volunteers were classified by Sensory Suggestibility Scale (SSS) scores as having high or low suggestibility and assigned to either a high- (High-SSS) or a low-suggestibility (Low-SSS) group. Two components of the RHI were evaluated in synchronous and asynchronous stroking conditions: subjective experience of sense of ownership over the rubber hand via a 9-statement questionnaire, and proprioceptive drift as measured with a ruler. The High-SSS group was generally more susceptible to the subjective component; in the synchronous condition, they rated the statement assessing the sense of ownership higher than the Low-SSS group. The scores for this statement significantly correlated with the total SSS score, indicating that the higher the sensory suggestibility, the stronger the sense of ownership. No effect of sensory suggestibility on proprioceptive drift was observed, suggesting that the effect is specific for the subjective feeling of ownership. This study demonstrates that sensory suggestibility may contribute to participants’ experience of the illusion and should be considered when using the RHI paradigm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Marotta
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
- * E-mail: (MF); (AM)
| | - Michele Tinazzi
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Clelia Cavedini
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Zampini
- Department of Psychology and Cognitive Science, University of Trento, Rovereto, Italy
- Center for Mind/Brain Sciences, University of Trento, Trento, Italy
| | - Mirta Fiorio
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
- * E-mail: (MF); (AM)
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