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Mar K, Rivers JK. The Mind Body Connection in Dermatologic Conditions: A Literature Review. J Cutan Med Surg 2023; 27:628-640. [PMID: 37898903 PMCID: PMC10714694 DOI: 10.1177/12034754231204295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023]
Abstract
Psychodermatology pertains to the relationship between the skin and brain. This review aims to summarize the evidence of the mind body connection in four psychophysiological conditions: rosacea, atopic dermatitis (AD), acne vulgaris (AV), and psoriasis. A literature search was conducted using several English language databases. All four conditions share similar psychiatric co-morbidities, including but not limited to anxiety, depression, and suicidality. In rosacea, the upregulation of transient receptor potential vanilloid type 1, Toll like receptor 2, and Th17 cells releases downstream products that are simultaneously implicated in mood disorders. Stress exacerbates AV through the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) system, which alters functioning of sebocytes and Cutibacterium acnes. In AD and psoriasis, the HPA axis influences Th1, Th2, Th22, and Th1, Th17 immune mediated responses, respectively. This leads to the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines which are also involved in the pathogenesis of anxiety and depression. Neurotransmitters implicated in mental illness, such as gamma-aminobutyric acid and serotonin, may also play a role in the development of AD and psoriasis. The management of cutaneous disease may mitigate psychological distress, and future research may show the corollary to also be true.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristie Mar
- University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Jason K. Rivers
- Pacific Derm, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Dermatology and Skin Science, University of British Columba, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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Meier-Stephenson FS, Meier-Stephenson VC, Carter MD, Meek AR, Wang Y, Pan L, Chen Q, Jacobo S, Wu F, Lu E, Simms GA, Fisher L, McGrath AJ, Fermo V, Barden CJ, Clair HDS, Galloway TN, Yadav A, Campágna-Slater V, Hadden M, Reed M, Taylor M, Kelly B, Diez-Cecilia E, Kolaj I, Santos C, Liyanage I, Sweeting B, Stafford P, Boudreau R, Reid GA, Noyce RS, Stevens L, Staniszewski A, Zhang H, Murty MRVS, Lemaire P, Chardonnet S, Richardson CD, Gabelica V, DePauw E, Brown R, Darvesh S, Arancio O, Weaver DF. Alzheimer's disease as an autoimmune disorder of innate immunity endogenously modulated by tryptophan metabolites. ALZHEIMER'S & DEMENTIA (NEW YORK, N. Y.) 2022; 8:e12283. [PMID: 35415204 PMCID: PMC8985489 DOI: 10.1002/trc2.12283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by neurotoxic immuno-inflammation concomitant with cytotoxic oligomerization of amyloid beta (Aβ) and tau, culminating in concurrent, interdependent immunopathic and proteopathic pathogeneses. Methods We performed a comprehensive series of in silico, in vitro, and in vivo studies explicitly evaluating the atomistic-molecular mechanisms of cytokine-mediated and Aβ-mediated neurotoxicities in AD. Next, 471 new chemical entities were designed and synthesized to probe the pathways identified by these molecular mechanism studies and to provide prototypic starting points in the development of small-molecule therapeutics for AD. Results In response to various stimuli (e.g., infection, trauma, ischemia, air pollution, depression), Aβ is released as an early responder immunopeptide triggering an innate immunity cascade in which Aβ exhibits both immunomodulatory and antimicrobial properties (whether bacteria are present, or not), resulting in a misdirected attack upon "self" neurons, arising from analogous electronegative surface topologies between neurons and bacteria, and rendering them similarly susceptible to membrane-penetrating attack by antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) such as Aβ. After this self-attack, the resulting necrotic (but not apoptotic) neuronal breakdown products diffuse to adjacent neurons eliciting further release of Aβ, leading to a chronic self-perpetuating autoimmune cycle. AD thus emerges as a brain-centric autoimmune disorder of innate immunity. Based upon the hypothesis that autoimmune processes are susceptible to endogenous regulatory processes, a subsequent comprehensive screening program of 1137 small molecules normally present in human brain identified tryptophan metabolism as a regulator of brain innate immunity and a source of potential endogenous anti-AD molecules capable of chemical modification into multi-site therapeutic modulators targeting AD's complex immunopathic-proteopathic pathogenesis. Discussion Conceptualizing AD as an autoimmune disease, identifying endogenous regulators of this autoimmunity, and designing small molecule drug-like analogues of these endogenous regulators represents a novel therapeutic approach for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Michael D Carter
- Department of Chemistry Dalhousie University Halifax Nova Scotia Canada.,Department of Pathology Dalhousie University Halifax Nova Scotia Canada
| | - Autumn R Meek
- Department of Chemistry Dalhousie University Halifax Nova Scotia Canada.,Krembil Research Institute University Health Network Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Yanfei Wang
- Department of Chemistry Dalhousie University Halifax Nova Scotia Canada.,Krembil Research Institute University Health Network Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Luzhe Pan
- Krembil Research Institute University Health Network Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Qiangwei Chen
- Department of Chemistry Dalhousie University Halifax Nova Scotia Canada
| | - Sheila Jacobo
- Department of Chemistry Dalhousie University Halifax Nova Scotia Canada
| | - Fan Wu
- Department of Chemistry Dalhousie University Halifax Nova Scotia Canada.,Krembil Research Institute University Health Network Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Erhu Lu
- Department of Chemistry Dalhousie University Halifax Nova Scotia Canada.,Krembil Research Institute University Health Network Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Gordon A Simms
- Department of Chemistry Dalhousie University Halifax Nova Scotia Canada
| | - Laural Fisher
- Department of Chemistry Dalhousie University Halifax Nova Scotia Canada
| | - Alaina J McGrath
- Department of Chemistry Dalhousie University Halifax Nova Scotia Canada
| | - Virgil Fermo
- Department of Chemistry Dalhousie University Halifax Nova Scotia Canada
| | - Christopher J Barden
- Department of Chemistry Dalhousie University Halifax Nova Scotia Canada.,Krembil Research Institute University Health Network Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Harman D S Clair
- Department of Chemistry Dalhousie University Halifax Nova Scotia Canada
| | - Todd N Galloway
- Department of Chemistry Dalhousie University Halifax Nova Scotia Canada
| | - Arun Yadav
- Department of Chemistry Dalhousie University Halifax Nova Scotia Canada.,Krembil Research Institute University Health Network Toronto Ontario Canada
| | | | - Mark Hadden
- Department of Chemistry Queen's University Kingston Ontario Canada
| | - Mark Reed
- Department of Chemistry Dalhousie University Halifax Nova Scotia Canada.,Krembil Research Institute University Health Network Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Marcia Taylor
- Department of Chemistry Dalhousie University Halifax Nova Scotia Canada.,Krembil Research Institute University Health Network Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Brendan Kelly
- Krembil Research Institute University Health Network Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Elena Diez-Cecilia
- Krembil Research Institute University Health Network Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Igri Kolaj
- Krembil Research Institute University Health Network Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Clarissa Santos
- Krembil Research Institute University Health Network Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Imindu Liyanage
- Krembil Research Institute University Health Network Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Braden Sweeting
- Krembil Research Institute University Health Network Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Paul Stafford
- Krembil Research Institute University Health Network Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Robert Boudreau
- Department of Chemistry Dalhousie University Halifax Nova Scotia Canada
| | - G Andrew Reid
- Department of Medical Neuroscience Dalhousie University Halifax Nova Scotia Canada
| | - Ryan S Noyce
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology Dalhousie University Halifax Nova Scotia Canada
| | - Leanne Stevens
- Department of Psychology Dalhousie University Halifax Nova Scotia Canada
| | - Agnieszka Staniszewski
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain & Department of Pathology and Cell Biology Columbia University New York New York USA
| | - Hong Zhang
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain & Department of Pathology and Cell Biology Columbia University New York New York USA
| | - Mamidanna R V S Murty
- Department of Chemistry University of Liège, Allée de la Chimie, Sart-Tilman Liège Belgium
| | - Pascale Lemaire
- Department of Chemistry University of Liège, Allée de la Chimie, Sart-Tilman Liège Belgium
| | - Solenne Chardonnet
- Department of Chemistry University of Liège, Allée de la Chimie, Sart-Tilman Liège Belgium
| | | | - Valérie Gabelica
- Department of Chemistry University of Liège, Allée de la Chimie, Sart-Tilman Liège Belgium
| | - Edwin DePauw
- Department of Chemistry University of Liège, Allée de la Chimie, Sart-Tilman Liège Belgium
| | - Richard Brown
- Department of Psychology Dalhousie University Halifax Nova Scotia Canada
| | - Sultan Darvesh
- Department of Medical Neuroscience Dalhousie University Halifax Nova Scotia Canada.,Division of Neurology Department of Medicine Dalhousie University Halifax Nova Scotia Canada
| | - Ottavio Arancio
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain & Department of Pathology and Cell Biology Columbia University New York New York USA
| | - Donald F Weaver
- Department of Chemistry Dalhousie University Halifax Nova Scotia Canada.,Krembil Research Institute University Health Network Toronto Ontario Canada.,Division of Neurology Department of Medicine Dalhousie University Halifax Nova Scotia Canada.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences University of Toronto Toronto Ontario Canada.,Department of Chemistry University of Toronto Toronto Ontario Canada.,Division of Neurology Department of Medicine University of Toronto Toronto Ontario Canada
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Postolache TT, Akram F, Lee EE, Lowry CA, Stiller JW, Brenner LA, Streeten EA, Turecki G, Dwivedi Y. Increased brain vitamin D receptor expression and decreased expression of cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide in individuals who died by suicide. J Psychiatr Res 2020; 125:75-84. [PMID: 32213352 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2020.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 01/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Vitamin D deficiency is associated with immune dysregulation, increased vulnerability to infections, depression, and suicidal behavior. One mediator of vitamin D-dependent immune regulation and antimicrobial defense is the cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide (LL-37), encoded by the cathelicidin-related antimicrobial peptide (CRAMP) gene. We compared the mRNA expression of the CRAMP gene, the vitamin D receptor (VDR) gene, as well as the CYP27B1 and CYP24A1 genes (involved in vitamin D metabolism) in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) and anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) between depressed individuals who died by suicide (n = 15) and matched (age, gender, and post-mortem interval) non-psychiatric controls (n = 15). Gene expression was measured through qRT-PCR with TaqMan® primers and probes, with GAPDH and β-actin genes as endogenous controls. Statistical analyses included t-tests and Pearson correlations. CRAMP mRNA expression was downregulated and VDR mRNA expression was upregulated in both dlPFC and ACC in suicides relative to controls, with no significant differences in expression of CYP24A1 and CYP27B1. To our knowledge, this is the first study on brain cathelicidin expression in the human brain in relationship to suicide. Increased VDR and decreased CRAMP expression are consistent with previously reported associations between vitamin D deficiency, immune dysregulation, and suicidal behavior, and should lead to future studies uncovering novel interactive targets for suicide prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teodor T Postolache
- Mood and Anxiety Program, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Veterans Health Administration, Rocky Mountain Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Center (MIRECC), Rocky Mountain Regional Veterans Affairs Medical Center (RMRVAMC), Aurora, CO, USA; Military and Veteran Microbiome: Consortium for Research and Education (MVM-CoRE), Aurora, CO, USA; Veterans Health Administration, Capitol MIRECC, Baltimore VA Medical Center, Baltimore MD, USA.
| | - Faisal Akram
- Mood and Anxiety Program, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Saint Elizabeths Hospital, DC Department of Behavioral Health, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Ellen E Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Sam and Rose Stein Institute for Research on Aging, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Christopher A Lowry
- Veterans Health Administration, Rocky Mountain Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Center (MIRECC), Rocky Mountain Regional Veterans Affairs Medical Center (RMRVAMC), Aurora, CO, USA; Military and Veteran Microbiome: Consortium for Research and Education (MVM-CoRE), Aurora, CO, USA; Department of Integrative Physiology, Center for Neuroscience, And Center for Microbial Exploration, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA; Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - John W Stiller
- Mood and Anxiety Program, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Saint Elizabeths Hospital, DC Department of Behavioral Health, Washington, DC, USA; Maryland State Athletic Commission, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Lisa A Brenner
- Veterans Health Administration, Rocky Mountain Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Center (MIRECC), Rocky Mountain Regional Veterans Affairs Medical Center (RMRVAMC), Aurora, CO, USA; Military and Veteran Microbiome: Consortium for Research and Education (MVM-CoRE), Aurora, CO, USA; Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Streeten
- Program for Personalized and Genomic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Gustavo Turecki
- McGill Group for Suicide Studies, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Yogesh Dwivedi
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
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Zhou Q, Pan LL, Xue R, Ni G, Duan Y, Bai Y, Shi C, Ren Z, Wu C, Li G, Agerberth B, Sluijter JPG, Sun J, Xiao J. The anti-microbial peptide LL-37/CRAMP levels are associated with acute heart failure and can attenuate cardiac dysfunction in multiple preclinical models of heart failure. Am J Cancer Res 2020; 10:6167-6181. [PMID: 32483446 PMCID: PMC7255020 DOI: 10.7150/thno.46225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Rationale: Biomarkers for the diagnosis of heart failure (HF) are clinically essential. Circulating antimicrobial peptides LL-37 has emerged as a novel biomarker in cardiovascular disease, however, its relevance as a biomarker for acute HF are undetermined. Methods: Acute HF patients were enrolled in this study and the serum levels of LL-37/CRAMP (cathelicidin-related antimicrobial peptide) were measured by ELISA. The receiver-operator characteristic (ROC) curve was used to determine if serum LL-37 could be a biomarker for acute HF. Mouse CRAMP (mCRAMP, mouse homolog for human LL-37) was also determined in both heart and serum samples of, transverse aortic constriction (TAC)- and isoproterenol (ISO)-induced HF mice models, and phenylephrine (PE) and angiotensin II (AngII)-induced neonatal mouse cardiomyocytes (NMCMs) hypertrophic models, both intracellular and secreted, by ELISA. The protective effects of mCRAMP were determined in TAC, ISO, and AngII-induced HF in mice while whether HF was exacerbated in AngII-infused animals were checked in mCRAMP knockout mice. The underlying mechanism for protective effects of CARMP in pathological hypertrophy was determined by using a NF-κB agonist together with rCRAMP (rat homolog for human LL-37) in AngII or PE treated neonatal rat cardiomyocytes (NRCMs). Results: Serum levels of LL-37 were significantly decreased in acute HF patients (area under the curve (AUC) of 0.616), and negatively correlated with NT-proBNP. We further confirmed that mCRAMP was decreased in both heart and serum samples of TAC- and ISO-induced HF mice models. Moreover, in PE and AngII-induced NMCMs hypertrophic models, both intracellular and secreted mCRAMP levels were reduced. Functionally, mCRAMP could attenuate TAC, ISO, and AngII-induced HF in mice while CRAMP deficiency exacerbated HF. Mechanistically, the anti-hypertrophy effects of CRAMP were mediated by NF-κB signaling. Conclusions: Collectively, serum LL-37 is associated with acute HF and increasing CRAMP is protective against deleterious NF-κB signaling in the rodent.
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Liu P, Guo L, Mao H, Gu Z. Serum proteomics analysis reveals the thermal fitness of crossbred dairy buffalo to chronic heat stress. J Therm Biol 2020; 89:102547. [PMID: 32364989 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2020.102547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Revised: 02/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Chronic heat stress (CHS) reduces the production efficiency of the buffalo dairy industry. Relatively low-abundance proteins with particular functions in biological processes are changed by CHS. The present study aimed to quantify the differences in low-abundance proteins of crossbred dairy buffaloes under CHS and thermal-neutral (TN) conditions. With label-free quantification, 344 low-abundance proteins were identified in serum. Of these, 17 differentially expressed low-abundance proteins with known functions were detected, and six of the differentially expressed proteins related to heat stress were validated with parallel reaction monitoring. Lipase (LPL), glutathione peroxidase 3 (GPX3), cathelicidin-2 (CATHL2), ceruloplasmin (CP), and hemoglobin subunit alpha 1 (HBA1) cooperatively played roles in the thermal fitness of dairy buffalo by decreasing heat production and increasing blood oxygen delivery. Also, dairy buffaloes may adapt to CHS and hypoxia with high levels of RBCs, HBA1 and CP to increase blood oxygen delivery capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Liu
- Yunnan Agricultural University, Black dargon pool, China.
| | - Lulu Guo
- Yunnan Agricultural University, Black dargon pool, China.
| | - Huaming Mao
- Yunnan Agricultural University, Black dargon pool, China.
| | - Zhaobing Gu
- Yunnan Agricultural University, Black dargon pool, China.
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WYSOKIŃSKI ADAM, MARGULSKA ALEKSANDRA, KOZŁOWSKA ELZBIETA, BRZEZIŃSKA-BŁASZCZYK EWA. Serum level of cathelicidin LL-37 is increased in euthymic patients with bipolar disorder irrespective of their cardio-metabolic status. ARCH CLIN PSYCHIAT 2019. [DOI: 10.1590/0101-60830000000196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
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KOZŁOWSKA ELŻBIETA, WYSOKIŃSKI ADAM, MAJEWSKI KAROL, AGIER JUSTYNA, MARGULSKA ALEKSANDRA, BRZEZIŃSKA-BŁASZCZYK EWA. Human cathelicidin LL-37 – Does it influence the homeostatic imbalance in mental disorders? J Biosci 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s12038-018-9751-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Cathelicidin LL-37 Affects Surface and Intracellular Toll-Like Receptor Expression in Tissue Mast Cells. J Immunol Res 2018; 2018:7357162. [PMID: 29670923 PMCID: PMC5836302 DOI: 10.1155/2018/7357162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Undoubtedly, mast cells take part in host defense against microorganisms as they are numerous at the portal of infection, they release many proinflammatory and antimicrobial mediators, and they express pattern recognition receptors, such as TLRs. These receptors play a key role in recognition and binding molecules associated with microorganisms and molecules associated with damage. Cathelicidins exhibit direct antimicrobial activities against a broad spectrum of microbes by perturbing their cell membranes. Accumulating evidence suggests a role for these molecules in supporting cell activation. We examined the impact of human cathelicidin LL-37 on tissue mast cell TLR expression and distribution. Depending on context, we show that LL-37 stimulation resulted in minor to major effects on TLR2, TLR3, TLR4, TLR5, TLR7, and TLR9 expression. Confocal microscopy analysis showed that, upon stimulation, TLRs may translocate from the cell interior to the surface and conversely. FPR2 and EGFR inhibitors reduced the increase in expression of selected receptors. We also established that LL-37 acts as a powerful inducer of CCL3 and ROS generation. These results showed that in response to LL-37, mast cells enhance the capability to detect invading pathogens by modulation of TLR expression in what may be involved FPR2 or EGFR molecules.
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Szczepocka E, Kozłowska E, Brzezińska-Błaszczyk E, Wysokiński A. Body composition does not affect serum levels of cathelicidin LL-37 in elderly women with unipolar depression. Nord J Psychiatry 2018; 72:45-50. [PMID: 28959904 DOI: 10.1080/08039488.2017.1384507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Antimicrobial peptides are components of the innate immune system. Cathelicidin LL-37 plays an important role in antimicrobial defense, exerts proinflammatory effect and strongly affects the immune system functioning. Our recent study revealed that serum concentration of LL-37 is increased in elderly women with depression. The aim of this study is to evaluate serum LL-37 levels in elderly women with depression and to compare them with non-depressed elderly women, matched for anthropometric and body composition parameters. METHODS Forty women with unipolar depression and 23 non-depressed women (age ≥60 years) were included into the study. Anthropometric measurements and biochemical analyzes were performed. Concentration of LL-37 in serum was assessed using ELISA method. Body composition was measured using two methods: bioimpedance analysis (BIA) and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). RESULTS There was a statistically significant difference (p =.038) in serum LL-37 level between patients with depression (3.55 ± 6.57 ng/mL) and control subjects (2.01 ± 3.88 ng/mL). Apart from visceral adipose tissue mass (%) in the depression group, we found no associations between serum LL-37 and analyzed anthropometric or body composition parameters. CONCLUSIONS Results of this study indicate that with the exception of visceral adipose tissue, LL-37 serum levels are not affected by anthropometric or body composition parameters. The association between visceral adipose tissue and LL-37 may indicate that visceral fat could be responsible for the increased LL-37 production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Szczepocka
- a Department of Old Age Psychiatry and Psychotic Disorders , Medical University of Łódź , Łódź , Poland
| | - Elżbieta Kozłowska
- b Department of Experimental Immunology , Medical University of Łódź , Łódź , Poland
| | | | - Adam Wysokiński
- a Department of Old Age Psychiatry and Psychotic Disorders , Medical University of Łódź , Łódź , Poland
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Kozłowska E, Żelechowska P, Brzezińska-Błaszczyk E, Margulska A, Wysokiński A. Circulating cathelicidin LL-37 level is increased in euthymic patients with bipolar disorder. J Clin Neurosci 2017; 48:168-172. [PMID: 29239826 DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2017.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Revised: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
More and more data seems to imply that immune mechanisms are involved in the pathomechanism of bipolar disorder (BD). However, the primary role of cathelicidin LL-37 is defense against pathogens, more and more data indicated that this peptide strongly modulates immune system functioning and contributes to immune pathology of chronic and inflammatory diseases. No data is available on the level of LL-37 in bipolar patients. The aim of the study was to examine the circulating levels of cathelicidin LL-37 in euthymic patients with BD. Forty patients with BD and fifty-nine healthy volunteers were enrolled into the study. Concentration of LL-37 in serum was assessed using immunoenzymatic test ELISA. The mean LL-37 concentration in bipolar patients and in healthy subjects were 4.60 ± 7.65 ng/mL and 1.92 ± 2.89 ng/mL, respectively, and the difference was statistically significant (p = 0.035). Within the BD group LL-37 level was significantly higher in women than in men (p = 0.045). The evaluation of serum LL-37 concentration during stable 8 week treatment indicated that at baseline (T1) mean level of LL-37 was 5.82 ± 10.59 ng/mL; and after treatment (T2) was 4.33 ± 5.87 ng/mL; the difference between T1 and T2 was not significant. Elevated serum levels of LL-37 in bipolar patients may suggest the role of this peptide in the pathomechanism of BD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elżbieta Kozłowska
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Medical University of Lodz, Poland
| | | | | | - Aleksandra Margulska
- Department of Old Age Psychiatry and Psychotic Disorders, Medical University of Lodz, Poland
| | - Adam Wysokiński
- Department of Old Age Psychiatry and Psychotic Disorders, Medical University of Lodz, Poland.
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