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Li J, Li D, Guo J, Wang D, Zhang X. Age of Onset Moderates the Association between Total Antioxidant Capacity and Cognitive Deficits in Patients with Drug-Naïve Schizophrenia. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:1259. [PMID: 37371989 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12061259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 06/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia patients with an earlier age of onset have been found to have more serious negative symptoms and cognitive deficits. Oxidative stress is thought to be implicated in cognitive impairment in schizophrenia. Total antioxidant capacity (TAOC) is an essential indicator of oxidative stress. However, the association between age of onset, TAOC, and cognitive performance in schizophrenia remains unexplored. In this study, 201 patients (age: 26.5 ± 9.6 years; male: 53.2%) with drug-naïve schizophrenia were recruited. Clinical symptoms were evaluated using the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS). Cognitive functioning was assessed using the Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status (RBANS). Plasma TAOC levels were analyzed using established procedures. Results showed that early-onset (EO) patients had higher TAOC levels, more severe negative symptoms and performed worse on visuospatial/constructional, language and RBANS total scores than non-EO patients. After Bonferroni correction, only non-EO patients showed a significant inverse relationship between TAOC levels and RBANS language, attention, and total scores. Our findings suggest that an early/late age of onset may be correlated with psychopathological symptoms, cognitive impairment and oxidative responses in schizophrenia. Furthermore, the age of onset may moderate the relationship between TAOC and cognitive function in patients with schizophrenia. These findings suggest that improving oxidative stress status in non-EO schizophrenia patients may enhance their cognitive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxin Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 16 Lincui Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China
- Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Deyang Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 16 Lincui Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China
- Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Junru Guo
- Department of Psychology, Guizhou Minzu University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Dongmei Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 16 Lincui Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China
- Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiangyang Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 16 Lincui Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China
- Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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Saleh Y, Jarratt-Barnham I, Fernandez-Egea E, Husain M. Mechanisms Underlying Motivational Dysfunction in Schizophrenia. Front Behav Neurosci 2021; 15:709753. [PMID: 34566594 PMCID: PMC8460905 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2021.709753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Negative symptoms are a debilitating feature of schizophrenia which are often resistant to pharmacological intervention. The mechanisms underlying them remain poorly understood, and diagnostic methods rely on phenotyping through validated questionnaires. Deeper endo-phenotyping is likely to be necessary in order to improve current understanding. In the last decade, valuable behavioural insights have been gained through the use of effort-based decision making (EBDM) tasks. These have highlighted impairments in reward-related processing in schizophrenia, particularly associated with negative symptom severity. Neuroimaging investigations have related these changes to dysfunction within specific brain networks including the ventral striatum (VS) and frontal brain regions. Here, we review the behavioural and neural evidence associated with negative symptoms, shedding light on potential underlying mechanisms and future therapeutic possibilities. Findings in the literature suggest that schizophrenia is characterised by impaired reward based learning and action selection, despite preserved hedonic responses. Associations between amotivation and reward-processing deficits have not always been clear, and may be mediated by factors including cognitive dysfunction or dysfunctional or self-defeatist beliefs. Successful endo-phenotyping of negative symptoms as a function of objective behavioural and neural measurements is crucial in advancing our understanding of this complex syndrome. Additionally, transdiagnostic research–leveraging findings from other brain disorders, including neurological ones–can shed valuable light on the possible common origins of motivation disorders across diseases and has important implications for future treatment development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youssuf Saleh
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Isaac Jarratt-Barnham
- Department of Psychiatry, Herchel Smith Building for Brain & Mind Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,Cambridge Psychosis Centre, Cambridgeshire and Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Emilio Fernandez-Egea
- Department of Psychiatry, Herchel Smith Building for Brain & Mind Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,Cambridge Psychosis Centre, Cambridgeshire and Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Masud Husain
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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Delfin C, Reckless GE, Bolstad I, Groote I, Andreassen OA, Jensen J. Exploring the Effects of an Acute Dose of Antipsychotic Medication on Motivation-mediated BOLD Activity Using fMRI and a Perceptual Decision-making Task. Neuroscience 2020; 440:146-159. [PMID: 32473275 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2020.05.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Revised: 05/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The left inferior frontal gyrus and the bilateral ventral striatum are thought to be involved in motivation-mediated decision-making. Antipsychotics may influence this relationship, and atypical antipsychotics improve secondary negative symptoms in schizophrenia, such as loss of motivation, although the acute effects of pharmacological medication on motivation are not fully understood. In this single-blinded, randomized controlled trial, 49 healthy volunteers were randomized into three groups to receive a single dose of haloperidol, aripiprazole or placebo. Between 4.0 and 5.6 h later, participant's brain blood-oxygen-level dependent (BOLD) activity was recorded using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) while completing a perceptual decision-making fMRI task consisting of one neutral and one motivated condition. Response bias, reflecting the participant's willingness to say that the target stimulus is present, was calculated using signal detection theory. Concurrent with widespread changes in BOLD signal in the motivated vs. neutral condition, a less conservative, mathematically optimal response bias was observed in the motivated condition across the whole sample. Within-group differences in BOLD signal in the left inferior frontal gyrus and bilateral ventral striatum were observed between conditions in the aripiprazole and haloperidol groups, but not in the placebo group. No robust between-group differences in brain activity in the left inferior frontal gyrus or the bilateral ventral striatum were found. Overall, we found no robust evidence for an effect of either aripiprazole or haloperidol on motivationally mediated behavior. An interesting pattern of correlations possibly related to pharmacologically induced alterations in the dopamine system was observed, although findings remain inconclusive and must be replicated in larger samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl Delfin
- NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Norway; Centre for Ethics, Law and Mental Health, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sweden; Research Department, Regional Forensic Psychiatric Clinic Växjö, Sweden.
| | - Greg E Reckless
- NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Norway; Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway
| | - Ingeborg Bolstad
- NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Norway; Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway
| | - Inge Groote
- Computational Radiology & Artificial Intelligence, Division of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ole A Andreassen
- NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Norway; Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway
| | - Jimmy Jensen
- NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Norway; Centre for Psychology, Kristianstad University, Kristianstad, Sweden
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Luo Q, Wen Z, Li Y, Chen Z, Long X, Bai Y, Huang S, Yan Y, Lin R, Mo Z. Assessment Causality in Associations Between Serum Uric Acid and Risk of Schizophrenia: A Two-Sample Bidirectional Mendelian Randomization Study. Clin Epidemiol 2020; 12:223-233. [PMID: 32161502 PMCID: PMC7049772 DOI: 10.2147/clep.s236885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Although increasing lines of evidence showed associations between serum uric acid (UA) levels and schizophrenia, the causality and the direction of the associations remain uncertain. Thus, we aimed to assess whether the relationships between serum UA levels and schizophrenia are causal and to determine the direction of the association. Patients and Methods Two-sample bidirectional Mendelian randomization (MR) analyses and various sensitivity analyses were performed utilizing the summary data from genome-wide association studies within the Global Urate Genetics Consortium and the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium. Secondary MR analyses in both directions were conducted within summary data using genetic risk scores (GRSs) as instrumental variables. Results Three MR methods provided no causal relationship between serum UA and schizophrenia. Furthermore, GRS approach showed similar results in the three MR methods after adjustment for heterogeneity. By contrast, inverse variance weighted method, weighted median and GRS approach suggested a causal effect of schizophrenia risk on serum UA after adjustment for heterogeneity (per 10-symmetric percentage increase in schizophrenia risk, beta: -0.039, standard error (SE): 0.013, P = 0.003; beta: -0.036, SE: 0.018, P = 0.043; beta: -0.039, SE: 0.013, P = 0.002; respectively). Moreover, in both directions' analyses, the heterogeneity and sensitivity tests suggested no strong evidence of bias due to pleiotropy. Conclusion Schizophrenia may causally affect serum UA levels, whereas the causal role of serum UA concentrations in schizophrenia was not supported by our MR analyses. These findings suggest that UA may be a useful potential biomarker for monitoring treatment or diagnosis of schizophrenia rather than a therapeutic target for schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianqian Luo
- Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, Guangxi, People's Republic of China.,Guangxi Key Laboratory for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Nanning 530021, Guangxi, People's Republic of China.,Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Nanning 530021, Guangxi, People's Republic of China.,Guangxi Key Laboratory of Colleges and Universities, Nanning 530021, Guangxi, People's Republic of China.,School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Zheng Wen
- Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, Guangxi, People's Republic of China.,Guangxi Key Laboratory for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Nanning 530021, Guangxi, People's Republic of China.,Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Nanning 530021, Guangxi, People's Republic of China.,Guangxi Key Laboratory of Colleges and Universities, Nanning 530021, Guangxi, People's Republic of China.,School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanfan Li
- Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, Guangxi, People's Republic of China.,Guangxi Key Laboratory for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Nanning 530021, Guangxi, People's Republic of China.,Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Nanning 530021, Guangxi, People's Republic of China.,Guangxi Key Laboratory of Colleges and Universities, Nanning 530021, Guangxi, People's Republic of China.,School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Zefeng Chen
- Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, Guangxi, People's Republic of China.,Guangxi Key Laboratory for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Nanning 530021, Guangxi, People's Republic of China.,Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Nanning 530021, Guangxi, People's Republic of China.,Guangxi Key Laboratory of Colleges and Universities, Nanning 530021, Guangxi, People's Republic of China.,School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinyang Long
- Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, Guangxi, People's Republic of China.,Guangxi Key Laboratory for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Nanning 530021, Guangxi, People's Republic of China.,Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Nanning 530021, Guangxi, People's Republic of China.,Guangxi Key Laboratory of Colleges and Universities, Nanning 530021, Guangxi, People's Republic of China.,School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Yulan Bai
- Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, Guangxi, People's Republic of China.,Guangxi Key Laboratory for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Nanning 530021, Guangxi, People's Republic of China.,Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Nanning 530021, Guangxi, People's Republic of China.,Guangxi Key Laboratory of Colleges and Universities, Nanning 530021, Guangxi, People's Republic of China.,School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Shengzhu Huang
- Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, Guangxi, People's Republic of China.,Guangxi Key Laboratory for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Nanning 530021, Guangxi, People's Republic of China.,Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Nanning 530021, Guangxi, People's Republic of China.,Guangxi Key Laboratory of Colleges and Universities, Nanning 530021, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunkun Yan
- Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, Guangxi, People's Republic of China.,Guangxi Key Laboratory for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Nanning 530021, Guangxi, People's Republic of China.,Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Nanning 530021, Guangxi, People's Republic of China.,Guangxi Key Laboratory of Colleges and Universities, Nanning 530021, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui Lin
- Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, Guangxi, People's Republic of China.,Guangxi Key Laboratory for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Nanning 530021, Guangxi, People's Republic of China.,Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Nanning 530021, Guangxi, People's Republic of China.,Guangxi Key Laboratory of Colleges and Universities, Nanning 530021, Guangxi, People's Republic of China.,School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Zengnan Mo
- Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, Guangxi, People's Republic of China.,Guangxi Key Laboratory for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Nanning 530021, Guangxi, People's Republic of China.,Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Nanning 530021, Guangxi, People's Republic of China.,Guangxi Key Laboratory of Colleges and Universities, Nanning 530021, Guangxi, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Urology and Nephrology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
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