The role of lifetime anxiety history in the course of bipolar spectrum disorders

Identification of Novel Genomic Loci for Anxiety and Extensive Genetic Overlap with Psychiatric Disorders

Background

Anxiety disorders are prevalent and anxiety symptoms co-occur with many psychiatric disorders. We aimed to identify genomic risk loci associated with anxiety, characterize its genetic architecture, and genetic overlap with psychiatric disorders.

Methods

We used the GWAS of anxiety symptoms, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, major depression, and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). We employed MiXeR and LAVA to characterize the genetic architecture and genetic overlap between the phenotypes. Conditional and conjunctional false discovery rate analyses were performed to boost the identification of genomic loci associated with anxiety and those shared with psychiatric disorders. Gene annotation and gene set analyses were conducted using OpenTargets and FUMA, respectively.

Results

Anxiety was polygenic with 12.9k estimated genetic risk variants and overlapped extensively with psychiatric disorders (4.1-11.4k variants). MiXeR and LAVA revealed predominantly positive genetic correlations between anxiety and psychiatric disorders. We identified 114 novel loci for anxiety by conditioning on the psychiatric disorders. We also identified loci shared between anxiety and major depression (n = 47), bipolar disorder (n = 33), schizophrenia (n = 71), and ADHD (n = 20). Genes annotated to anxiety loci exhibit enrichment for a broader range of biological pathways and differential tissue expression in more diverse tissues than those annotated to the shared loci.

Conclusions

Anxiety is a highly polygenic phenotype with extensive genetic overlap with psychiatric disorders. These genetic overlaps enabled the identification of novel loci for anxiety. The shared genetic architecture may underlie the extensive cross-disorder comorbidity of anxiety, and the identified genetic loci implicate molecular pathways that may lead to potential drug targets.

Role of DSM5 anxious distress specifier interview in acute manic episode: sociodemographic characteristics, clinical presentation and quality of life

Background

DSM 5 anxious distress specifier is one of the newly added specifiers for bipolar and related disorders. It may have impacts on the symptoms severity, insight, impulsivity, and different domains of quality of life of acute manic episodes of bipolar disorders. The current study aimed to study the effects of DSM 5 anxious distress specifier in acute manic episodes and its relation to sociodemographic data, clinical characteristics, and quality of life. 380 patients with the diagnosis of acute manic episode were recruited in the study, sociodemographic data, clinical features, DSM 5 anxious distress specifier interview, attitude and insight of the disorder, impulsivity and different aspects of quality of life were also evaluated in those patients.

Results

The studied patients were divided into 2 subgroups according to the presence of high DSM5 anxious distress specifier interview score. The duration of a manic episode (P < 0.001), the severity of the manic episode (P < 0.001), and the presence of psychotic features (P = 0.002) were more common in the subgroup with high DSM 5 anxious distress. DSM 5 anxious distress specifier was severe (P < 0.001) and more frequent (P < 0.001) in the 1st subgroup than the 2nd one. There was a statistically significant difference regarding the attentional facet of the Barratt impulsiveness scale between the studied groups (P = 0.002). In addition, there was a statistically significant difference regarding the mean score (P < 0.001) and severe impairment (P < 0.001) domains of work and social adjustment scale between the 2 subgroups.

Conclusions

DSM 5 anxious distress specifier interview is a very crucial parameter of evaluation the patients with acute manic episodes which may have implications on the clinical presentations, symptoms severity, impulsivity, and variable aspects of quality of life in those patients. All these implications might change the course, prognosis, and outcomes of an acute manic episode of bipolar disorder.

Anxiety in bipolar disorder: A review of publication trends

BACKGROUND

Although anxiety is highly prevalent in people with bipolar disorders and has deleterious impact on the course of the illness, past reviews have shown that many aspects of the topic remain under-researched. This scoping review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the literature addressing anxiety in bipolar disorder (A-BD) between 2011 and 2020, assess if the interest in the topic has increased over the period and map the publication trends.

METHODS

Three databases were systematically searched, and all articles were screened at the title/abstract and full text level based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. Of these, 1099 articles were included in the study. The annual number of articles on A-BD published between 2011 and 2020 was calculated and articles addressing it as a primary topic (n = 310) were classified into 4 categories and 11 subcategories to identify gaps in the knowledge.

RESULTS

The results show no clear increase in the number of annual publications during the period and much of the available literature is of a descriptive nature. Less is known about the processes underlying the comorbidity and about treatment approaches.

LIMITATIONS

Given the large scope of the research question, no quality assessment of the evidence was made. Only articles in English or French were considered.

CONCLUSIONS

These results highlight the need to change the focus of research efforts to better understand and address this unique set of conditions in clinical settings.

Comparison of Clinical Features of Bipolar Disorder Patients with and without Psychiatric Comorbidity

OBJECTIVE

Bipolar disorder (BPD) is a psychiatric condition that often manifests together with Axis-I comorbidity. Comorbidity of psychiatric disorders influences the recognition, prognosis, and treatment of the disorder, posing difficulties for the patient and physician. This study aims at identifying Axis-I comorbidities and their characteristics in patients with BPD.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

This retrospective study included 255 patients diagnosed with BPD according to the DSM-IV. Comorbidities were determined using the SCID-I, a semistructured sociodemographic data form developed by the authors, and a mood chart assessing clinical aspects. The patients were divided into 2 groups, those with and without comorbidity, and compared.

RESULTS

Out of these 255 patients, 35% was found to have a current and 84.3% a lifelong comorbid psychiatric disorder. About 33.1% of these patients had 1, 11.3% had 2, and 8.8% had more than 2 comorbid disorders. At least one comorbid anxiety disorder was found in 38.7% of the patients. Obsessive and compulsive disorder (OCD) being the most common comorbid psychiatric disorder, followed by social anxiety disorder (SAD), posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and generalized anxiety disorder (GAD). Comparing the clinical parameters between the 2 groups due to the presence of psychiatric comorbidity in the BD patients, there were statistically significant differences in terms of the number of depressive episodes (P = .041) and mania/hypomania (P = .048), and the need for antipsychotic monotherapy (P = .007) and antidepressants (P = .001) for prophylaxis between the 2 groups.

CONCLUSION

Axis-I psychiatric disorders and particularly OCD and anxiety disorders accompanying BPD prevail at a high rate. The presence of comorbid psychiatric disorder in BPD may negatively affect the clinical prognosis of the condition; therefore, this area requires more study and careful investigation.

Anxiety disorders comorbidity in pediatric bipolar disorder: a meta-analysis and meta-regression study

OBJECTIVE

Anxiety disorders (AD) are known for its comorbidity and negative impact on the course of adult bipolar disorder (BD). However, there is limited research on AD comorbidity in pediatric BD (PBD). Here, we aimed to conduct a meta-analysis and meta-regression study about the comorbidity and covariates of AD and PBD.

METHOD

We systematically searched relevant articles published until May 2019, as defined in PRISMA guidelines. Variables for associated features and prevalence of AD were extracted.

RESULTS

Thirty-seven articles represented data for the analysis. Lifetime any AD comorbidity was 44.7%; panic disorder (PD) was 12.7%; generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) was 27.4%; social phobia was 20.1%; separation anxiety disorder (SAD) was 26.1%; and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) was 16.7%. Childhood-onset studies reported higher GAD and SAD comorbidity, while adolescent-onset studies reported higher PD, OCD, and social phobia. Age of onset, gender, comorbidity of ADHD, substance use, oppositional defiant disorder and conduct disorder affected each anxiety disorders' comorbidity with PBD differently.

CONCLUSION

Anxiety disorders are highly comorbid with PBD. Early-onset PBD increases the risk of AD. Biopsychosocial aspects of this comorbidity and its course needs to be evaluated further.