1
|
Siddiqui I, Remington G, Saperia S, Da Silva S, Fletcher PJ, Voineskos AN, Zakzanis KK, Foussias G. Behavioural phenotypes of intrinsic motivation in schizophrenia determined by cluster analysis of objectively quantified real-world performance. SCHIZOPHRENIA (HEIDELBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 8:85. [PMID: 36271094 PMCID: PMC9587030 DOI: 10.1038/s41537-022-00294-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Intrinsic motivation deficits are a prominent feature of schizophrenia that substantially impacts functional outcome. This study used cluster analysis of innate real-world behaviours captured during two open-field tasks to dimensionally examine heterogeneity in intrinsic motivation in schizophrenia patients (SZ) and healthy controls (HC). Wireless motion capture quantified participants' behaviours aligning with distinct aspects of intrinsic motivation: exploratory behaviour and effortful activity in the absence of external incentive. Cluster analysis of task-derived measures identified behaviourally differentiable subgroups, which were compared across standard clinical measures of general amotivation, cognition, and community functioning. Among 45 SZ and 47 HC participants, three clusters with characteristically different behavioural phenotypes emerged: low exploration (20 SZ, 19 HC), low activity (15 SZ, 8 HC), and high exploration/activity (10 SZ, 20 HC). Low performance in either dimension corresponded with similar increased amotivation. Within-cluster discrepancies emerged for amotivation (SZ > HC) within the low exploration and high performance clusters, and for functioning (SZ < HC) within all clusters, increasing from high performance to low activity to low exploration. Objective multidimensional characterization thus revealed divergent behavioural expression of intrinsic motivation deficits that may be conflated by summary clinical measures of motivation and overlooked by unidimensional evaluation. Deficits in either aspect may hinder general motivation and functioning particularly in SZ. Multidimensional phenotyping may help guide personalized remediation by discriminating between intrinsic motivation impairments that require amelioration versus unimpaired tendencies that may facilitate remediation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ishraq Siddiqui
- grid.155956.b0000 0000 8793 5925Schizophrenia Division and Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON Canada ,grid.17063.330000 0001 2157 2938Institute of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON Canada ,grid.155956.b0000 0000 8793 5925Slaight Family Centre for Youth in Transition, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON Canada
| | - Gary Remington
- grid.155956.b0000 0000 8793 5925Schizophrenia Division and Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON Canada ,grid.17063.330000 0001 2157 2938Institute of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON Canada ,grid.17063.330000 0001 2157 2938Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON Canada
| | - Sarah Saperia
- grid.155956.b0000 0000 8793 5925Schizophrenia Division and Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON Canada ,grid.155956.b0000 0000 8793 5925Slaight Family Centre for Youth in Transition, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON Canada ,grid.17063.330000 0001 2157 2938Department of Psychology, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, ON Canada
| | - Susana Da Silva
- grid.155956.b0000 0000 8793 5925Schizophrenia Division and Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON Canada ,grid.155956.b0000 0000 8793 5925Slaight Family Centre for Youth in Transition, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON Canada
| | - Paul J. Fletcher
- grid.17063.330000 0001 2157 2938Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON Canada ,grid.155956.b0000 0000 8793 5925Preclinical Research and Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON Canada ,grid.17063.330000 0001 2157 2938Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON Canada
| | - Aristotle N. Voineskos
- grid.155956.b0000 0000 8793 5925Schizophrenia Division and Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON Canada ,grid.17063.330000 0001 2157 2938Institute of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON Canada ,grid.155956.b0000 0000 8793 5925Slaight Family Centre for Youth in Transition, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON Canada ,grid.17063.330000 0001 2157 2938Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON Canada
| | - Konstantine K. Zakzanis
- grid.17063.330000 0001 2157 2938Department of Psychology, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, ON Canada
| | - George Foussias
- grid.155956.b0000 0000 8793 5925Schizophrenia Division and Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON Canada ,grid.17063.330000 0001 2157 2938Institute of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON Canada ,grid.155956.b0000 0000 8793 5925Slaight Family Centre for Youth in Transition, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON Canada ,grid.17063.330000 0001 2157 2938Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON Canada
| |
Collapse
|