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Joshi SD, Ruffini G, Nuttall HE, Watson DG, Braithwaite JJ. Optimised Multi-Channel Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (MtDCS) Reveals Differential Involvement of the Right-Ventrolateral Prefrontal Cortex (rVLPFC) and Insular Complex in those Predisposed to Aberrant Experiences. Conscious Cogn 2024; 117:103610. [PMID: 38056338 DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2023.103610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
Research has shown a prominent role for cortical hyperexcitability underlying aberrant perceptions, hallucinations, and distortions in human conscious experience - even in neurotypical groups. The rVLPFC has been identified as an important structure in mediating cognitive affective states / feeling conscious states. The current study examined the involvement of the rVLPFC in mediating cognitive affective states in those predisposed to aberrant experiences in the neurotypical population. Participants completed two trait-based measures: (i) the Cortical Hyperexcitability Index_II (CHi_II, a proxy measure of cortical hyperexcitability) and (ii) two factors from the Cambridge Depersonalisation Scale (CDS). An optimised 7-channel MtDCS montage for stimulation conditions (Anodal, Cathodal and Sham) was created targeting the rVLPFC in a single-blind study. At the end of each stimulation session, participants completed a body-threat task (BTAB) while skin conductance responses (SCRs) and psychological responses were recorded. Participants with signs of increasing cortical hyperexcitability showed significant suppression of SCRs in the Cathodal stimulation relative to the Anodal and sSham conditions. Those high on the trait-based measures of depersonalisation-like experiences failed to show reliable effects. Collectively, the findings suggest that baseline brain states can mediate the effects of neurostimulation which would be missed via sample level averaging and without appropriate measures for stratifying individual differences.
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Qiu X, He Z, Cao X, Zhang D. Transcranial magnetic stimulation and transcranial direct current stimulation affect explicit but not implicit emotion regulation: a meta-analysis. BEHAVIORAL AND BRAIN FUNCTIONS : BBF 2023; 19:15. [PMID: 37726856 PMCID: PMC10510188 DOI: 10.1186/s12993-023-00217-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023]
Abstract
Emotion regulation (ER) refers to the process through which people influence the occurrence, experience, and expression of emotions. It can be established in an explicit (voluntary) or implicit (automatic) way, both of which are essential for mental and physical well-being. Recent evidence has highlighted the potential of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) targeting the prefrontal cortex (PFC) to modulate ER. However, previous studies have only evaluated the effects of TMS and tDCS on explicit ER, leaving implicit ER relatively unexplored. In this review and meta-analysis, we systematically evaluated the effects of TMS and tDCS over the PFC on the two forms of ER, using both subjective and physiological response as outcome indicators. Twenty-seven studies were included in our study. Both subjective (Hedges' g = - 0.20) and physiological (Hedges' g = - 0.65) results indicated a significant effect of TMS and tDCS targeting PFC on down-regulation of explicit ER, but not implicit ER (Hedges' g = - 0.04). Moreover, moderation analysis indicated that the effect of TMS and tDCS on the down-regulating of subjective experience was moderated by several factors, including stimulation method, target area, target hemisphere, and stimulation timing. Specifically, our results showed that applying TMS or targeting the right PFC, particularly the right ventrolateral prefrontal cortex, or using offline TMS and tDCS produced a larger stimulation effect on ER. In summary, these findings suggest that TMS and tDCS has a positive effect on explicit, but not implicit ER. The distinct TMS and tDCS effect on the two forms of ER help deepen our understanding of TMS and tDCS use and provide valuable insights for the development of tailored TMS and tDCS protocols for explicit and implicit regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiufu Qiu
- Institute of Brain and Psychological Sciences, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, 610066, China
- School of Psychology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Zhenhong He
- School of Psychology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Xueying Cao
- School of Psychology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Dandan Zhang
- Institute of Brain and Psychological Sciences, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, 610066, China.
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Quinn DK, Upston J, Jones TR, Gibson BC, Olmstead TA, Yang J, Price AM, Bowers-Wu DH, Durham E, Hazlewood S, Farrar DC, Miller J, Lloyd MO, Garcia CA, Ojeda CJ, Hager BW, Vakhtin AA, Abbott CC. Electric field distribution predicts efficacy of accelerated intermittent theta burst stimulation for late-life depression. Front Psychiatry 2023; 14:1215093. [PMID: 37593449 PMCID: PMC10427506 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1215093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is a promising intervention for late-life depression (LLD) but may have lower rates of response and remission owing to age-related brain changes. In particular, rTMS induced electric field strength may be attenuated by cortical atrophy in the prefrontal cortex. To identify clinical characteristics and treatment parameters associated with response, we undertook a pilot study of accelerated fMRI-guided intermittent theta burst stimulation (iTBS) to the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in 25 adults aged 50 or greater diagnosed with LLD and qualifying to receive clinical rTMS. Methods Participants underwent baseline behavioral assessment, cognitive testing, and structural and functional MRI to generate individualized targets and perform electric field modeling. Forty-five sessions of iTBS were delivered over 9 days (1800 pulses per session, 50-min inter-session interval). Assessments and testing were repeated after 15 sessions (Visit 2) and 45 sessions (Visit 3). Primary outcome measure was the change in depressive symptoms on the Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology-30-Clinician (IDS-C-30) from Visit 1 to Visit 3. Results Overall there was a significant improvement in IDS score with the treatment (Visit 1: 38.6; Visit 2: 31.0; Visit 3: 21.3; mean improvement 45.5%) with 13/25 (52%) achieving response and 5/25 (20%) achieving remission (IDS-C-30 < 12). Electric field strength and antidepressant effect were positively correlated in a subregion of the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (VLPFC) (Brodmann area 47) and negatively correlated in the posterior dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC). Conclusion Response and remission rates were lower than in recently published trials of accelerated fMRI-guided iTBS to the left DLPFC. These results suggest that sufficient electric field strength in VLPFC may be a contributor to effective rTMS, and that modeling to optimize electric field strength in this area may improve response and remission rates. Further studies are needed to clarify the relationship of induced electric field strength with antidepressant effects of rTMS for LLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davin K. Quinn
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UNM, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Joel Upston
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UNM, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Thomas R. Jones
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UNM, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Benjamin C. Gibson
- Department of Psychology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Tessa A. Olmstead
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UNM, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Justine Yang
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UNM, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | | | - Dorothy H. Bowers-Wu
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UNM, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Erick Durham
- Department of Psychiatry, Texas Tech University, El Paso, TX, United States
| | - Shawn Hazlewood
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UNM, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Danielle C. Farrar
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UNM, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Jeremy Miller
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UNM, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Megan O. Lloyd
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UNM, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Crystal A. Garcia
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UNM, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Cesar J. Ojeda
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UNM, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Brant W. Hager
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UNM, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | | | - Christopher C. Abbott
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UNM, Albuquerque, NM, United States
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Kazemi R, Rostami R, Nasiri Z, Hadipour AL, Kiaee N, Coetzee JP, Philips A, Brown R, Seenivasan S, Adamson MM. Electrophysiological and behavioral effects of unilateral and bilateral rTMS; A randomized clinical trial on rumination and depression. J Affect Disord 2022; 317:360-372. [PMID: 36055535 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2022.08.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rumination is significantly frequent in major depressive disorder (MDD). However, not a lot of studies have investigated the effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) on rumination. METHODS 61 participants with a minimum Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAM-D) score of 20 were randomly assigned to sham, bilateral stimulation (BS) or unilateral stimulation (US) groups. EEG, The Ruminative Response Scale (RRS), and HAM-D were administered before and after the 20 sessions of rTMS. Phase locked values (PLV) were calculated as a measure of connectivity. RESULTS There was a significant decrease in HAM-D scores in both BS and US. In responders, BS and US differed significantly in RRS total scores, with greater reduction in BS. PLV significantly changed in the default mode network (DMN) in delta, theta, alpha, and beta in BS, in responders of which PLV decreased in the DMN in beta and gamma. Positive correlations between PLV and brooding in delta and theta, and negative correlations between PLV and reflection were found in theta, alpha, and beta. In US, connectivity in the DMN increased in beta, and PLV increased in theta and beta, and decreased in alpha and beta in its responders. Positive correlations between PLV and brooding in the delta and theta, as well as negative correlations between PLV and reflection in theta were observed in the DMN. CONCLUSION US and BS resulted in different modulations in the DMN, however, both could alleviate both rumination and depression. Reductions in the beta and alpha frequency bands in the DMN can be considered as potential EEG-based markers of response to bilateral and unilateral rTMS, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Kazemi
- Department of Cognitive Psychology, Institute for Cognitive Science Studies, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Reza Rostami
- Department of Psychology, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran; Atieh Clinical Neuroscience Center, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Nasiri
- Atieh Clinical Neuroscience Center, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abed L Hadipour
- Department of Cognitive Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Nasim Kiaee
- Atieh Clinical Neuroscience Center, Tehran, Iran
| | - John P Coetzee
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Rehabilitation Service, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Angela Philips
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Rehabilitation Service, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Randi Brown
- Department of Psychology, Palo Alto University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Srija Seenivasan
- Rehabilitation Service, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Maheen M Adamson
- Rehabilitation Service, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
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5
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Rajchert J, Zajenkowska A, Nowakowska I, Bodecka-Zych M, Abramiuk A. Hostility bias or sadness bias in excluded individuals: does anodal transcranial direct current stimulation of right VLPFC vs. left DLPFC have a mitigating effect? COGNITIVE, AFFECTIVE & BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE 2022; 22:1063-1077. [PMID: 35474567 DOI: 10.3758/s13415-022-01008-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Exclusion has multiple adverse effects on individual's well-being. It induces anger and hostile cognitions leading to aggressive behavior. The purpose of this study was to test whether exclusion would affect recognition of anger on ambivalent faces of the excluders. We hypothesized that exclusion would elicit more anger encoding (hostility bias) than inclusion, but this effect would be mitigated by anodal tDCS of right VLPFC or left DLPFC-regions engaged in negative affect regulation. Participants (N = 96) were recognizing emotions (anger, sadness, happiness) on ambiguous faces of individuals who-as they were told-liked them or not. Results showed that exclusion induced more sadness bias. tDCS to VLPFC decreased anger and increased sadness recognition on excluders' faces compared with includers' faces, expressing a mixture of these two emotions. Additionally, stimulation to VLPFC and DLPFC decreased latencies for faces expressing sadness (sad-angry and happy-sad) but increased for happy-angry faces. Stimulation to VLPFC also increased reaction time to excluders faces while stimulation of DLPFC decreased reaction latency to includers faces. Results were discussed with the reference to the form of exclusion, motivational mechanism affected by disliking but also to lateralization (valence vs. arousal theory) and cortical regions engaged in encoding sadness after a threat to belonging.
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6
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Neuromodulation of facial emotion recognition in health and disease: A systematic review. Neurophysiol Clin 2022; 52:183-201. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neucli.2022.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 03/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Stuart N, Whitehouse A, Palermo R, Bothe E, Badcock N. Eye Gaze in Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Review of Neural Evidence for the Eye Avoidance Hypothesis. J Autism Dev Disord 2022; 53:1884-1905. [PMID: 35119604 PMCID: PMC10123036 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-022-05443-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Reduced eye contact early in life may play a role in the developmental pathways that culminate in a diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder. However, there are contradictory theories regarding the neural mechanisms involved. According to the amygdala theory of autism, reduced eye contact results from a hypoactive amygdala that fails to flag eyes as salient. However, the eye avoidance hypothesis proposes the opposite-that amygdala hyperactivity causes eye avoidance. This review evaluated studies that measured the relationship between eye gaze and activity in the 'social brain' when viewing facial stimuli. Of the reviewed studies, eight of eleven supported the eye avoidance hypothesis. These results suggest eye avoidance may be used to reduce amygdala-related hyperarousal among people on the autism spectrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Stuart
- University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia.
| | - Andrew Whitehouse
- Telethon Kids Institute, Perth Children's Hospital, 15 Hospital Avenue, Nedlands, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Romina Palermo
- University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Ellen Bothe
- University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Nicholas Badcock
- University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia
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8
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Marrazzo G, Vaessen MJ, de Gelder B. Decoding the difference between explicit and implicit body expression representation in high level visual, prefrontal and inferior parietal cortex. Neuroimage 2021; 243:118545. [PMID: 34478822 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2021.118545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies provide an increasing understanding of how visual objects categories like faces or bodies are represented in the brain and also raised the question whether a category based or more dynamic network inspired models are more powerful. Two important and so far sidestepped issues in this debate are, first, how major category attributes like the emotional expression directly influence category representation and second, whether category and attribute representation are sensitive to task demands. This study investigated the impact of a crucial category attribute like emotional expression on category area activity and whether this varies with the participants' task. Using (fMRI) we measured BOLD responses while participants viewed whole body expressions and performed either an explicit (emotion) or an implicit (shape) recognition task. Our results based on multivariate methods show that the type of task is the strongest determinant of brain activity and can be decoded in EBA, VLPFC and IPL. Brain activity was higher for the explicit task condition in VLPFC and was not emotion specific. This pattern suggests that during explicit recognition of the body expression, body category representation may be strengthened, and emotion and action related activity suppressed. Taken together these results stress the importance of the task and of the role of category attributes for understanding the functional organization of high level visual cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Marrazzo
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Limburg 6200 MD, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Maarten J Vaessen
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Limburg 6200 MD, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Beatrice de Gelder
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Limburg 6200 MD, Maastricht, the Netherlands; Department of Computer Science, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom.
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9
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Rolle CE, Pedersen ML, Johnson N, Amemori KI, Ironside M, Graybiel AM, Pizzagalli DA, Etkin A. The Role of the Dorsal-Lateral Prefrontal Cortex in Reward Sensitivity During Approach-Avoidance Conflict. Cereb Cortex 2021; 32:1269-1285. [PMID: 34464445 PMCID: PMC9077265 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhab292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Approach-Avoidance conflict (AAC) arises from decisions with embedded positive and negative outcomes, such that approaching leads to reward and punishment and avoiding to neither. Despite its importance, the field lacks a mechanistic understanding of which regions are driving avoidance behavior during conflict. In the current task, we utilized transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and drift-diffusion modeling to investigate the role of one of the most prominent regions relevant to AAC-the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC). The first experiment uses in-task disruption to examine the right dlPFC's (r-dlPFC) causal role in avoidance behavior. The second uses single TMS pulses to probe the excitability of the r-dlPFC, and downstream cortical activations, during avoidance behavior. Disrupting r-dlPFC during conflict decision-making reduced reward sensitivity. Further, r-dlPFC was engaged with a network of regions within the lateral and medial prefrontal, cingulate, and temporal cortices that associate with behavior during conflict. Together, these studies use TMS to demonstrate a role for the dlPFC in reward sensitivity during conflict and elucidate the r-dlPFC's network of cortical regions associated with avoidance behavior. By identifying r-dlPFC's mechanistic role in AAC behavior, contextualized within its conflict-specific downstream neural connectivity, we advance dlPFC as a potential neural target for psychiatric therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camarin E Rolle
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA,Stanford Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA,Alto Neuroscience, Inc., Los Altos, CA 94022, USA
| | - Mads L Pedersen
- Department of Cognitive, Linguistic & Psychological Sciences, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA,Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, NO-0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Noriah Johnson
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA,Stanford Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA,Alto Neuroscience, Inc., Los Altos, CA 94022, USA
| | - Ken-ichi Amemori
- Institute for the Advanced Study of Human Biology (ASHBi), Kyoto University, 606-8501 Kyoto, Japan
| | - Maria Ironside
- Laureate Institute for Brain Research, 6655 South Yale Avenue, Tulsa, OK 74136, USA
| | - Ann M Graybiel
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research and Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | | | - Amit Etkin
- Address correspondence to Amit Etkin, Alto Neuroscience, Inc., 153 Second street (suite 107), Los Altos, CA 94022, USA.
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10
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Bystritsky A, Spivak NM, Dang BH, Becerra SA, Distler MG, Jordan SE, Kuhn TP. Brain circuitry underlying the ABC model of anxiety. J Psychiatr Res 2021; 138:3-14. [PMID: 33798786 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2021.03.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Anxiety Disorders are prevalent and often chronic, recurrent conditions that reduce quality of life. The first-line treatments, such as serotonin reuptake inhibitors and cognitive behavioral therapy, leave a significant proportion of patients symptomatic. As psychiatry moves toward targeted circuit-based treatments, there is a need for a theory that unites the phenomenology of anxiety with its underlying neural circuits. The Alarm, Belief, Coping (ABC) theory of anxiety describes how the neural circuits associated with anxiety interact with each other and domains of the anxiety symptoms, both temporally and spatially. The latest advancements in neuroimaging techniques offer the ability to assess these circuits in vivo. Using Neurosynth, a large open-access meta-analytic imaging database, the association between terms related to specific neural circuits was explored within the ABC theory framework. Alarm-related terms were associated with the amygdala, anterior cingulum, insula, and bed nucleus of stria terminalis. Belief-related terms were associated with medial prefrontal cortex, precuneus, bilateral temporal poles, and hippocampus. Coping-related terms were associated with the ventrolateral and dorsolateral prefrontal cortices, basal ganglia, and anterior cingulate. Neural connections underlying the functional neuroanatomy of the ABC model were observed. Additionally, there was considerable interaction and overlap between circuits associated with the symptom domains. Further neuroimaging research is needed to explore the dynamic interaction between the functional domains of the ABC theory. This will pave the way for probing the neuroanatomical underpinnings of anxiety disorders and provide an evidence-based foundation for the development of targeted treatments, such as neuromodulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Bystritsky
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA; BrainSonix Corporation, Sherman Oaks, CA, USA.
| | - Norman M Spivak
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA; David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Bianca H Dang
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Sergio A Becerra
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Margaret G Distler
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Sheldon E Jordan
- Neurology Management Associates - Los Angeles, Santa Monica, CA, USA
| | - Taylor P Kuhn
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA; David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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11
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Harricharan S, McKinnon MC, Lanius RA. How Processing of Sensory Information From the Internal and External Worlds Shape the Perception and Engagement With the World in the Aftermath of Trauma: Implications for PTSD. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:625490. [PMID: 33935627 PMCID: PMC8085307 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.625490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is triggered by an individual experiencing or witnessing a traumatic event, often precipitating persistent flashbacks and severe anxiety that are associated with a fearful and hypervigilant presentation. Approximately 14–30% of traumatized individuals present with the dissociative subtype of PTSD, which is often associated with repeated or childhood trauma. This presentation includes symptoms of depersonalization and derealization, where individuals may feel as if the world or self is “dream-like” and not real and/or describe “out-of-body” experiences. Here, we review putative neural alterations that may underlie how sensations are experienced among traumatized individuals with PTSD and its dissociative subtype, including those from the outside world (e.g., touch, auditory, and visual sensations) and the internal world of the body (e.g., visceral sensations, physical sensations associated with feeling states). We postulate that alterations in the neural pathways important for the processing of sensations originating in the outer and inner worlds may have cascading effects on the performance of higher-order cognitive functions, including emotion regulation, social cognition, and goal-oriented action, thereby shaping the perception of and engagement with the world. Finally, we introduce a theoretical neurobiological framework to account for altered sensory processing among traumatized individuals with and without the dissociative subtype of PTSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherain Harricharan
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.,Homewood Research Institute, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Margaret C McKinnon
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.,Homewood Research Institute, Guelph, ON, Canada.,Mood Disorders Program, St. Joseph's Healthcare, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Ruth A Lanius
- Homewood Research Institute, Guelph, ON, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, Western University, London, ON, Canada.,Department of Neuroscience, Western University, London, ON, Canada.,Imaging Division, Lawson Health Research Institute, London, ON, Canada.,The Brain and Mind Institute, London, ON, Canada
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12
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O'Connell K, Marsh AA, Edwards DF, Dromerick AW, Seydell-Greenwald A. Emotion recognition impairments and social well-being following right-hemisphere stroke. Neuropsychol Rehabil 2021; 32:1337-1355. [PMID: 33615994 PMCID: PMC8379297 DOI: 10.1080/09602011.2021.1888756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Accurately recognizing and responding to the emotions of others is essential for proper social communication and helps bind strong relationships that are particularly important for stroke survivors. Emotion recognition typically engages cortical areas that are predominantly right-lateralized including superior temporal and inferior frontal gyri - regions frequently impacted by right-hemisphere stroke. Since prior work already links right-hemisphere stroke to deficits in emotion recognition, this research aims to extend these findings to determine whether impaired emotion recognition after right-hemisphere stroke is associated with worse social well-being outcomes. Eighteen right-hemisphere stroke patients (≥6 months post-stroke) and 21 neurologically healthy controls completed a multimodal emotion recognition test (Geneva Emotion Recognition Test - Short) and reported engagement in social/non-social activities and levels of social support. Right-hemisphere stroke was associated with worse emotion recognition accuracy, though not all patients exhibited impairment. In line with hypotheses, emotion recognition impairments were associated with greater loss of social activities after stroke, an effect that could not be attributed to stroke severity or loss of non-social activities. Impairments were also linked to reduced patient-reported social support. Results implicate emotion recognition difficulties as a potential antecedent of social withdrawal after stroke and warrant future research to test emotion recognition training post-stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine O'Connell
- Interdisciplinary Program in Neuroscience, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Abigail A Marsh
- Department of Psychology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Dorothy Farrar Edwards
- Department of Kinesiology and Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Alexander W Dromerick
- MedStar National Rehabilitation Hospital, Washington, DC, USA.,Center for Brain Plasticity and Recovery, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Anna Seydell-Greenwald
- Center for Brain Plasticity and Recovery, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
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13
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Cisler JM, Herringa RJ. Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and the Developing Adolescent Brain. Biol Psychiatry 2021; 89:144-151. [PMID: 32709416 PMCID: PMC7725977 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2020.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 05/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in adolescents is common and debilitating. In contrast to adult PTSD, relatively little is known about the neurobiology of adolescent PTSD, nor about how current treatments may alter adolescent neurodevelopment to allow recovery from PTSD. Improving our understanding of biological mechanisms of adolescent PTSD, taken in the context of neurodevelopment, is crucial for developing novel and personalized treatment approaches. In this review, we highlight prevailing constructs of PTSD and current findings on these domains in adolescent PTSD. Notably, little data exist in adolescent PTSD for prominent adult PTSD constructs, including threat learning and attentional threat bias. Most work to date has examined general threat processing, emotion regulation, and their neural substrates. These studies suggest that adolescent PTSD, while phenomenologically similar to adult PTSD, shows unique neurodevelopmental substrates that may impair recovery but could also be targeted in the context of adolescent neuroplasticity to improve outcomes. Both cross-sectional and longitudinal data suggest abnormal frontolimbic development compared with typically developing youths, a pattern that may differ from resilient youths. Whether current treatments such as trauma-focused psychotherapy engage these targets and restore healthy neurodevelopment remains an open question. We end our review by highlighting emerging areas and knowledge gaps that could be addressed to better characterize the biology underlying adolescent PTSD. Emerging studies in computational modeling of decision making, caregiver-related transmission of traumatic stress, and other areas may offer new targets that could harness adolescent neurobehavioral plasticity to improve resilience and recovery for some of our most vulnerable youths.
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14
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Kazemi R, Rostami R, Dehghan S, Nasiri Z, Lotfollahzadeh S, L Hadipour A, Khomami S, Ishii R, Ikeda S. Alpha frequency rTMS modulates theta lagged nonlinear connectivity in dorsal attention network. Brain Res Bull 2020; 162:271-281. [PMID: 32619694 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2020.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) is a key structure in dorsal attention network (DAN) that facilitates sustained attention by modulating activity in task related and unrelated regions of the brain. Alpha and theta frequency bands enhance connectivity among different parts of the attention network and these connections are facilitated by long-range nonlinear connectivity in theta and alpha frequency bands. This study is an investigation of the behavioral and electrophysiological effects of alpha and theta frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) over RDLPFC. 20 healthy participants were randomly assigned to two groups of theta (n = 11, f = 6 Hz) and alpha (n = 9, f = 10 Hz) rTMS. Electroencephalogram (EEG) was recorded before and after each session while resting and performing tasks. Current source density (CSD) and functional connectivity (FC) in DAN and default mode network (DMN) and their correlations with rapid visual information processing task (RVIP) scores were calculated . Alpha frequency rTMS resulted in significant changes in RVIP scores. Active theta rTMS caused an increase in CSD in Postcentral gyrus and active alpha rTMS resulted in significant CSD changes in inferior parietal lobule (IPL). Theta lagged nonlinear connectivity was mudulated by alpha rTMSand FC changes were observed in DAN and DMN. Positive correlations were observed between DAN regions and RVIP scores in the alpha rTMS group. Increased activity in theta frequency band in left aPFC and left DLPFC correlated positively with higher total hits in RVIP. This study showed for the first time that theta and alpha frequency rTMS are able to modulate FC in DAN and DMN in a way that results in better performance in a sustained attention task.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Kazemi
- Cognitive Lab, Department of Psychology, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran; Atieh Clinical Neuroscience Center, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Reza Rostami
- Department of Psychology, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Zahra Nasiri
- Atieh Clinical Neuroscience Center, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Abed L Hadipour
- Atieh Clinical Neuroscience Center, Tehran, Iran; Department of Psychology, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Ryouhei Ishii
- Smart Rehabilitation Research Center, Osaka Prefecture University, Graduate School of Comprehensive Rehabilitation, Habikino, Japan; Department of Psychiatry, Osaka University, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shunichiro Ikeda
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan
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