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Rossi AA, Pietrabissa G, Castelnuovo G, Mannarini S. Cognitive restraint, uncontrolled eating, and emotional eating. The Italian version of the Three Factor Eating Questionnaire-Revised 18 (TFEQ-R-18): a three-step validation study. Eat Weight Disord 2024; 29:16. [PMID: 38402372 PMCID: PMC10894126 DOI: 10.1007/s40519-024-01642-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/26/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Three Factor Eating Questionnaire-Revised 18 (TFEQ-R-18) is an extensively used questionnaire to measure three transdiagnostic features of eating behavior: cognitive restraint, uncontrolled eating, and emotional eating. OBJECTIVE This research aims to investigate the psychometric properties of the Italian version of the TFEQ-R-18 in three large community samples. METHOD Cross-sectional research designs were employed. In Study 1 (N = 537), an exploratory graph analysis (EGA) was used to examine item clustering within the TFEQ-R-18. In Study 2 (N = 645), a confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was conducted to test its structural validity. In Study 3 (N = 346), a MANOVA was employed assessing mean differences across eating disorders (e.g., anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, binge eating disorder). RESULTS In Study 1, the EGA accurately identified the three original dimensions of the TFEQ-R-18. Study 2 showed that the Italian TFEQ-R-18 has good fit indexes (CFI = 0.989, RMSEA = 0.064; 90% CI [0.058, 0.070], SRMR = 0.062), and possesses robust psychometric properties. Study 3 reveals distinct, statistically significant differences among eating disorders. CONCLUSION The TFEQ-R-18 proves to be a concise and precise tool for measuring transdiagnostic eating behaviors. Its applicability in the Italian context, supported by robust psychometric properties, suggests its utility for both research and clinical purposes. The findings affirm its potential to inform interventions aimed at enhancing psychological health. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level V, descriptive study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Alberto Rossi
- Department of Philosophy, Sociology, Education, and Applied Psychology, Section of Applied Psychology, University of Padova, Padua, Italy.
- Center for Intervention and Research on Family studies - CIRF, Department FISPPA, University of Padova, Padua, Italy.
| | - Giada Pietrabissa
- Clinical Psychology Research Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy
- Dipartimento di Psicologia, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Milan, Italy
| | - Gianluca Castelnuovo
- Clinical Psychology Research Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy
- Dipartimento di Psicologia, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Milan, Italy
| | - Stefania Mannarini
- Department of Philosophy, Sociology, Education, and Applied Psychology, Section of Applied Psychology, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
- Center for Intervention and Research on Family studies - CIRF, Department FISPPA, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
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Harris A, Mannan H, Hay P, Aouad P, Arcelus J, Attia E, Crosby R, Madden S, Meyer C, Touyz S. Assessment and treatment of compulsive exercise in anorexia nervosa - A combined investigation of Compulsive Exercise Activity Therapy (LEAP) and Compulsive Exercise Test subscales. Eat Behav 2024; 52:101825. [PMID: 38006774 DOI: 10.1016/j.eatbeh.2023.101825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 11/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/27/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Compulsive exercise is a transdiagnostic feature of eating disorders which adversely affects aspects of recovery, such as length of hospitalisation, risk of a chronic outcome, and risk of relapse. CompuLsive Exercise Activity TheraPy (LEAP) aims to reduce compulsive exercise through a cognitive behavioural approach. This study aims to investigate the effect of LEAP on compulsive exercise behaviour using subscales of the Compulsive Exercise Test (CET), a measure of exercise in individuals with eating disorders. Predictive validity of the CET's subscales and its ability to predict eating psychopathology are investigated. METHOD This study used data from a randomized controlled trial of LEAP (1). Linear mixed modelling was used to investigate the effect of LEAP on compulsive exercise behaviour, and the predictive ability of CET subscales on various outcomes. The CET was compared to other exercise measures to assess its superiority in predicting eating psychopathology. RESULTS LEAP was superior in reducing the scores of the CET's Avoidance and Rule Driven Behaviour and Exercise Rigidity subscales. All subscales made a contribution to the respective models. The CET was superior to other measures in predicting eating pathology. CONCLUSION The results lend credibility to LEAP's ability to reduce core parts of compulsive exercise. The CET has been found to target important aspects of compulsive exercise behaviour, and has was superior to other exercise measures in predicting eating psychopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Haider Mannan
- Translational Health Research Institute, School of Medicine, Western Sydney University.
| | - Phillipa Hay
- Translational Health Research Institute, School of Medicine, Western Sydney University; Mental Health Services, SWSLHD, Campbellown, Australia.
| | - Phillip Aouad
- The University of Sydney, Australia; InsideOut Institute for Eating Disorders, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney and Sydney Local Health District.
| | - Jon Arcelus
- Institute of Mental Health, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom.
| | - Evelyn Attia
- New York State Psychiatric Institute, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, USA; Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, USA.
| | - Ross Crosby
- Center for Biobehavioral Research, Sanford Research, Fargo, North Dakota, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Fargo, North Dakota, USA.
| | - Sloane Madden
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| | - Caroline Meyer
- International Digital Laboratory, The University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK.
| | - Stephen Touyz
- The University of Sydney, Australia; InsideOut Institute for Eating Disorders, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney and Sydney Local Health District.
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Amin L, Halbeisen G, Braks K, Huber TJ, Paslakis G. The State Urge to be Physically Active-Questionnaire (SUPA-Q): Development and validation of a state measure of activity urges in patients with eating disorders. Brain Behav 2023; 13:e3220. [PMID: 37559422 PMCID: PMC10570484 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.3220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Many people, including patients with eating disorders (EDs), experience an increased urge for physical activity. "Trait"-like activity in patients with EDs is assessed by existing questionnaires, but there are few clinically validated assessments of a "state" urge to be physically active. Here, we developed and validated the State Urge to be Physically Active-Questionnaire (SUPA-Q). METHODS After developing and piloting the items, N = 126 patients with EDs (mostly anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa) took part in our mixed-longitudinal validation study with one primary assessment for all patients and a secondary assessment for a subsample of patients. Cronbach's α and split-half-methods served as measures of consistency and reliability. Correlations with other questionnaires were used to determine convergent and divergent validity, and confirmatory factor analysis was used for investigating factorial validity. We used paired-samples t-tests for repeated assessments to investigate change sensitivity. RESULTS We found the SUPA-Q to be highly consistent, and reliable and to demonstrate convergent, divergent, and factorial validity. The comparison of SUPA-Q scores from repeated assessments within a subsample of patients demonstrated the questionnaire's change sensitivity, Cohen's d = 0.48. Moreover, an increase in SUPA-Q scores was associated with a less positive mood, more anxiety, more body dissatisfaction, more tenseness, less feelings of control, and more stress. DISCUSSION The newly developed SUPA-Q may help to accentuate the necessity to evaluate and address the acute urge to engage in physical activity in patients with EDs in clinical practice and ultimately support tailoring treatments to patients' unique symptom patterns. The questionnaire is available at https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/G2YBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Amin
- University Clinic for Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Medical Faculty, Campus East‐WestphaliaRuhr‐University BochumLuebbeckeGermany
| | - Georg Halbeisen
- University Clinic for Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Medical Faculty, Campus East‐WestphaliaRuhr‐University BochumLuebbeckeGermany
| | - Karsten Braks
- Centre for Eating DisordersKlinik am KorsoBad OeynhausenGermany
| | - Thomas J. Huber
- Centre for Eating DisordersKlinik am KorsoBad OeynhausenGermany
| | - Georgios Paslakis
- University Clinic for Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Medical Faculty, Campus East‐WestphaliaRuhr‐University BochumLuebbeckeGermany
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Tezenas du Montcel C, Cao J, Mattioni J, Hamelin H, Lebrun N, Ramoz N, Gorwood P, Tolle V, Viltart O. Chronic food restriction in mice and increased systemic ghrelin induce preference for running wheel activity. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2023; 155:106311. [PMID: 37295225 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2023.106311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES In eating disorders, particularly anorexia nervosa (AN), patients exhibit intense physical activity which is inappropriate regarding food restriction and chronic undernutrition, and exacerbates weight loss and energy deprivation. Rodent models of food restriction exhibit increased running wheel activity in the food anticipation period, also known as Food Anticipatory Activity (FAA). FAA probably has various physiological and/or neurobiological origins. Plasma concentrations of the orexigenic hormone ghrelin are, for example, increased during FAA. We hypothesize that the drive for physical activity in chronic food restriction is triggered by metabolic factors but also relies on motivational aspects that we aim to decipher in this study. METHODS Young female C57Bl6/J mice were exposed to a paradigm based on a progressive 50% quantitative food restriction alone (FR) or associated with running wheel activity (Food Restriction Wheel: FRW) in their home-cage during 15 days. We measured preference for running wheel in a three-chamber apparatus in which animals could choose to explore either a known running wheel or a novel object. Testing took place either during resting or during FAA. We calculated the time spent in each compartment and the activity in running wheels. After progressive refeeding over 10 days, mice were tested again when refed. Plasma levels of both ghrelin isoforms were measured with selective immunoassays. RESULTS When tested during FAA period, food restricted mice displayed increased preference for the running wheel compared to ad libitum fed controls. Both FR and FRW mice exhibited increased running time and distance in the wheel and running distance was correlated with ghrelin levels. Similar preference and behavior were found when testing took place during the resting period. Animals housed without an active wheel also exhibited active running. Progressive refeeding resulted in body weight restoration, a decrease in FAA and completely abolished preference for the running wheel. Refed animals displayed similar behavior as ad libitum fed controls. CONCLUSIONS These data provide evidence that food restriction-induced physical activity is closely correlated with metabolic adaptations to nutritional status implicating ghrelin in the quantity of physical activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloé Tezenas du Montcel
- Université Paris Cité, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM UMR-S 1266, F-75014 Paris, France; GHU Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, CMME, Hôpital Sainte Anne, F-75014 Paris, France
| | - Jingxian Cao
- Université Paris Cité, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM UMR-S 1266, F-75014 Paris, France
| | - Julia Mattioni
- Université Paris Cité, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM UMR-S 1266, F-75014 Paris, France
| | - Héloïse Hamelin
- Université Paris Cité, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM UMR-S 1266, F-75014 Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Lebrun
- Université Paris Cité, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM UMR-S 1266, F-75014 Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Ramoz
- Université Paris Cité, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM UMR-S 1266, F-75014 Paris, France; GHU Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, CMME, Hôpital Sainte Anne, F-75014 Paris, France
| | - Philip Gorwood
- Université Paris Cité, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM UMR-S 1266, F-75014 Paris, France; GHU Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, CMME, Hôpital Sainte Anne, F-75014 Paris, France
| | - Virginie Tolle
- Université Paris Cité, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM UMR-S 1266, F-75014 Paris, France
| | - Odile Viltart
- Université Paris Cité, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM UMR-S 1266, F-75014 Paris, France; Université de Lille, SCALab laboratory, UMR CNRS 9193, PsySEF Faculty, F-59650 Villeneuve d'Ascq, France.
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Mattatia J, Gaha N, Cottin L, Mattatia D, Morelle Q, Truong R, Saussé-Corbière L, Yi MK. Anorexie mentale et médiations somatiques : évaluations croisées de l’ostéopathie et de la psychomotricité sur les préoccupations corporelles. ANNALES MÉDICO-PSYCHOLOGIQUES, REVUE PSYCHIATRIQUE 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.amp.2023.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
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Laufer S, Herman E, Serfaty D, Latzer Y, Ashkenazi R, Attias O, Oren S, Shimomi M, Uziel M, Enoch-Levy A, Witztum E, Stein D. Case report: Anorexia nervosa and unspecified restricting-type eating disorder in Jewish ultra-orthodox religious males, leading to severe physical and psychological morbidity. Front Psychiatry 2023; 14:966935. [PMID: 37181911 PMCID: PMC10172673 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.966935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Young Jewish Ultra-Orthodox women usually show less disturbances in body image and eating in comparison to less religious communities. By contrast, problems with eating are highly unknown and unrecognized in Jewish Ultra-Orthodox males. Aim To investigate whether in Ultra-Orthodox males, restricting-type AN (AN-R) with highly obsessional physical activity and unspecified restricting eating disorder (ED) in the context of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) would lead to severe physical and emotional morbidity. Results The study included two groups: the first, 3 adolescents with AN-R developing severely increased ritualized obsessional physical activity in addition to restricting eating, requiring inpatient treatment because of severe bradycardia. These youngsters ignored the severity of their obsessional physical activity, continuing with it in hospital despite their grave medical condition. One student began extensive training for triathlon, whereas another student, upon remitting from AN, developed severe muscle dysmorphia. These findings suggest that young Ultra-Orthodox males with AN may develop obsessional physical activity to increase their muscle mass rather than to lose weight Another four Jewish Ultra-Orthodox males developed malnutrition in the context of severe OCD, with no evidence of dieting or body-image disturbances. These individuals developed highly obsessional adherence to different Jewish religious rules, including prolonged praying, asceticism, and overvalued strict adherence to Jewish Kashrut rules of eating, leading in all cases to severe food restriction. They were highly unaware of their severe weight loss and required hospitalization because of severe physical disturbances associated with malnutrition. Moreover, most did not cooperate with their treatment, and their ED-related obsessionality was mostly resistant to psychopharmacotherapy. Conclusion Owing to their highly ritualistic rigid way of life, combined with the need for excellency in studying, Jewish Ultra-Orthodox adolescent males with AN might be at a specific risk of developing severe physical disturbances if their illness is associated with highly perfectionistic obsessional physical activity. Second, Jewish Ultra-Orthodox religious males with OCD might be at a specific risk for severe undernutrition, as their rigid relentless observance of Jewish everyday laws might highly interfere with their eating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Laufer
- Department of Eating Disorders, Maayanei Hayeshuah Medical Center, Bnei Brak, Israel
| | - Estee Herman
- Department of Eating Disorders, Maayanei Hayeshuah Medical Center, Bnei Brak, Israel
| | - David Serfaty
- Department of Eating Disorders, Maayanei Hayeshuah Medical Center, Bnei Brak, Israel
| | - Yael Latzer
- School of Social Work, Faculty of Social Welfare and Health Sciences, University of Haifa, Mount Carmel, Israel
- Psychiatry Division, Rambam Health Care Campus, Eating Disorders Institution, Haifa, Israel
| | - Rachel Ashkenazi
- Department of Eating Disorders, Maayanei Hayeshuah Medical Center, Bnei Brak, Israel
| | - Orna Attias
- Department of Eating Disorders, Maayanei Hayeshuah Medical Center, Bnei Brak, Israel
| | - Sinai Oren
- Department of Eating Disorders, Maayanei Hayeshuah Medical Center, Bnei Brak, Israel
| | - Meirav Shimomi
- Department of Eating Disorders, Maayanei Hayeshuah Medical Center, Bnei Brak, Israel
| | - Moria Uziel
- Department of Eating Disorders, Maayanei Hayeshuah Medical Center, Bnei Brak, Israel
| | - Adi Enoch-Levy
- Eating Disorders Service for Children and Adolescents, Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
| | - Eliezer Witztum
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Daniel Stein
- Department of Eating Disorders, Maayanei Hayeshuah Medical Center, Bnei Brak, Israel
- Eating Disorders Service for Children and Adolescents, Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
- Department of Psychiatry, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv, Israel
- *Correspondence: Daniel Stein,
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Di Lodovico L, Hanachi M, Duriez P, Gorwood P. The Fitter I Am, the Larger I Feel-The Vicious Circle of Physical Exercise in Anorexia Nervosa. Nutrients 2022; 14:4507. [PMID: 36364769 PMCID: PMC9657677 DOI: 10.3390/nu14214507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Body image distortion is a core symptom of anorexia nervosa (AN), embodying dissatisfaction and overvaluation of body appearance and weight. Body image distortion is an important factor in the maintenance of weight loss behaviours such as compulsive physical exercise. Conversely, physical exercise seems to have an aggravating effect on body image in patients with AN, but the evidence is still poor. The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between body image distortion and physical exercise in AN in order to understand whether physical exercise may play a specific role in body image distortion beyond psychopathological severity. Methods: Forty patients with AN and 21 healthy controls were tested for body image distortion and different proxies of physical exercise. Univariate correlations tested the relationship between body image distortion and physical exercise in AN and control groups. Then, to experimentally assess the effect of exercise on body image distortion, participants were invited to rate their body image before and after a standardised effort test. Results: In the AN group, a correlation was found between physical activity and body image distortion (p < 0.01), which was still significant after controlling for psychopathological severity. No correlation was found in healthy controls. After a standardised effort, patients with AN had higher increases in body image distortion than healthy controls (almost 4 kg/m2 vs. 0.8 kg/m2) (p < 0.01). Discussion: Physical exercise may contribute to the distortion of body image in anorexia nervosa and explain the paradoxical augmentation of unhealthy exercise despite ongoing weight loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Di Lodovico
- Clinique des Maladies Mentales et de l’Encéphale (CMME), Hôpital Sainte-Anne, GHU Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, 75014 Paris, France
- Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM U1266, Université Paris Cité, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Mouna Hanachi
- Nutrition Unit, Paul Brousse University Hospital, Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Paris, 94800 Villejuif, France
- Micalis Institute, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Philibert Duriez
- Clinique des Maladies Mentales et de l’Encéphale (CMME), Hôpital Sainte-Anne, GHU Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, 75014 Paris, France
- Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM U1266, Université Paris Cité, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Philip Gorwood
- Clinique des Maladies Mentales et de l’Encéphale (CMME), Hôpital Sainte-Anne, GHU Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, 75014 Paris, France
- Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM U1266, Université Paris Cité, 75006 Paris, France
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Duriez P, Guy-Rubin A, Kaya Lefèvre H, Gorwood P. Morphing analysis of facial emotion recognition in anorexia nervosa: association with physical activity. Eat Weight Disord 2022; 27:1053-1061. [PMID: 34213746 DOI: 10.1007/s40519-021-01254-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Anorexia Nervosa (AN) has been linked to emotion processing inefficiencies, social cognition difficulties and emotion dysregulation, but data on Facial Emotion Recognition (FER) are heterogenous and inconclusive. This study aims to explore FER in patients with AN using a dynamic and ecological evaluation, and its relationship with Physical Activity (PA), an important aspect of AN that could impact emotional processing. METHODS Sixty-six participants (33 patients with AN and 33 healthy controls) performed a morphed facial emotional recognition task and 49 of them wore an accelerometer during seven days to assess PA. Axis-I disorders and depressive symptoms have been assessed. RESULTS No difference was found regarding time to recognize facial emotions. However, patients with AN correctly recognize emotions more frequently than controls. This was specific to disgust, although there was also a tendency for sadness. Among patients, higher depressive scores are associated with a faster and more accurate recognition of disgust, while a higher level of PA is associated to decreased accuracy in recognizing sadness. CONCLUSION Patients with AN are capable of recognizing facial emotions as accurately as controls, but could have a higher sensitivity in recognizing negative emotions, especially disgust and sadness. PA has opposite effects and, thus, could be considered as an emotional regulation strategy against negative affect. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE II Controlled trial without randomization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philibert Duriez
- GHU Paris Psychiatrie Et Neurosciences, Hôpital Sainte-Anne, CMME, 1 rue Cabanis, 75014, Paris, France.,Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), Université de Paris, INSERM U1266, 75014, Paris, France
| | - Aurore Guy-Rubin
- GHU Paris Psychiatrie Et Neurosciences, Hôpital Sainte-Anne, CMME, 1 rue Cabanis, 75014, Paris, France
| | - Héline Kaya Lefèvre
- GHU Paris Psychiatrie Et Neurosciences, Hôpital Sainte-Anne, CMME, 1 rue Cabanis, 75014, Paris, France. .,Université de Paris, LPPS, 92100, Boulogne-Billancourt, France.
| | - Philip Gorwood
- GHU Paris Psychiatrie Et Neurosciences, Hôpital Sainte-Anne, CMME, 1 rue Cabanis, 75014, Paris, France.,Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), Université de Paris, INSERM U1266, 75014, Paris, France
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9
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Coniglio KA, Cooper M, Selby EA. Behavioral reinforcement of pathological exercise in anorexia nervosa. Int J Eat Disord 2022; 55:184-192. [PMID: 34626127 DOI: 10.1002/eat.23626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Pathological exercise in anorexia nervosa (AN) is a harmful behavior associated with a chronic course and poor prognosis. To date, no comprehensive theoretical model exists to describe pathological exercise in the context of AN, and as such, few treatments are effective at promoting direct and sustained pathological exercise extinction. Using a framework put forth by Wise & Koob (2014), debating the relative importance of positive and negative reinforcement in substance use, we present three hypotheses of behavioral reinforcement of exercise, encompassing biological, psychological, and environmental influences. Specifically, we argue that exercise is positively reinforced through receipt of biological and behavioral rewards, negatively reinforced through avoidance of aversive emotions, and that these two systems work in tandem over time to engrain pathological exercise as a habit. We then present suggestions for testing each of these hypotheses as future directions for the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn A Coniglio
- Department of Psychology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | - Marita Cooper
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Edward A Selby
- Department of Psychology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
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Vansteene C, Kaya Lefèvre H, Gorwood P. Time Devoted to Individual, Collective, and Two-Person Sports: Its Association with Risk of Exercise Addiction and Alcohol Use Disorder. Eur Addict Res 2022; 28:1-11. [PMID: 34510044 DOI: 10.1159/000515666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Although sport activities have beneficial effects on health, excessive practice can lead to exercise addiction (EA), which can be associated with other addictive behaviors. However, results regarding the comorbidities between EA and alcohol use disorder (AUD) remain heterogeneous. This study aims to investigate the relationship between a proxy of AUD and different sport practices, more specifically focusing on EA. METHODS One thousand nine hundred eighty-five (N = 1,985) participants were recruited online and selected to represent the French adult population. Participants were asked to answer questions regarding sport activity, with the EA inventory questionnaire investigating EA, and alcohol consumption, with the CAGE questionnaire investigating a proxy of AUD (score ≥2). RESULTS AUD was associated with a higher risk of EA and with more time devoted to collective sports (such as football) and two-person sports (such as tennis). The risk of EA was higher for individual sports (such as running), and the risk of AUD seems to increase with the level of physical activity for collective sport but to decrease for individual sports. The type of sports partly but significantly mediated the relationship between AUD and EA. CONCLUSIONS Results support the hypothesis that different types of sport have different risks for EA (individual sports being more concerned) and AUD (collective sports being more concerned). Results suggest that the type of sports may be a crucial variable to understand how physical activity can be a risk factor for alcohol disorders. The social dimension of collective sports should be further investigated to facilitate preventive approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clément Vansteene
- GHU Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Hôpital Sainte-Anne, CMME, Paris, France
| | - Héline Kaya Lefèvre
- GHU Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Hôpital Sainte-Anne, CMME, Paris, France.,Université de Paris, LPPS, Boulogne-Billancourt, France
| | - Philip Gorwood
- GHU Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Hôpital Sainte-Anne, CMME, Paris, France.,Université de Paris, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM U1266, Paris, France
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11
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Di Lodovico L, Hatteea H, Couton C, Duriez P, Treasure J, Gorwood P. Physical exercise-related endophenotypes in anorexia nervosa. Int J Eat Disord 2021; 54:1181-1188. [PMID: 33710637 DOI: 10.1002/eat.23503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The persistence of physical exercise in anorexia nervosa (AN) despite underweight and its maintaining factors are poorly understood. The aim of this study was to explore the attitudes toward physical exercise and its effects on emotions, cognitive functioning, and body image perception in patients with AN, and to search for exercise-related endophenotypes of the pathology. METHODS Physical exercise dependence, quantity, and dysregulation were assessed by the Exercise Dependence Scale (EDS), the Godin Leisure Time Exercise Questionnaire (GLTEQ) and a standardized effort test in 88 patients with AN, 30 unaffected relatives and 89 healthy controls. Changes in positive and negative affect, cognitive rigidity, and body image distortion were measured before and after the effort test in the three groups. RESULTS Patients with AN had higher scores on the EDS and the GLTEQ and used more effort in the standardized effort test. These three measures of physical exercise correlated with negative emotions at baseline. After the effort test, patients with AN had marked emotional improvement, a moderate increase in body image distortion and a small increase in cognitive rigidity compared to HC. Unaffected relatives also had a significant postexercise increase of positive emotion. DISCUSSION The mood-related drive for physical exercise has the characteristics of an endophenotype of the disorder. Excessive and driven physical exercise may be state-associated features of AN, driven by the positive effect on emotional wellbeing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Di Lodovico
- Clinique des Maladies Mentales et de l'Encéphale, Hôpital Sainte-Anne, GHU Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Paris, France
| | - Hanna Hatteea
- Clinique des Maladies Mentales et de l'Encéphale, Hôpital Sainte-Anne, GHU Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Paris, France
| | - Céline Couton
- Université Paris-Saclay, Psychiatrie-Comorbidités-Addictions, Villejuif, France.,Psychiatry and Addictology Unit, APHP, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris-Sud, Villejuif, France
| | - Philibert Duriez
- Clinique des Maladies Mentales et de l'Encéphale, Hôpital Sainte-Anne, GHU Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Paris, France.,Université de Paris, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM U1266, Paris, France
| | - Janet Treasure
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Section of Eating Disorders, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Philip Gorwood
- Clinique des Maladies Mentales et de l'Encéphale, Hôpital Sainte-Anne, GHU Paris Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Paris, France.,Université de Paris, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM U1266, Paris, France
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Unexpected Association of Desacyl-Ghrelin with Physical Activity and Chronic Food Restriction: A Translational Study on Anorexia Nervosa. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9092782. [PMID: 32872151 PMCID: PMC7565884 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9092782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Anorexia nervosa (AN) is a severe metabopsychiatric disorder characterised by caloric intake restriction and often excessive physical exercise. Our aim is to assess in female AN patients and in a rodent model, the co-evolution of physical activity and potential dysregulation of acyl—(AG) and desacyl—(DAG) ghrelin plasma concentrations during denutrition and weight recovery. AN inpatients were evaluated at inclusion (T0, n = 29), half—(T1) and total (T2) weight recovery, and one month after discharge (T3, n = 13). C57/Bl6 mice with access to a running wheel, were fed ad libitum or submitted to short—(15 days) or long—(50 days) term quantitative food restriction, followed by refeeding (20 days). In AN patients, AG and DAG rapidly decreased during weight recovery (T0 to T2), AG increased significantly one-month post discharge (T3), but only DAG plasma concentrations at T3 correlated negatively with BMI and positively with physical activity. In mice, AG and DAG both increased during short- and long-term food restriction. After 20 days of ad libitum feeding, DAG was associated to persistence of exercise alteration. The positive association of DAG with physical activity during caloric restriction and after weight recovery questions its role in the adaptation mechanisms to energy deprivation that need to be considered in recovery process in AN.
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