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Huang C, Zhang Y, Liu Y, Zhang M, Li Z, Li M, Ren M, Yin J, Zhou Y, Zhou X, Zhu X, Sun Z. A Bidirectional Mendelian Randomization Study of Gut Microbiota and Cerebral Small Vessel Disease. J Nutr 2024; 154:1994-2005. [PMID: 38642744 DOI: 10.1016/j.tjnut.2024.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/22/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The causal nature of gut microbiota and cerebral small vessel disease (CSVD) is still obscure regardless of evidence supporting their observational correlations. OBJECTIVES The primary objective of this research is to investigate the potentially pathogenic or protective causal impacts of specific gut microbiota on various neuroimaging subtypes of CSVD. METHODS We obtained the latest summary-level genome-wide databases for gut microbiota and 9 CSVD traits. The univariable and multivariable Mendelian randomization (MR) studies were conducted to examine the possible causal link between exposure and outcome. Meanwhile, we conducted sensitivity analyses sequentially, containing the heterogeneity, pleiotropy, and leave-one-out analysis. Additionally, to clarify the potential bidirectional causality, the causality from CSVD traits to the identified gut microbiota was implemented through reverse MR analysis. RESULTS The univariable MR analysis identified 22 genetically predicted bacterial abundances that were correlated with CSVD traits. Although conditioning on macronutrient dietary compositions, 2 suggestive relationships were retained using the multivariable MR analysis. Specifically, the class Negativicutes and order Selenomonadales exhibited a negative causal association with strictly lobar cerebral microbleeds, one neuroimaging trait of CSVD. There is insufficient evidence indicating the presence of heterogeneity and horizontal pleiotropy. Furthermore, the identified causal relationship was not driven by any single nucleotide polymorphism. The results of the reverse MR analysis did not reveal any statistically significant causality from CSVD traits to the identified gut microbiota. CONCLUSIONS Our study indicated several suggestive causal effects from gut microbiota to different neuroimaging subtypes of CSVD. These findings provided a latent understanding of the pathogenesis of CSVD from the perspective of the gut-brain axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaojuan Huang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Yuyang Zhang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Yan Liu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China; Department of Neurology, Suzhou Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Suzhou, China
| | - Man Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Zhiwei Li
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Mingxu Li
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Mengmeng Ren
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Jiabin Yin
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Yajun Zhou
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Xia Zhou
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Xiaoqun Zhu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Zhongwu Sun
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.
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Tao K, Yuan Y, Xie Q, Dong Z. Relationship between human oral microbiome dysbiosis and neuropsychiatric diseases: An updated overview. Behav Brain Res 2024; 471:115111. [PMID: 38871130 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2024.115111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2024] [Revised: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
The role of the gut-brain axis in mental health disorders has been extensively studied. As the oral cavity is the starting point of the digestive tract, the role that the oral microbiota plays in mental health disorders has gained recent attention. Oral microbiota can enter the bloodstream and trigger inflammatory responses or translocate to the brain through the trigeminal nerve or olfactory system. Hence, the concept of the oral microbiota-brain axis has emerged. Several hypotheses have been suggested that the oral microbiota can enter the gastrointestinal tract and affect the gut-brain axis; however, literature describing oral-brain communication remains limited. This review summarizes the characteristics of oral microbiota and its mechanisms associated with mental health disorders. Through a comprehensive examination of the relationship between oral microbiota and various neuropsychiatric diseases, such as anxiety, depression, schizophrenia, autism spectrum disorder, epilepsy, Parkinson's disease, and dementia, this review seeks to identify promising avenues of future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Tao
- West China School of Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanling Yuan
- Department of Pharmacy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Qinglian Xie
- Department of Outpatient, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, People's Republic of China; Department of Outpatient, West China Xiamen Hospital, Sichuan University, Fujian 361022, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zaiquan Dong
- Mental Health Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, People's Republic of China.
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Misiak B, Pawlak E, Rembacz K, Kotas M, Żebrowska-Różańska P, Kujawa D, Łaczmański Ł, Piotrowski P, Bielawski T, Samochowiec J, Samochowiec A, Karpiński P. Associations of gut microbiota alterations with clinical, metabolic, and immune-inflammatory characteristics of chronic schizophrenia. J Psychiatr Res 2024; 171:152-160. [PMID: 38281465 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2024.01.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2023] [Revised: 12/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
The present study had the following aims: 1) to compare gut microbiota composition in patients with schizophrenia and controls and 2) to investigate the association of differentially abundant bacterial taxa with markers of inflammation, intestinal permeability, lipid metabolism, and glucose homeostasis as well as clinical manifestation. A total of 115 patients with schizophrenia during remission of positive and disorganization symptoms, and 119 controls were enrolled. Altogether, 32 peripheral blood markers were assessed. A higher abundance of Eisenbergiella, Family XIII AD3011 group, Eggerthella, Hungatella, Lactobacillus, Olsenella, Coprobacillus, Methanobrevibacter, Ligilactobacillus, Eubacterium fissicatena group, and Clostridium innocuum group in patients with schizophrenia was found. The abundance of Paraprevotella and Bacteroides was decreased in patients with schizophrenia. Differentially abundant genera were associated with altered levels of immune-inflammatory markers, zonulin, lipid profile components, and insulin resistance. Moreover, several correlations of differentially abundant genera with cognitive impairment, higher severity of negative symptoms, and worse social functioning were observed. The association of Methanobrevibacter abundance with the level of negative symptoms, cognition, and social functioning appeared to be mediated by the levels of interleukin-6 and RANTES. In turn, the association of Hungatella with the performance of attention was mediated by the levels of zonulin. The findings indicate that compositional alterations of gut microbiota observed in patients with schizophrenia correspond with clinical manifestation, intestinal permeability, subclinical inflammation, lipid profile alterations, and impaired glucose homeostasis. Subclinical inflammation and impaired gut permeability might mediate the association of gut microbiota alterations with psychopathological symptoms and cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Błażej Misiak
- Department of Psychiatry, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - Edyta Pawlak
- Laboratory of Immunopathology, Department of Experimental Therapy, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Rembacz
- Laboratory of Immunopathology, Department of Experimental Therapy, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Marek Kotas
- Laboratory of Immunopathology, Department of Experimental Therapy, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Paulina Żebrowska-Różańska
- Laboratory of Genomics & Bioinformatics, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Dorota Kujawa
- Laboratory of Genomics & Bioinformatics, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Łukasz Łaczmański
- Laboratory of Genomics & Bioinformatics, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Patryk Piotrowski
- Department of Psychiatry, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Tomasz Bielawski
- Department of Psychiatry, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Jerzy Samochowiec
- Department of Psychiatry, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Samochowiec
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Institute of Psychology, University of Szczecin, Poland
| | - Paweł Karpiński
- Laboratory of Genomics & Bioinformatics, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland; Department of Genetics, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
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Zhang L, Yuan X, Li X, Zhang X, Mao Y, Hu S, Andreassen OA, Wang Y, Song X. Gut microbial diversity moderates polygenic risk of schizophrenia. Front Psychiatry 2024; 15:1275719. [PMID: 38362027 PMCID: PMC10868137 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1275719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Schizophrenia (SCZ) is a heritable disorder with a polygenic architecture, and the gut microbiota seems to be involved in its development and outcome. In this study, we investigate the interplay between genetic risk and gut microbial markers. Methods We included 159 first-episode, drug-naïve SCZ patients and 86 healthy controls. The microbial composition of feces was characterized using the 16S rRNA sequencing platform, and five microbial α-diversity indices were estimated [Shannon, Simpson, Chao1, the Abundance-based Eoverage Estimator (ACE), and a phylogenetic diversity-based estimate (PD)]. Polygenic risk scores (PRS) for SCZ were constructed using data from large-scale genome-wide association studies. Effects of microbial α-diversity, microbial abundance, and PRS on SCZ were evaluated via generalized linear models. Results We confirmed that PRS was associated with SCZ (OR = 2.08, p = 1.22×10-5) and that scores on the Shannon (OR = 0.29, p = 1.15×10-8) and Simpson (OR = 0.29, p = 1.25×10-8) indices were inversely associated with SCZ risk. We found significant interactions (p < 0.05) between PRS and α-diversity indices (Shannon, Simpson, and PD), with the effects of PRS being larger in those exhibiting higher diversity compared to those with lower diversity. Moreover, the PRS effects were larger in individuals with a high abundance of the genera Romboutsia, Streptococcus, and Anaerostipes than in those with low abundance (p < 0.05). All three of these genera showed protective effects against SCZ. Conclusion The current findings suggest an interplay between the gut microbiota and polygenic risk of SCZ that warrants replication in independent samples. Experimental studies are needed to determine the underpinning mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyuan Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Biological Psychiatry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan Psychiatric Transformation Research Key Laboratory, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xiuxia Yuan
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Biological Psychiatry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan Psychiatric Transformation Research Key Laboratory, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xue Li
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Biological Psychiatry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan Psychiatric Transformation Research Key Laboratory, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xiaoyun Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Biological Psychiatry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan Psychiatric Transformation Research Key Laboratory, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yiqiao Mao
- School of Information Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Shaohua Hu
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ole A. Andreassen
- Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research (NORMENT), Institute of Clinical Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Yunpeng Wang
- Centre for Lifespan Changes in Brain and Cognition (LCBC), Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Xueqin Song
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Biological Psychiatry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan Psychiatric Transformation Research Key Laboratory, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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Ling Z, Cheng Y, Liu X, Yan X, Wu L, Shao L, Gao J, Lei W, Song Q, Zhao L, Jin G. Altered oral microbiota and immune dysfunction in Chinese elderly patients with schizophrenia: a cross-sectional study. Transl Psychiatry 2023; 13:383. [PMID: 38071192 PMCID: PMC10710460 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-023-02682-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia (SZ) is a complex psychiatric neurodevelopmental disorder with uncertain etiology and pathogenesis. Increasing evidence has recognized the key role of the gut microbiota in SZ. However, few studies have investigated the potential link between oral microbiota and SZ. We studied the tongue coating microbiota and inflammatory profiles of 118 elderly SZ patients and 97 age-matched healthy controls using Illumina MiSeq sequencing and multiplex immunoassays, respectively. Reduced α-diversity, along with a significant difference in β-diversity, were observed in patients with SZ. We have identified SZ-associated oral dysbiosis, characterized by increased Streptococcus and Fusobacterium, as well as decreased Prevotella and Veillonella. These differential genera could potentially serve as biomarkers for SZ, either alone or in combination. Additionally, an elevated Streptococcus/Prevotella ratio could indicate oral dysbiosis. These differential genera formed two distinct clusters: Streptococcus-dominated and Prevotella-dominated, which exhibited different correlations with the altered immunological profiles. Furthermore, we also observed disruptions in the inferred microbiota functions in SZ-associated microbiota, particularly in lipid and amino acid metabolism. Our study provides novel insights into the characteristics of tongue coating microbiota and its associations with immunological disturbances in elderly SZ patients, which offer new targets for the diagnosis and treatment of SZ in the elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zongxin Ling
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 310003, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
- Jinan Microecological Biomedicine Shandong Laboratory, 250000, Jinan, Shandong, China.
| | - Yiwen Cheng
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 310003, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Jinan Microecological Biomedicine Shandong Laboratory, 250000, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Xia Liu
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 310003, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiumei Yan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lishui Second People's Hospital, 323000, Lishui, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lingbin Wu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lishui Second People's Hospital, 323000, Lishui, Zhejiang, China
| | - Li Shao
- School of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Hepatology and Metabolic Diseases, Hangzhou Normal University, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, 310015, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jie Gao
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 310003, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wenhui Lei
- Jinan Microecological Biomedicine Shandong Laboratory, 250000, Jinan, Shandong, China
- School of Basic Medicine, Shandong First Medical University, 250000, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Qinghai Song
- Department of Psychiatry, Lishui Second People's Hospital, 323000, Lishui, Zhejiang, China
| | - Longyou Zhao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lishui Second People's Hospital, 323000, Lishui, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Guolin Jin
- Department of Psychiatry, Lishui Second People's Hospital, 323000, Lishui, Zhejiang, China.
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Goldstein Ferber S, Weller A, Hayes AM, Vannorsdall TD, Ajlouni Y, Qudah M, Zalsman G, Shoval G, Jannini TB, Fiedler R, Chen LX, Shayani DR, Kachuki Dory E, Stolowicz-Melman D, Evans C, Trow M, Di Lorenzo G, Rossi R. International study of the Complex Stress Reaction Syndrome: Implications for transdiagnostic clinical practice. World J Psychiatry 2023; 13:803-815. [PMID: 38058684 PMCID: PMC10696285 DOI: 10.5498/wjp.v13.i10.803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The debate regarding diagnostic classification systems in psychiatry (categorial vs dimensional systems) has essential implications for the diagnosis, prevention and treatment of stress reactions. We previously found a unique pattern of stress reaction in a study executed during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic using large representative samples in two countries, and termed it the Complex Stress Reaction Syndrome (CSRS). AIM To investigate CSRS, Type A (psychiatric symptoms, spanning anxiety, depression, stress symptoms, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)), with or without long-coronavirus disease (COVID) residuals (CSRS, Type B, neuropsychiatric symptoms spanning cognitive deficits and fatigue, excluding systemic symptoms). Our two-tailed hypothesis was that CSRS is a condition related to an unrecognized type of stress reaction in daily life in the general population (Type A) or that it is related to the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection and its long-COVID residuals (Type B). METHODS 977 individuals in four continents (North America, Europe, Australia and the Middle East) completed the online study questionnaire in six languages using the Qualtrics platform. The study was managed by six teams in six countries that promoted the study on social media. The questionnaire assessed anxiety, depression, stress symptoms and PTSD (CSRS, Type A), cognitive deficits and fatigue (CSRS, Type B). The data were analyzed using Proportion Analyses, Multivariate Analysis of Co-Variance (MANCOVA), linear regression analyses and validated clinical cutoff points. RESULTS The results of the Proportion Analyses showed that the prevalence of 4 symptoms spanning anxiety, depression, stress symptoms, and PTSD was significantly higher than the most prevalent combinations of fewer symptoms across 4 continents, age groups, and gender. This supports the transdiagnostic argument embedded in the CSRS (Type A). The same pattern of results was found in infected/recovered individuals. The prevalence of the 4 psychiatric symptoms combination was significantly greater than that of 5 and 6 symptoms, when adding cognitive deficits and fatigue, respectively. MANCOVA showed a significant three-way interaction (age × gender × continent). Further analyses showed that the sources of this three-way interaction were threefold relating to two sub-populations at-risk: (1) Individuals that self-identified as non-binary gender scored significantly higher on all 4 psychiatric symptoms of the CSRS, Type A at young age groups (< 50 years old) in North America compared to (self-identified) women and men located in the 4 continents studied, and to other ages across the adult life span; and (2) This pattern of results (CSRS, Type A) was found also in women at young ages (< 40 years old) in North America who scored higher compared to men and women in other continents and other ages. Linear regression analyses confirmed the MANCOVA results. CONCLUSION These results show a combined mental health risk factor related to stress reactivity, suggesting that the CSRS is sensitive to populations at risk and may be applied to future identification of other vulnerable sub-populations. It also supports the transdiagnostic approach for more accurate prevention and treatment. Time will tell if such transdiagnostic syndromes will be part of the discussions on the next revisions of the traditional classification systems or whether the crisis in psychiatry further evolves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sari Goldstein Ferber
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, United States
- Department of Psychology, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan 5290002, Israel
| | - Aron Weller
- Department of Psychology and The Gonda Brain Research Center, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan 5290002, Israel
| | - Adele M Hayes
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, United States
| | - Tracy D Vannorsdall
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Department of Neurology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, United States
| | | | - Mo'nes Qudah
- Jordan Health Aid-International, Amman 1234, Jordan
| | - Gil Zalsman
- Geha Mental Health Center, Petah Tiqva, Israel and Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv 6997801, Israel
- Division of Molecular Imaging and Neuropathology, Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, United States
| | - Gal Shoval
- Geha Mental Health Center, Petah Tiqva, Israel and Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv 6997801, Israel
- Department of Neuroscience, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, United States
| | | | - Racquel Fiedler
- Department of Psychology and The Gonda Brain Research Center, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan 5290002, Israel
| | - Lily X Chen
- UNSW School of Psychology, UNSW Sydney, Sydney 2052, Australia
| | - Danielle R Shayani
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, United States
| | - Elin Kachuki Dory
- Department of Psychology and The Gonda Brain Research Center, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan 5290002, Israel
| | - Dana Stolowicz-Melman
- Department of Psychology and The Gonda Brain Research Center, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan 5290002, Israel
| | - Connor Evans
- Department of Biology, Pacific University, Forest Grove, OR 97116, United States
| | - Megan Trow
- Oregon Chapter of Fulbright Association, Oregon, OR 97045, United States
| | - Giorgio Di Lorenzo
- Department of Systems Medicine, Tor Vergata University of Rome, Rome 00179, Italy
- IRCCS, Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome 00179, Italy
| | - Rodolfo Rossi
- Department of Systems Medicine, Tor Vergata University of Rome, Rome 00133, Italy
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