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Amado P, Zegers J, Yarur HE, Gysling K. Transcriptional Regulation, Signaling Pathways, and Subcellular Localization of Corticotropin-Releasing Factor Receptors in the Central Nervous System. Mol Pharmacol 2022; 102:280-287. [PMID: 36167424 DOI: 10.1124/molpharm.121.000476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) receptors CRF-R1 and CRF-R2 are differentially distributed in body tissues, and although they respond differentially to stimuli due to their association with different signaling pathways, both receptors have a fundamental role in the response and adaptation to stressful stimuli. Here, we summarize the reported data on different forms of CRF-R1 and CRF-R2 regulation as well as on their subcellular localization. Although the presence of R1 has been described at pre- and postsynaptic sites, R2 is mainly associated with postsynaptic densities. Different studies have provided valuable information on how these receptors regulate responses at a central level, elucidating different and sometimes synergistic roles in response to stress, but despite their high sequence identity, both receptors have been described to be differentially regulated both by their ligands and by transcriptional factors. To date, and from the point of view of their promoter sequences, it has not yet been reported how the different consensus sites identified in silico could be modulating the transcriptional regulation and expression of the receptors under different conditions, which strongly limits the full understanding of their differential functions, providing a wide field to increase and expand the study of the regulation and role of CRF receptors in the CRF system. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: A large number of physiological functions related to the organization of the stress response in different body tissues are associated with the corticotropin-releasing factor system. This system also plays a relevant role in depression and anxiety disorders, as well as being a direct connection between stress and addiction. A better understanding of how the receptors of this system are regulated would help to expand the understanding of how these receptors respond differently to both drugs and stressful stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Amado
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Juan Zegers
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Hector E Yarur
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Katia Gysling
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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2
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Chrissobolis S, Luu AN, Waldschmidt RA, Yoakum ME, D'Souza MS. Targeting the renin angiotensin system for the treatment of anxiety and depression. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2020; 199:173063. [PMID: 33115635 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2020.173063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Emotional disorders like anxiety and depression are responsible for considerable morbidity and mortality all over the world. Several antidepressant and anxiolytic medications are available for the treatment of anxiety and depression. However, a significant number of patients either do not respond to these medications or respond inadequately. Hence, there is a need to identify novel targets for the treatment of anxiety and depression. In this review we focus on the renin angiotensin system (RAS) as a potential target for the treatment of these disorders. We review work that has evaluated the effects of various compounds targeting the RAS on anxiety- and depression-like behaviors. Further, we suggest future work that must be carried out to fully exploit the RAS for the treatment of anxiety and depression. The RAS provides an attractive target for both the identification of novel anxiolytic and antidepressant medications and/or for enhancing the efficacy of currently available medications used for the treatment of anxiety and depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophocles Chrissobolis
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, The Raabe College of Pharmacy, Ohio Northern University, 525 S Main Street, Ada, OH 45810, United States of America
| | - Anh N Luu
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, The Raabe College of Pharmacy, Ohio Northern University, 525 S Main Street, Ada, OH 45810, United States of America
| | - Ryan A Waldschmidt
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, The Raabe College of Pharmacy, Ohio Northern University, 525 S Main Street, Ada, OH 45810, United States of America
| | - Madison E Yoakum
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, The Raabe College of Pharmacy, Ohio Northern University, 525 S Main Street, Ada, OH 45810, United States of America
| | - Manoranjan S D'Souza
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, The Raabe College of Pharmacy, Ohio Northern University, 525 S Main Street, Ada, OH 45810, United States of America.
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3
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He X, Jin C, Ma M, Zhou R, Wu S, Huang H, Li Y, Chen Q, Zhang M, Zhang H, Tian M. PET imaging on neurofunctional changes after optogenetic stimulation in a rat model of panic disorder. Front Med 2019; 13:602-609. [PMID: 31321611 DOI: 10.1007/s11684-019-0704-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Panic disorder (PD) is an acute paroxysmal anxiety disorder with poorly understood pathophysiology. The dorsal periaqueductal gray (dPAG) is involved in the genesis of PD. However, the downstream neurofunctional changes of the dPAG during panic attacks have yet to be evaluated in vivo. In this study, optogenetic stimulation to the dPAG was performed to induce panic-like behaviors, and in vivo positron emission tomography (PET) imaging with 18F-flurodeoxyglucose (18F-FDG) was conducted to evaluate neurofunctional changes before and after the optogenetic stimulation. Compared with the baseline, post-optogenetic stimulation PET imaging demonstrated that the glucose metabolism significantly increased (P < 0.001) in dPAG, the cuneiform nucleus, the cerebellar lobule, the cingulate cortex, the alveus of the hippocampus, the primary visual cortex, the septohypothalamic nucleus, and the retrosplenial granular cortex but significantly decreased (P < 0.001) in the basal ganglia, the frontal cortex, the forceps minor corpus callosum, the primary somatosensory cortex, the primary motor cortex, the secondary visual cortex, and the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus. Taken together, these data indicated that in vivo PET imaging can successfully detect downstream neurofunctional changes involved in the panic attacks after optogenetic stimulation to the dPAG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao He
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Medical PET Center, The Second Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310009, China.,Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Imaging of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310009, China.,Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310009, China
| | - Chentao Jin
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Medical PET Center, The Second Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310009, China.,Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Imaging of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310009, China.,Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310009, China
| | - Mindi Ma
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Medical PET Center, The Second Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310009, China.,Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Imaging of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310009, China.,Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310009, China
| | - Rui Zhou
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Medical PET Center, The Second Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310009, China.,Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Imaging of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310009, China.,Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310009, China
| | - Shuang Wu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Medical PET Center, The Second Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310009, China.,Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Imaging of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310009, China.,Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310009, China
| | - Haoying Huang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Medical PET Center, The Second Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310009, China.,Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Imaging of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310009, China.,Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310009, China
| | - Yuting Li
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Medical PET Center, The Second Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310009, China.,Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Imaging of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310009, China.,Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310009, China
| | - Qiaozhen Chen
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Imaging of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310009, China.,Department of Psychiatry, The Second Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310009, China
| | - Mingrong Zhang
- Department of Advanced Nuclear Medicine Sciences, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Anagawa 4-9-1, Inage-ku, Chiba, 263-8555, Japan.
| | - Hong Zhang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Medical PET Center, The Second Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310009, China. .,Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Imaging of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310009, China. .,Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310009, China.
| | - Mei Tian
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Medical PET Center, The Second Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310009, China. .,Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Imaging of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310009, China. .,Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310009, China.
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4
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Malikowska-Racia N, Salat K. Recent advances in the neurobiology of posttraumatic stress disorder: A review of possible mechanisms underlying an effective pharmacotherapy. Pharmacol Res 2019; 142:30-49. [PMID: 30742899 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2019.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Revised: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Recent progress in the field of neurobiology supported by clinical evidence gradually reveals the mystery of human brain functioning. So far, many psychiatric disorders have been described in great detail, although there are still plenty of cases that are misunderstood. These include posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), which is a unique disease that combines a wide range of neurobiological changes, which involve disturbances of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal gland axis, hyperactivation of the amygdala complex, and attenuation of some hippocampal and cortical functions. Such multiplicity results in differential symptomatology, including elevated anxiety, nightmares, fear retrieval episodes that may trigger delusions and hallucinations, sleep disturbances, and many others that strongly interfere with the quality of the patient's life. Because of widespread neurological changes and the disease manifestation, the pharmacotherapy of PTSD remains unclear and requires a multidimensional approach and involvement of polypharmacotherapy. Hopefully, more and more neuroscientists and clinicians will study PTSD, which will provide us with new information that would possibly accelerate establishment of well-tolerated and effective pharmacotherapy. In this review, we have focused on neurobiological changes regarding PTSD, addressing the most disturbed brain structures and neurotransmissions, as well as discussing in detail the recently taken and novel therapeutic paths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Malikowska-Racia
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Chair of Pharmacodynamics, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 9 Medyczna St., 30-688 Krakow, Poland.
| | - Kinga Salat
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Chair of Pharmacodynamics, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 9 Medyczna St., 30-688 Krakow, Poland
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5
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Park SC, Kim YK. A Novel Bio-Psychosocial-Behavioral Treatment Model of Panic Disorder. Psychiatry Investig 2019; 16:4-15. [PMID: 30301303 PMCID: PMC6354044 DOI: 10.30773/pi.2018.08.21.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
To conceptualize a novel bio-psychosocial-behavioral treatment model of panic disorder (PD), it is necessary to completely integrate behavioral, psychophysiological, neurobiological, and genetic data. Molecular genetic research on PD is specifically focused on neurotransmitters, including serotonin, neuropeptides, glucocorticoids, and neurotrophins. Although pharmacological interventions for PD are currently available, the need for more effective, faster-acting, and more tolerable pharmacological interventions is unmet. Thus, glutamatergic receptor modulators, orexin receptor antagonists, corticotrophin-releasing factor 1 receptor antagonists, and other novel mechanism-based anti-panic therapeutics have been proposed. Research on the neural correlates of PD is focused on the dysfunctional "cross-talk" between emotional drive (limbic structure) and cognitive inhibition (prefrontal cortex) and the fear circuit, which includes the amygdala-hippocampus-prefrontal axis. The neural perspective regarding PD supports the idea that cognitive-behavioral therapy normalizes alterations in top-down cognitive processing, including increased threat expectancy and attention to threat. Consistent with the concept of "personalized medicine," it is speculated that Research Domain Criteria can enlighten further treatments targeting dysfunctions underlying PD more precisely and provide us with better definitions of moderators used to identify subgroups according to different responses to treatment. Structuring of the "negative valence systems" domain, which includes fear/anxiety, is required to define PD. Therefore, targeting glutamate- and orexin-related molecular mechanisms associated with the fear circuit, which includes the amygdala-hippocampus-prefrontal cortex axis, is required to define a novel bio-psychosocial-behavioral treatment model of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seon-Cheol Park
- Department of Psychiatry, Inje University College of Medicine and Haeundae Paik Hospital, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Ku Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, Korea University, Ansan Hospital, Ansan, Republic of Korea
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6
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Yarushkina NI, Filaretova LP. Corticotropin-Releasing Factor (CRF) and Somatic Pain Sensitivity: the Contribution of CRF Receptors of Subtypes 1 and 2. NEUROCHEM J+ 2018. [DOI: 10.1134/s1819712418020137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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7
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Lalonde R, Strazielle C. Neuroanatomical pathways underlying the effects of hypothalamo-hypophysial-adrenal hormones on exploratory activity. Rev Neurosci 2018; 28:617-648. [PMID: 28609296 DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2016-0075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Accepted: 02/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
When injected via the intracerebroventricular route, corticosterone-releasing hormone (CRH) reduced exploration in the elevated plus-maze, the center region of the open-field, and the large chamber in the defensive withdrawal test. The anxiogenic action of CRH in the elevated plus-maze also occurred when infused in the basolateral amygdala, ventral hippocampus, lateral septum, bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, nucleus accumbens, periaqueductal grey, and medial frontal cortex. The anxiogenic action of CRH in the defensive withdrawal test was reproduced when injected in the locus coeruleus, while the amygdala, hippocampus, lateral septum, nucleus accumbens, and lateral globus pallidus contribute to center zone exploration in the open-field. In addition to elevated plus-maze and open-field tests, the amygdala appears as a target region for CRH-mediated anxiety in the elevated T-maze. Thus, the amygdala is the principal brain region identified with these three tests, and further research must identify the neural circuits underlying this form of anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Catherine Strazielle
- , Laboratoire 'Stress, Immunité, Pathogènes' EA 7300 and Service de Microscopie Electronique, Faculté de Médecine
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8
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de Andrade JS, Céspedes IC, Abrão RO, da Silva JM, Ceneviva R, Ribeiro DA, Bittencourt JC, Viana MB. Effects of acute restraint and unpredictable chronic mild stress on brain corticotrophin releasing factor mRNA in the elevated T-maze. Behav Brain Res 2018; 337:139-150. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2017.09.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Revised: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 09/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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9
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Kim DJ, Lee AS, Yttredahl AA, Gómez-Rodríguez R, Anderson BJ. Repeated threat (without direct harm) alters metabolic capacity in select regions that drive defensive behavior. Neuroscience 2017; 353:106-118. [PMID: 28433648 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Revised: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
To understand the behavioral consequences of intermittent anticipatory stress resulting from threats without accompanying physiological challenges, we developed a semi-naturalistic rodent housing and foraging environment that can include threats that are unpredictable in timing. Behavior is automatically recorded while rats forage for food or water. Over three weeks, the threats have been shown to elicit risk assessment behaviors, increase defensive burying and increase adrenal gland weight. To identify brain regions activated by this manipulation, we measured cytochrome c oxidase (COX), which is tightly coupled to neural activity. Adolescent male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to control (CT) or unpredictable threat/stress (ST) housing conditions consisting of two tub cages, one with food and another with water, separated by a tunnel. Over three weeks (P31-P52), the ST group received randomly timed (probability of 0.25), simultaneous presentations of ferret odor, an abrupt light, and sound at the center of the tunnel. The ST group had consistently fewer tunnel crossings than the CT group, but similar body weights. Group differences in COX activity were detected in regions implicated in the control of defensive burying. There was an increase in COX activity in the hypothalamic premammillary dorsal nucleus (PMD) and lateral septum (LS), whereas a decrease was observed in the periaqueductal gray (PAG) and CA3 region of the hippocampus. There were no significant differences in the anterior cingulate cortex, prefrontal cortex, striatum or motor cortex. The sites with changes in metabolic capacity are candidates for the sites of plasticity that may underlie the behavioral adaptations to intermittent threats.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Kim
- Department of Psychology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-5230, United States; Graduate Program in Integrative Neuroscience, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-5230, United States
| | - A S Lee
- Department of Psychology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-5230, United States
| | - A A Yttredahl
- Department of Psychology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-5230, United States; Graduate Program in Integrative Neuroscience, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-5230, United States
| | - R Gómez-Rodríguez
- Department of Psychology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-5230, United States
| | - B J Anderson
- Department of Psychology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-5230, United States; Graduate Program in Integrative Neuroscience, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-5230, United States.
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10
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Corticotropin-releasing factor in the locus coeruleus as a modulator of ventilation in rats. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2016; 233:73-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2016.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Revised: 08/07/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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11
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Henckens MJAG, Deussing JM, Chen A. Region-specific roles of the corticotropin-releasing factor-urocortin system in stress. Nat Rev Neurosci 2016; 17:636-51. [PMID: 27586075 DOI: 10.1038/nrn.2016.94] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Dysregulation of the corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF)-urocortin (UCN) system has been implicated in stress-related psychopathologies such as depression and anxiety. It has been proposed that CRF-CRF receptor type 1 (CRFR1) signalling promotes the stress response and anxiety-like behaviour, whereas UCNs and CRFR2 activation mediate stress recovery and the restoration of homeostasis. Recent findings, however, provide clear evidence that this view is overly simplistic. Instead, a more complex picture has emerged that suggests that there are brain region- and cell type-specific effects of CRFR signalling that are influenced by the individual's prior experience and that shape molecular, cellular and ultimately behavioural responses to stressful challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marloes J A G Henckens
- Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel.,Department of Stress Neurobiology and Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, 80804 Munich, Germany.,Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jan M Deussing
- Department of Stress Neurobiology and Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, 80804 Munich, Germany
| | - Alon Chen
- Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel.,Department of Stress Neurobiology and Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, 80804 Munich, Germany
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12
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Alves SW, Portela NC, Silva MS, Céspedes IC, Bittencourt JC, Viana MB. The activation and blockage of CRF type 2 receptors of the medial amygdala alter elevated T-maze inhibitory avoidance, an anxiety-related response. Behav Brain Res 2016; 305:191-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2016.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Revised: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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13
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Perna G, Schruers K, Alciati A, Caldirola D. Novel investigational therapeutics for panic disorder. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2014; 24:491-505. [DOI: 10.1517/13543784.2014.996286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Giampaolo Perna
- 1Hermanas Hospitalarias - Villa San Benedetto Menni Hospital, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, FoRiPsi, via Roma 16, 22032, Albese con Cassano, Como, Italy ;
- 2University of Maastricht, Medicine and Life Sciences, Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Faculty of Health, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- 3University of Miami, Leonard Miller School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Koen Schruers
- 2University of Maastricht, Medicine and Life Sciences, Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Faculty of Health, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- 4Faculty of Psychology, University of Leuven, Center for Learning and Experimental Psychology, Loeven, Belgium
| | - Alessandra Alciati
- 1Hermanas Hospitalarias - Villa San Benedetto Menni Hospital, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, FoRiPsi, via Roma 16, 22032, Albese con Cassano, Como, Italy ;
| | - Daniela Caldirola
- 1Hermanas Hospitalarias - Villa San Benedetto Menni Hospital, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, FoRiPsi, via Roma 16, 22032, Albese con Cassano, Como, Italy ;
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