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In-depth comparative analysis of Tritrichomonas foetus transcriptomics reveals novel genes linked with adaptation to feline host. Sci Rep 2022; 12:10057. [PMID: 35710931 PMCID: PMC9203502 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-14310-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Tritrichomonas foetus is a flagellated parasite able to infect cattle, cats, and pigs. Despite its prevalence, feline tritrichomonosis has received markedly less attention than venereal infection, and little information about the molecular mechanisms that participate in feline host infection is available. Through a bioinformatics approach, we integrated public transcriptomic data for three T. foetus isolates and explored the differences at transcript level with a focus on pathogenesis and adaptation processes, particularly for the feline isolate. Our analysis revealed higher abundance levels of predicted virulence factors, such as proteases and surface antigens. Additionally, by a comparative and expression analysis of T. foetus genes, we proposed putative virulence factors that could be involved in feline infection. Finally, we identified a great proportion of predicted transcription factors of the MYB protein family and, by a promoter analysis, we revealed that MYB-related proteins could participate in the regulation of gene transcription in T. foetus. In conclusion, this integrated approach is a valuable resource for future studies of host–pathogen interactions and identifying new gene targets for improved feline tritrichomonosis diagnosis and treatment.
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2
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Jin Y, Du A, Yao C. Clinical isolates of Tritrichomonas foetus in bulls in Wyoming, South Dakota and Montana, USA. BMC Vet Res 2020; 16:12. [PMID: 31924216 PMCID: PMC6954593 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-020-2229-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several Tritrichomonas species have been found in mammalian hosts. Among these trichomonads T. foetus is often found in the urogenital tract of cattle and the gastrointestinal tract of the domestic cat, resulting in sexually transmitted bovine trichomonosis and fecal-orally transmitted feline trichomonosis, respectively. The aims of the current study were to molecularly characterize clinical isolates of T. foetus in cattle populations in Wyoming, South Dakota, and Montana of the United States of America and to phylogenetically analyze Tritrichomonas species of mammalian hosts. RESULTS DNA sequencing of rRNA genes showed over 99% identity of the newly described isolates to other bovine isolates. Further, T. foetus isolates of various mammalian hosts originated in different geographic regions worldwide were clustered into two well-defined clades by phylogenetic analysis of rRNA and cysteine protease 2 genes. Clade I consisted of isolates originated from cattle, pig, and human whereas clade II contained isolates of cat and dog. CONCLUSION It is concluded that all mammalian Tritrichomonas spp. apparently belong to T. foetus. Analysis of more sequences is warranted to support this conclusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinzhu Jin
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, 82070, USA
- Present Address: Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Pharmacoeconomics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Aifang Du
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Chaoqun Yao
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, 82070, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and One Health Center for Zoonoses and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, P.O. Box 334, Basseterre, St. Kitts and Nevis.
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Pedraza-Díaz S, Arranz-Solís D, Gómez-Couso H, Fuschs L, Fort M, Rengifo-Herrera C, Navarro-Lozano V, Ortega-Mora LM, Collantes-Fernández E. Multilocus analysis reveals further genetic differences between Tritrichomonas foetus from cats and cattle. Vet Parasitol 2019; 276:108965. [PMID: 31726324 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2019.108965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Revised: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Tritrichomonas foetus isolates from feline and bovine origin has been previously shown to carry a certain degree of genetic heterogeneity. Here, novel candidate molecular markers were developed by means of multilocus sequence typing of the gap2 gene (encoding for T. foetus glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase), ITS region, the TR7/TR8 variable-length repeat and microsatellite genotyping. These markers were used to characterize T. foetus field isolates from bulls and domestic cats and to compare phylogenetically with the following ATCC isolates: T. foetus isolated from cattle and pig (syn. Tritrichomonas suis), Tritrichomonas mobilensis, Tetratrichomonas gallinarum and Pentatrichomonas hominis. Among them, TFMS10 and TFMS7 were found to be the most polymorphic markers. Moreover, an 809 bp fragment of the gap2 gene was successfully amplified from all the trichomonads included in this study and the sequence analysis revealed differences between T. foetus porcine and feline genotypes and T. mobilensis in comparison to the bovine T. foetus ATCC isolate. The TR7/TR8 repeat pattern was not reproducible, being only consistent the fragments of approximately 110 and 217 bp. Sequence analysis of the latter revealed the existence of 3 SNPs resulting in 98.6 % homology between bovine and feline isolates. A search for similar sequences was carried out to develop a Restriction Length Fragment Polymorphism analysis. A 503 bp region, named TF1, revealed the existence of two BbvI restriction enzyme sites that were able to generate different length fragments for T. foetus feline and bovine isolates. Finally, the neighbour-joining analyses showed that T. foetus porcine genotype clusters together with bovine genotype, whereas T. mobilensis and the feline genotype form a separate cluster.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana Pedraza-Díaz
- SALUVET, Animal Health Department, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - David Arranz-Solís
- SALUVET, Animal Health Department, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Hipólito Gómez-Couso
- SALUVET, Animal Health Department, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Lumila Fuschs
- Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Anguil, La Pampa, Argentina
| | - Marcelo Fort
- Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Anguil, La Pampa, Argentina
| | - Claudia Rengifo-Herrera
- SALUVET, Animal Health Department, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Vanesa Navarro-Lozano
- SALUVET, Animal Health Department, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis M Ortega-Mora
- SALUVET, Animal Health Department, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Esther Collantes-Fernández
- SALUVET, Animal Health Department, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
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Bastos BF, Almeida FMD, Brener B. What is known about Tritrichomonas foetus infection in cats? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 28:1-11. [PMID: 30892464 DOI: 10.1590/s1984-29612019005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Tritrichomonas foetus is a parasite that has been definitively identified as an agent of trichomonosis, a disease characterized by chronic diarrhea. T. foetus colonizes portions of the feline large intestine, and manifests as chronic and recurrent diarrhea with mucus and fresh blood, which is often unresponsive to common drugs. Diagnosis of a trichomonad infection is made by either the demonstration of the trophozoite on a direct fecal smear, fecal culture and subsequent microscopic examination of the parasite, or extraction of DNA in feces and amplification by the use of molecular tools. T. foetus is commonly misidentified as other flagellate protozoa such as Giardia duodenalis and Pentatrichomonas hominis. Without proper treatment, the diarrhea may resolve spontaneously in months to years, but cats can remain carriers of the parasite. This paper intends to serve as a source of information for investigators and veterinarians, reviewing the most important aspects of feline trichomonosis, such as trichomonad history, biology, clinical manifestations, pathogenesis, world distribution, risk factors, diagnosis, and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bethânia Ferreira Bastos
- Departamento de Clínica e Patologia Veterinária, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal Fluminense - UFF, Niterói, RJ, Brasil
| | - Flavya Mendes de Almeida
- Departamento de Clínica e Patologia Veterinária, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal Fluminense - UFF, Niterói, RJ, Brasil
| | - Beatriz Brener
- Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense - UFF, Niterói, RJ, Brasil
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Collántes-Fernández E, Fort MC, Ortega-Mora LM, Schares G. Trichomonas. PARASITIC PROTOZOA OF FARM ANIMALS AND PETS 2018. [PMCID: PMC7122547 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-70132-5_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
The most widely known trichomonad in veterinary medicine is Tritrichomonas foetus. It is the etiologic agent of bovine tritrichomonosis, a sexually transmitted disease in extensively managed herds throughout many geographic regions worldwide. The same trichomonad species is also regarded as the causative agent of chronic diarrhea in the domestic cat, although more recent studies observed molecular differences between bovine- and feline-derived T. foetus. Trichomonosis in cats has a worldwide distribution and is mainly present among cats from high-density housing environments. Other trichomonads are found as inhabitants of the gastrointestinal tract in birds, such as Trichomonas gallinae. Particularly, Columbiformes, Falconiformes, Strigiformes, and wild Passeriformes can be severely affected by avian trichomonads. Diagnosis of trichomonosis is often complicated by the fragility of the parasite. To ensure valid test results, it is essential to collect and handle specimens in the right way prior to analysis. Cultivation tests, the specific amplification of parasites, or a combination of both test methods is the most efficient and most commonly used way to diagnose trichomonosis in animals. Bovine tritrichomonosis is mainly controlled by the identification and withdrawal of infected animals from bovine herds. The control of feline and avian trichomonosis relies mainly on preventive measures.
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Shi Y, Jiang W, Ma Z, Qiu Y. A case report of pulmonary tritrichomonosis in a pig. BMC Vet Res 2017; 13:348. [PMID: 29169366 PMCID: PMC5701426 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-017-1242-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Tritrichomonads like porcine Tritrichomonas foetus (previously named Tritrichomonas suis), can commensally live in nasal cavity of pigs, but it is rare to cause pulmonary tritrichomonosis. Case presentation A 40-day-old piglet was presented for persistent labor breathing and diagnosed with parasite infections in the lung by analysis of bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) under microscope. By taking advantage of next-generation sequencing approach, we found 9611 homologous tags belonging to 50 annotated genes of tritrichomonads by analysis of mRNA of the bronchoalveolar lavage with the parasite infection. Furthermore, RT-PCR and DNA sequencing analysis confirmed the presence of the tritrichomonad. Findings Here, we report a case of pulmonary tritrichomonosis in a pig. By taking advantage of next-generation sequencing approach, we found 9611 homologous tags belonging to 50 annotated genes of tritrichomonads by analysis of mRNA of the bronchoalveolar lavage with the parasite infections. Furthermore, RT-PCR and DNA sequencing analysis confirmed the presence of the tritrichomonad. Conclusion Our results demonstrate that tritrichomonads like porcine Tritrichomonas foetus can cause lung infections of pigs and reveal that next-generation sequencing is potential to identify rare diseases like pulmonary tritrichomonosis in clinical. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi: 10.1186/s12917-017-1242-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Shi
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 518 Ziyue Road, Shanghai, 200241, China.
| | - Wei Jiang
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 518 Ziyue Road, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Zhiyong Ma
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 518 Ziyue Road, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Yafeng Qiu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 518 Ziyue Road, Shanghai, 200241, China.
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More S, Bøtner A, Butterworth A, Calistri P, Depner K, Edwards S, Garin-Bastuji B, Good M, Gortázar Schmidt C, Michel V, Miranda MA, Nielsen SS, Raj M, Sihvonen L, Spoolder H, Stegeman JA, Thulke HH, Velarde A, Willeberg P, Winckler C, Baldinelli F, Broglia A, Candiani D, Beltrán-Beck B, Kohnle L, Bicout D. Assessment of listing and categorisation of animal diseases within the framework of the Animal Health Law (Regulation (EU) No 2016/429): Trichomonosis. EFSA J 2017; 15:e04992. [PMID: 32625289 PMCID: PMC7009924 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2017.4992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Trichomonosis has been assessed according to the criteria of the Animal Health Law (AHL), in particular criteria of Article 7 on disease profile and impacts, Article 5 on the eligibility of trichomonosis to be listed, Article 9 for the categorisation of trichomonosis according to disease prevention and control rules as in Annex IV and Article 8 on the list of animal species related to trichomonosis. The assessment has been performed following a methodology composed of information collection and compilation, expert judgement on each criterion at individual and, if no consensus was reached before, also at collective level. The output is composed of the categorical answer, and for the questions where no consensus was reached, the different supporting views are reported. Details on the methodology used for this assessment are explained in a separate opinion. According to the assessment performed, trichomonosis can be considered eligible to be listed for Union intervention as laid down in Article 5(3) of the AHL. The disease would comply with the criteria as in sections 3, 4 and 5 of Annex IV of the AHL, for the application of the disease prevention and control rules referred to in points (c), (d) and (e) of Article 9(1). The animal species to be listed for trichomonosis according to Article 8(3) criteria is cattle as susceptible and reservoir.
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8
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Abstract
Practical relevance: Trichomonosis of the large intestine of the cat was described as a cause of chronic diarrhea over 20 years ago. The trichomonad was identified as Tritrichomonas foetus, with a genotype that is distinct from venereal T foetus of cattle. Clinical challenges: Despite multiple means for diagnosis of the infection, including light microscopy, protozoal culture and PCR amplification using species-specific primers, tests with even greater sensitivity are needed. Feline trichomonosis is resistant to all commonly used antiprotozoal drugs. Ronidazole is currently the only drug demonstrated to be effective in eliminating the infection from cats; however, this drug has a narrow safety margin and clinical resistance is increasingly recognized. The more we learn about trichomonosis in cats, the more complicated and controversial the infection has become, ranging from what we should call the organism to whether we should even bother trying to treat it. Global importance: Feline trichomonosis is recognized to occur worldwide and is regarded as one of the most common infectious causes of colitis in the domestic cat. The infection is widespread in catteries and shelters; and, while remission of diarrhea may occur over time, persistence of the infection is common. Evidence base: This review provides a comprehensive examination of what is currently known about feline trichomonosis and pinpoints areas, based on the authors' opinion, where further research is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jody L Gookin
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh NC, USA
| | - Katherine Hanrahan
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh NC, USA
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9
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Li WC, Wang K, Zhang W, Wu J, Gu YF, Zhang XC. Prevalence and Molecular Characterization of Intestinal Trichomonads in Pet Dogs in East China. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 2016; 54:703-710. [PMID: 28095654 PMCID: PMC5266359 DOI: 10.3347/kjp.2016.54.6.703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Revised: 08/28/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The trichomonad species Tritrichomonas foetus and Pentatrichomonas hominis were recently detected in the feces of dogs with diarrhea. However, little information is available on the prevalence and pathogenicity of these parasites in the canine population. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and molecular characterization of trichomonads infecting pet dogs in Anhui and Zhejiang provinces, east China. In total, 315 pet dogs, with or without diarrhea, from 7 pet hospitals were included in this epidemiological survey. Microscopy and PCR detected P. hominis in 19.7% (62/315) and 31.4% (99/315) of fecal samples, respectively. T. foetus infection was detected in 0% (0/315) of samples with microscopy and in 0.6% (2/315) with PCR. The prevalence of P. hominis was significantly higher in young dogs (≤12 months) than in adult dogs (>12 months), and was significantly higher in diarrheic dogs (50.6%) than in non-diarrheic dogs (24.3%; P<0.05). Infection with T. foetus did not correlate with any risk factors evaluated in this study. A sequence analysis of the P. hominis PCR products showed minor allelic variations between our sequences and those of P. hominis strains from other hosts in different parts of the world. Type CC1 was the most common strain in dogs in east China. The internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS1)-5.8S rRNA gene sequences from the 2 T. foetus isolates detected in this study displayed 100% identity and were homologous to the sequences of other strains isolated from domestic cats in other countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Chao Li
- College of Animal Science, Anhui Science and Technology University, Fengyang, 233100, P. R. China
| | - Kai Wang
- College of Animal Science, Anhui Science and Technology University, Fengyang, 233100, P. R. China
| | - Wei Zhang
- College of Animal Science, Anhui Science and Technology University, Fengyang, 233100, P. R. China
| | - Jingjing Wu
- College of Animal Science, Anhui Science and Technology University, Fengyang, 233100, P. R. China
| | - You-Fang Gu
- College of Animal Science, Anhui Science and Technology University, Fengyang, 233100, P. R. China
| | - Xi-Chen Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, P. R. China
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Yao C, Köster LS. Tritrichomonas foetus infection, a cause of chronic diarrhea in the domestic cat. Vet Res 2015; 46:35. [PMID: 25880025 PMCID: PMC4364588 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-015-0169-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2015] [Accepted: 03/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Tritrichomonas foetus is a very intriguing trichomonad protozoan with respect to its varied choice of residence in the different host species. It is an obligate parasite of the reproductive and the gastrointestinal tract of bovine and feline host respectively, leading to trichomonosis. Bovine trichomonosis is a sexually transmitted disease whereas feline trichomonosis is a disease with a purported fecal-oral route of spread. Further, the trichomonad is a commensal in the nasal passages, stomach, cecum and colon of swine host. Advances have been exponential in understanding the trichomonad biology and specifically feline trichomonosis since late 1990s and early 2000s when T. foetus was soundly determined to be a causative agent of chronic diarrhea in the domestic cat. It is a challenging task, even for a skilled investigator not to mention the busy clinical veterinarian, to keep up with the vast volume of information. Here we comprehensively reviewed the trichomonad biology, clinical manifestations, pathogenesis, host immunity, world map of distribution, risk factors, diagnosis and treatment. Risk factors associated with T. foetus-positive status in the domestic cat include young age, purebred, history of diarrhea, co-infections with other enteral pathogens. In addition, molecular similarity of bovine and feline isolates of T. foetus in DNA sequence was concisely discussed. The data presented serve as an information source for veterinarians, and investigators who are interested in biology of T. foetus and feline trichomonosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaoqun Yao
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, P.O. Box 334, Basseterre, St. Kitts, West Indies. .,One Health Center for Zoonoses and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, P.O. Box 334, Basseterre, St. Kitts, West Indies.
| | - Liza S Köster
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, P.O. Box 334, Basseterre, St. Kitts, West Indies. .,One Health Center for Zoonoses and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, P.O. Box 334, Basseterre, St. Kitts, West Indies.
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11
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Policy, phylogeny, and the parasite. Trends Parasitol 2014; 30:274-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2014.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2014] [Revised: 03/31/2014] [Accepted: 04/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Li W, Li W, Gong P, Meng Y, Li W, Zhang C, Li S, Yang J, Li H, Zhang X, Li J. Molecular and morphologic identification of Pentatrichomonas hominis in swine. Vet Parasitol 2014; 202:241-7. [PMID: 24636786 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2014.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2013] [Revised: 01/21/2014] [Accepted: 01/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A marasmic pig with watery diarrhea was identified to harbor the human-pathogenic protist Pentatrichomonas hominis by PCR and sequence analysis of three genetic loci (ITS1-5.8S rRNA-ITS2, 18S rRNA, and EF-1α), electron microscopy, and infection experiments. DNA sequencing and phylogenetic analysis indicated the organism isolated in this study was most closely related to P. hominis. SEM and TEM observation of the ultrastructure demonstrated that it had a morphology identical to P. hominis. The result of experimental infections with P. hominis exhibited that the cells had the ability to propagate in the cecum of piglets and fecal-oral route might be the major way in which pigs became infected. The present study confirmed that swine could be a host for P. hominis and might serve as a reservoir for human trichomoniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weizhi Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Wei Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun 130062, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, 59 Mucai Street, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Pengtao Gong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Ying Meng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Wenchao Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Chengcai Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Shijie Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun 130062, China; College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, 59 Mucai Street, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Ju Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun 130062, China
| | - He Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Xichen Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun 130062, China.
| | - Jianhua Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun 130062, China.
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Yao C. Diagnosis of Tritrichomonas foetus-infected bulls, an ultimate approach to eradicate bovine trichomoniasis in US cattle? J Med Microbiol 2013; 62:1-9. [DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.047365-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Chaoqun Yao
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Wyoming State Veterinary Laboratory, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82070, USA
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14
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Huang KY, Shin JW, Huang PJ, Ku FM, Lin WC, Lin R, Hsu WM, Tang P. Functional profiling of the Tritrichomonas foetus transcriptome and proteome. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2013; 187:60-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2012.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2012] [Revised: 11/30/2012] [Accepted: 12/02/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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15
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Doi J, Abe N, Oku Y. Molecular survey of Tritrichomonas suis (=T. foetus) 'cat' and 'cattle' genotypes in pigs in Japan. J Vet Med Sci 2012. [PMID: 23196826 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.12-0377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Tritrichomonas suis (=T. foetus) is a protozoan parasite of pigs, cattle and cats. Based on host range and genetic differences, T. suis has been divided into a 'cat genotype' and a 'cattle genotype', with the latter genotype capable of infecting both cattle and pigs. Since no information is currently available on the genetic characteristics of T. suis from pigs in Japan, we conducted a molecular survey of T. suis using fecal DNA from pigs in Japan. Of the 64 pigs examined, nested PCR revealed that 36 (56.3%) were positive for T. suis. Sequence analysis of 8 positive samples showed that 7 of the pig isolates belonged to the 'cattle genotype' and the remaining isolate belonged to the 'cat genotype'. The findings revealed that T. suis infection is common in pigs in Japan and that pigs can be infected by both genotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junko Doi
- Department of Pathological and Preventive Veterinary Science, The United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Yamaguchi University, Yoshida, Yamaguchi, Japan
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Slapeta J, Müller N, Stack CM, Walker G, Lew-Tabor A, Tachezy J, Frey CF. Comparative analysis of Tritrichomonas foetus (Riedmüller, 1928) cat genotype, T. foetus (Riedmüller, 1928) cattle genotype and Tritrichomonas suis (Davaine, 1875) at 10 DNA loci. Int J Parasitol 2012; 42:1143-9. [PMID: 23123273 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2012.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2012] [Revised: 10/02/2012] [Accepted: 10/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The parasitic protists in the genus Tritrichomonas cause significant disease in domestic cattle and cats. To assess the genetic diversity of feline and bovine isolates of Tritrichomonas foetus (Riedmüller, 1928) Wenrich and Emmerson, 1933, we used 10 different genetic regions, namely the protein coding genes of cysteine proteases 1, 2 and 4-9 (CP1, 2, 4-9) involved in the pathogenesis of the disease caused by the parasite. The cytosolic malate dehydrogenase 1 (MDH1) and internal transcribed spacer region 2 of the rDNA unit (ITS2) were included as additional markers. The gene sequences were compared with those of Tritrichomonas suis (Davaine, 1875) Morgan and Hawkins, 1948 and Tritrichomonas mobilensisCulberson et al., 1986. The study revealed 100% identity for all 10 genes among all feline isolates (=T. foetus cat genotype), 100% identity among all bovine isolates (=T. foetus cattle genotype) and a genetic distinctness of 1% between the cat and cattle genotypes of T. foetus. The cattle genotype of T. foetus was 100% identical to T. suis at nine loci (CP1, 2, 4-8, ITS2, MDH1). At CP9, three out of four T. suis isolates were identical to the T. foetus cattle genotype, while the T. suis isolate SUI-H3B sequence contained a single unique nucleotide substitution. Tritrichomonas mobilensis was 0.4% and 0.7% distinct from the cat and cattle genotypes of T. foetus, respectively. The genetic differences resulted in amino acid changes in the CP genes, most pronouncedly in CP2, potentially providing a platform for elucidation of genotype-specific host-pathogen interactions of T. foetus. On the basis of this data we judge T. suis and T. foetus to be subjective synonyms. For the first time, on objective nomenclatural grounds, the authority of T. suis is given to Davaine, 1875, rather than the commonly cited Gruby and Delafond, 1843. To maintain prevailing usage of T. foetus, we are suppressing the senior synomym T. suisDavaine, 1875 according to Article 23.9, because it has never been used as a valid name after 1899 and T. foetus is widely discussed as the cause of bovine trichomonosis. Thus bovine, feline and porcine isolates should all be given the name T. foetus. This promotes the stability of T. foetus for the veterinary and economically significant venereal parasite causing bovine trichomonosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Slapeta
- University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
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Ortíz-Estrada G, Luna-Castro S, Piña-Vázquez C, Samaniego-Barrón L, León-Sicairos N, Serrano-Luna J, de la Garza M. Iron-saturated lactoferrin and pathogenic protozoa: could this protein be an iron source for their parasitic style of life? Future Microbiol 2012; 7:149-64. [PMID: 22191452 DOI: 10.2217/fmb.11.140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Iron is an essential nutrient for the survival of pathogens inside a host. As a general strategy against microbes, mammals have evolved complex iron-withholding systems for efficiently decreasing the iron accessible to invaders. Pathogens that inhabit the respiratory, intestinal and genitourinary tracts encounter an iron-deficient environment on the mucosal surface, where ferric iron is chelated by lactoferrin, an extracellular glycoprotein of the innate immune system. However, parasitic protozoa have developed several mechanisms to obtain iron from host holo-lactoferrin. Tritrichomonas fetus, Trichomonas vaginalis, Toxoplasma gondii and Entamoeba histolytica express lactoferrin-binding proteins and use holo-lactoferrin as an iron source for growth in vitro; in some species, these binding proteins are immunogenic and, therefore, may serve as potential vaccine targets. Another mechanism to acquire lactoferrin iron has been reported in Leishmania spp. promastigotes, which use a surface reductase to recognize and reduce ferric iron to the accessible ferrous form. Cysteine proteases that cleave lactoferrin have been reported in E. histolytica. This review summarizes the available information on how parasites uptake and use the iron from lactoferrin to survive in hostile host environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo Ortíz-Estrada
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Apdo. 14-740, México DF 07000, México
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Doi J, Hirota J, Morita A, Fukushima K, Kamijyo H, Ohta H, Yamasaki M, Takahashi T, Katakura K, Oku Y. Intestinal Tritrichomonas suis (=T. foetus) infection in Japanese cats. J Vet Med Sci 2011; 74:413-7. [PMID: 22104396 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.11-0171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Tritrichomonas suis (=T. foetus) has recently been reported to be a causative agent of chronic large-bowel diarrhea in cats. While the disease was previously attributed to Pentatrichomonas hominis, the etiologic agent for feline trichomonal diarrhea was identified as T. suis. Although feline trichomonosis due to T. suis has been reported at prevalences ranging from 14 to 31% in Europe and the U.S., no reports of the pathogen have been published to date in Japan. In 2008, however, we encountered a case of feline trichomonosis at the Veterinary Teaching Hospital of Hokkaido University. The parasite was identified as T. suis by nested PCR amplification of partial internal transcribed spacer region 1 and 5.8S ribosomal RNA gene sequences with T. suis-specific primers and DNA sequencing of the amplified products. We then conducted surveys for feline trichomonosis in three different animal hospitals using either cultivation and/or PCR-based assays. The results revealed that 13 of 147 samples (8.8%) were positive for T. suis, and that 5 of the 13 infected cats, which ranged between 1 month and 7.5 years-old, showed chronic diarrhea. Seven of the infected cats were purebred and 6 were mixed breed. These findings suggested that feline trichomonosis is prevalent in Japan, and that T. suis may play a role as a causative agent of feline chronic diarrhea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junko Doi
- United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi 753-8515, Japan
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Mostegl MM, Richter B, Nedorost N, Lang C, Maderner A, Dinhopl N, Weissenböck H. First evidence of previously undescribed trichomonad species in the intestine of pigs? Vet Parasitol 2011; 185:86-90. [PMID: 22093906 PMCID: PMC3315676 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2011.10.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2011] [Revised: 10/07/2011] [Accepted: 10/20/2011] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Three different parasites of the phylum Parabasala (Tritrichomonas foetus, Trichomitus rotunda and Tetratrichomonas buttreyi) have been described in pigs. In a previous study (Mostegl et al., 2011) approximately 47% of 91 paraffin wax-embedded intestinal samples of pigs which were Trichomonas-positive by in situ hybridization using a probe with a broad reactivity spectrum contained other species than T. foetus. Out of these, intestinal trichomonads from three pigs (pigs 1–3) were further analyzed by gene sequencing of a part of the 18S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene using primer walking. Subsequently, the partial sequences achieved by the different primer pairs were combined to a sequence of about 1000 bp for each trichomonad. In all three pigs unique sequences were acquired which showed only moderate similarities to sequences available in the GenBank. Alignments and the BLAST analysis showed a high degree of homology between sequences of trichomonads from pig 1 and pig 3 with only 1% difference. These sequences were found to be 92% similar to Hypotrichomonas acosta, a trichomonad isolated from squamate reptiles. The trichomonad sequence detected in the intestine of pig 2 showed about 10% nucleotide differences compared to pigs 1 and 3. This sequence was 97% similar to two Trichomitus batrachorum (a frog symbiont) sequences. A phylogenetic analysis using the neighbor-joining and maximum likelihood methods supported the data of the BLAST analysis. These results suggest the presence of at least two as yet undescribed trichomonad species in the intestinal contents of pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meike M Mostegl
- Institute of Pathology and Forensic Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinärplatz 1, A-1210 Vienna, Austria
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Detection of Tritrichomonas foetus and Pentatrichomonas hominis in intestinal tissue specimens of cats by chromogenic in situ hybridization. Vet Parasitol 2011; 183:209-14. [PMID: 21856079 PMCID: PMC3242073 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2011.07.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2011] [Revised: 07/15/2011] [Accepted: 07/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In this retrospective study 102 cats were analyzed for the presence of trichomonads in intestinal tissue sections using chromogenic in situ hybridization (CISH). Two intestinal trichomonad species are described in cats: Pentatrichomonas hominis and Tritrichomonas foetus. While P. hominis is considered a mere commensal, T. foetus has been found to be the causative agent of feline large-bowel diarrhea. For the detection of both agents within intestinal tissue CISH assays using three different probes were performed. In the first CISH run a probe specific for all relevant members of the order Trichomonadida (OT probe) was used. In a second CISH run all positive samples were further examined on three consecutive tissue sections using the OT probe, a probe specific for the family of Tritrichomonadidae (Tritri probe) and a newly designed probe specifically detecting P. hominis (Penta hom probe). In total, four of the 102 cats were found to be positive with the OT probe. Thereof, one cat gave a positive reaction with the P. hominis probe and three cats were positive with the T. foetus probe. All Trichomonas-positive cats were pure-bred and between 8 and 32 weeks of age. In one cat positive for T. foetus large amounts of parasites were found in the gut lumen and invading the intestinal mucosa. The species of the detected trichomonads were confirmed by polymerase chain reaction and nucleotide sequencing of a part of the 18S ribosomal RNA gene. In this study, the usefulness of CISH to detect intestinal trichomonads within feline tissue samples was shown. Additionally, the specific detection of P. hominis using CISH was established. Generally, it was shown that CISH is well suited for detection and differentiation of trichomonosis in retrospective studies using tissue samples.
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Ultrastructural features of Tritrichomonas mobilensis and comparison with Tritrichomonas foetus. Vet Parasitol 2011; 182:171-80. [PMID: 21664052 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2011.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2010] [Revised: 05/09/2011] [Accepted: 05/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Tritrichomonas mobilensis is an intestinal parasite of squirrel monkeys. There are few reports concerning the morphological aspects of this parasite. In addition, the taxonomic relationship between T. mobilensis and Tritrichomonas foetus, a serious pathogen that causes bovine and feline trichomonosis, has been questioned. For this reason, in the present study, we examined and compared both tritrichomonads with regard to their morphology, ultrastructure, endocytic activity and cytotoxicity when in the presence of host cells. Electron microscopy demonstrated consistent morphological differences between the hydrogenosomes of both parasites. Moreover, T. mobilensis and T. foetus had striking differences in their endocytic behavior. Thus, this work provides additional data that support the hypothesis that T. mobilensis is a distinct species from T. foetus.
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The ambiguous life of Dientamoeba fragilis: the need to investigate current hypotheses on transmission. Parasitology 2011; 138:557-72. [PMID: 21349214 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182010001733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Dientamoeba fragilis is an inhabitant of the human bowel and is associated with gastrointestinal illness. Despite its discovery over a century ago, the details of Dientamoeba's life cycle are unclear and its mode of transmission is unknown. Several theories exist which attempt to explain how Dientamoeba may be transmitted. One theory suggests that animals are responsible for the transmission of Dientamoeba. However, reports of Dientamoeba in animals are sporadic and most are not supported by molecular evidence. Another theory suggests that Dientamoeba may be transmitted via the ova of a helminth. Given that the closest relative of Dientamoeba is transmitted via the ova of a helminth, this theory seems plausible. It has also been suggested that Dientamoeba could be transmitted directly between humans. This theory also seems plausible given that other relatives of Dientamoeba are transmitted in this way. Despite numerous investigations, Dientamoeba's mode of transmission remains unknown. This review discusses the strengths and weaknesses of theories relating to Dientamoeba's mode of transmission and, by doing so, indicates where gaps in current knowledge exist. Where information is lacking, suggestions are made as to how future research could improve our knowledge on the life cycle of Dientamoeba.
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Mostegl MM, Richter B, Nedorost N, Maderner A, Dinhopl N, Weissenböck H. Investigations on the prevalence and potential pathogenicity of intestinal trichomonads in pigs using in situ hybridization. Vet Parasitol 2010; 178:58-63. [PMID: 21236578 PMCID: PMC3101261 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2010.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2010] [Revised: 12/14/2010] [Accepted: 12/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In pigs, three different trichomonad species (Tritrichomonas foetus, Tetratrichomonas buttreyi and Tritrichomonas rotunda) have been described as commensals in the large intestine. The aim of this study was to gain further knowledge on the prevalence and pathogenicity of trichomonads in pigs by using a morphology-based approach. Chromogenic in situ hybridization (ISH) is a technique which allows direct localization of the protozoa in the intestinal tissue and correlation of the infection with pathologic changes. In the present study paraffin-wax embedded colon and ileum samples of 192 pigs were analyzed with this method. Using a probe specific for all known members of the order Trichomonadida (OT) 100 of the 192 pigs were tested positive. Thereof, about 10% showed moderate to high-grade parasitic load with trichomonads invading the lamina propria. Partial 18S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing of six of those animals showed a 100% sequence identity with T. foetus sequences. The majority of these animals were also tested positive for other enteropathogenic agents, such as Brachyspira sp., Lawsonia intracellularis, Escherichia coli, and porcine circovirus type 2. All OT-positive samples were further examined with another probe complementary to all known Tritrichomonas species sequences including T. foetus, T. augusta, T. mobilensis and T. nonconforma resulting in only 48 positives. These results suggest that T. foetus may not only be considered as an intestinal commensal but rather a facultative pathogen of pigs with a tendency for tissue invasion in the presence of other agents. Furthermore, the existence of other – yet to be identified – trichomonad species in the colon of pigs was shown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meike M Mostegl
- Institute of Pathology and Forensic Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinärplatz 1, A-1210 Vienna, Austria
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Lim S, Park SI, Ahn KS, Oh DS, Ryu JS, Shin SS. First report of feline intestinal trichomoniasis caused by Tritrichomonas foetus in Korea. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 2010; 48:247-51. [PMID: 20877505 DOI: 10.3347/kjp.2010.48.3.247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2010] [Revised: 08/30/2010] [Accepted: 08/30/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Feline intestinal tritrichomoniasis by Tritrichomonas foetus was first recognized in USA in 1999 and has so far been reported from UK, Norway, Switzerland, and Australia, but not from the Far East Asian countries. In November 2008, 2 female and male littermate Siamese cats, 6-month old, raised in a household in Korea were referred from a local veterinary clinic with a history of chronic persistent diarrhea. A direct smear examination of fecal specimens revealed numerous trichomonad trophozoites which were isolated by the fecal culture in InPouch TF-Feline medium. A PCR testing of the isolate based on the amplification of a conserved portion of the T. foetus internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions (ITS1 and ITS2) and the 5.8S rRNA gene, and the molecular sequencing of the PCR amplicons confirmed infection with T. foetus. This is the first clinical case of feline intestinal trichomoniasis caused by T. foetus in Korea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun Lim
- Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology, Biotherapy Human Resources Center (BK 21), College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, Republic of Korea
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Kingsbury DD, Marks SL, Cave NJ, Grahn RA. Identification ofTritrichomonas foetus and Giardiaspp. infection in pedigree show cats in New Zealand. N Z Vet J 2010; 58:6-10. [DOI: 10.1080/00480169.2010.65054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Pereira-Neves A, Benchimol M. Tritrichomonas foetus: Budding from Multinucleated Pseudocysts. Protist 2009; 160:536-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.protis.2009.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2009] [Accepted: 05/16/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Fernandes PR, Da Silva AC, Gambarini ML, Linhares GFC. [Primers design and optimization of PCR and nested-PCR assays for the specific detection of Tritrichomonas foetus]. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 17:133-8. [PMID: 19245758 DOI: 10.1590/s1984-29612008000300003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2006] [Accepted: 07/10/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Tritrichomonas foetus is a pathogenic protozoan that causes a venereal disease in cattle known as bovine genital tricomonosis. In spite of the efficacy to recognize the target genomic DNA, the protocols so far developed for the diagnosis of this organism by PCR promote some inespecific amplifications or they are unable to discriminate T. foetus against other species within the genus. The objective of this study was to assess and optimize PCR and nested-PCR assays for the specific diagnosis of T. foetus, using novel primers selected from the alignment of sequences of the genes 18S rRNA, 5.8S rRNA, 28S rRNA and of the internal transcribed spacers of the rDNA (ITS1 and ITS2). A pair of primers was constructed for the genus-specific amplification of a 648 bp fragment and two others to amplify T. foetus species-specific fragments of 343 and 429 bp. No cross amplification was observed against Bos taurus genomic DNA neither against the DNA of usual bovine genital pathogens. Both, single and nested-PCR assays, presented analytical sensitivity to detect at least two T. foetus organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Rogério Fernandes
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência Animal, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brasil.
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Bissett SA, Gowan RA, O'Brien CR, Stone MR, Gookin JL. Feline diarrhoea associated with Tritrichomonas cf. foetus and Giardia co-infection in an Australian cattery. Aust Vet J 2009; 86:440-3. [PMID: 18959533 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-0813.2008.00356.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A 10-week-old female Ocicat was presented at a primary care feline veterinary practice for failure to thrive and diarrhoea. Numerous trophozoites, atypical for Giardia sp., were detected on a direct faecal examination, in addition to Giardia cysts. Although the failure to thrive and diarrhoea resolved following treatment for giardiasis, further diagnostic tests performed on faecal specimens from the kitten and 15 other Ocicats from the same cattery, including culture of trophozoites in In Pouch medium, PCR testing and molecular sequencing of PCR amplicons, confirmed infection with Tritrichomonas cf. foetus. This is the first report in Australia of feline trichomoniasis, which appears to be an emerging infectious disease of cats. Pertinent information regarding the clinical features, diagnosis, therapy, and potential source of feline trichomoniasis within Australia are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Bissett
- Department of Clinical Sciences, North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA.
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Ultrastructural study of a tetratrichomonad isolated from pig fecal samples. Parasitol Res 2008; 103:1311-6. [PMID: 18682985 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-008-1134-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2008] [Accepted: 07/15/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Trichomonads found in pigs include the commensal Tritrichomonas suis (more well known because of its synonymy to Tritrichomonas foetus, a trichomonad parasite of cattle and other animals) and Tetratrichomonas buttreyi, which appear similar to Tritrichomonas suis under the light microscope. A trichomonad isolated from pig fecal samples was subjected to scanning and transmission electron microscopy for ultrastructural study. The organism's ultrastructure revealed features commonly found in trichomonads; however, features such as the number and length of flagella, type of undulating membrane, general body form, and shape and location of organelles such as the nucleus, Golgi complex, and hydrogenosomes indicated that the isolated trichomonad is not Tritrichomonas suis nor Tritrichomonas foetus. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) corroborated these results. Moreover, the ultrastructure was similar to the ultrastructure of previously described tetratrichomonads. It is especially suggested that the isolate is T. buttreyi. These findings could be of significance in the differentiation among different porcine trichomonads in diagnostic procedures. In addition, this is the first known detailed ultrastructural study of T. buttreyi isolated from pigs; thus, this can serve as an aid for future comparison between porcine and bovine T. buttreyi.
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Greenwell P, Younes M, Rughooputh S. Purification and analysis of DNases of Tritrichomonas foetus: Evidence that these enzymes are glycoproteins. Int J Parasitol 2008; 38:749-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2007.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2007] [Revised: 10/15/2007] [Accepted: 10/19/2007] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Duboucher C, Caby S, Dufernez F, Chabé M, Gantois N, Delgado-Viscogliosi P, Billy C, Barré E, Torabi E, Capron M, Pierce RJ, Dei-Cas E, Viscogliosi E. Molecular identification of Tritrichomonas foetus-like organisms as coinfecting agents of human Pneumocystis pneumonia. J Clin Microbiol 2006; 44:1165-8. [PMID: 16517921 PMCID: PMC1393145 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.44.3.1165-1168.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Trichomonads closely related to the bovid parasite Tritrichomonas foetus were identified in the bronchoalveolar lavage sample from a patient with AIDS in association with Pneumocystis pneumonia. This human case of T. foetus-like infection emphasizes the zoonotic potential of trichomonads, although the existence of a human-host-adapted T. foetus strain cannot be excluded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Duboucher
- Centre Hospitalier Intercommunal de Poissy/Saint-Germain-en-Laye, Laboratoire d'Anatomie Pathologique, France.
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