1
|
Dobai T, Bartošová-Sojková P. Sphaerospora molnari. Trends Parasitol 2024; 40:352-353. [PMID: 38220474 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2023.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Tamás Dobai
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czech Republic; Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Pavla Bartošová-Sojková
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czech Republic.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Maor-Landaw K, Avidor I, Rostowsky N, Salti B, Smirnov M, Ofek-Lalzar M, Levin L, Brekhman V, Lotan T. The Molecular Mechanisms Employed by the Parasite Myxobolus bejeranoi (Cnidaria: Myxozoa) from Invasion through Sporulation for Successful Proliferation in Its Fish Host. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12824. [PMID: 37629003 PMCID: PMC10454682 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241612824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Myxozoa is a unique group of obligate endoparasites in the phylum Cnidaria that can cause emerging diseases in wild and cultured fish populations. Recently, we identified a new myxozoan species, Myxobolus bejeranoi, which infects the gills of cultured tilapia while suppressing host immunity. To uncover the molecular mechanisms underlying this successful parasitic strategy, we conducted transcriptomics analysis of M. bejeranoi throughout the infection. Our results show that histones, which are essential for accelerated cell division, are highly expressed even one day after invasion. As the infection progressed, conserved parasitic genes that are known to modulate the host immune reaction in different parasitic taxa were upregulated. These genes included energy-related glycolytic enzymes, as well as calreticulin, proteases, and miRNA biogenesis proteins. Interestingly, myxozoan calreticulin formed a distinct phylogenetic clade apart from other cnidarians, suggesting a possible function in parasite pathogenesis. Sporogenesis was in its final stages 20 days post-exposure, as spore-specific markers were highly expressed. Lastly, we provide the first catalog of transcription factors in a Myxozoa species, which is minimized compared to free-living cnidarians and is dominated by homeodomain types. Overall, these molecular insights into myxozoan infection support the concept that parasitic strategies are a result of convergent evolution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Keren Maor-Landaw
- Marine Biology Department, The Leon H. Charney School of Marine Sciences, University of Haifa, Mt. Carmel, Haifa 3103301, Israel; (K.M.-L.); (I.A.); (N.R.); (B.S.); (V.B.)
| | - Itamar Avidor
- Marine Biology Department, The Leon H. Charney School of Marine Sciences, University of Haifa, Mt. Carmel, Haifa 3103301, Israel; (K.M.-L.); (I.A.); (N.R.); (B.S.); (V.B.)
| | - Nadav Rostowsky
- Marine Biology Department, The Leon H. Charney School of Marine Sciences, University of Haifa, Mt. Carmel, Haifa 3103301, Israel; (K.M.-L.); (I.A.); (N.R.); (B.S.); (V.B.)
| | - Barbara Salti
- Marine Biology Department, The Leon H. Charney School of Marine Sciences, University of Haifa, Mt. Carmel, Haifa 3103301, Israel; (K.M.-L.); (I.A.); (N.R.); (B.S.); (V.B.)
| | - Margarita Smirnov
- Central Fish Health Laboratory, Department of Fisheries and Aquaculture, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, Nir David 1080300, Israel;
| | - Maya Ofek-Lalzar
- Bioinformatic Unit, University of Haifa, Mt. Carmel, Haifa 3498838, Israel;
| | - Liron Levin
- Bioinformatics Core Facility, llse Katz Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel;
| | - Vera Brekhman
- Marine Biology Department, The Leon H. Charney School of Marine Sciences, University of Haifa, Mt. Carmel, Haifa 3103301, Israel; (K.M.-L.); (I.A.); (N.R.); (B.S.); (V.B.)
| | - Tamar Lotan
- Marine Biology Department, The Leon H. Charney School of Marine Sciences, University of Haifa, Mt. Carmel, Haifa 3103301, Israel; (K.M.-L.); (I.A.); (N.R.); (B.S.); (V.B.)
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Neverov AM, Panchin AY, Mikhailov KV, Batueva MD, Aleoshin VV, Panchin YV. Apoptotic gene loss in Cnidaria is associated with transition to parasitism. Sci Rep 2023; 13:8015. [PMID: 37198195 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-34248-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The phylum Cnidaria consists of several morphologically diverse classes including Anthozoa, Cubozoa, Hydrozoa, Polypodiozoa, Scyphozoa, Staurozoa, and Myxozoa. Myxozoa comprises two subclasses of obligate parasites-Myxosporea and Malacosporea, which demonstrate various degrees of simplification. Myxosporea were previously reported to lack the majority of core protein domains of apoptotic proteins including caspases, Bcl-2, and APAF-1 homologs. Other sequenced Cnidaria, including the parasite Polypodium hydriforme from Polypodiozoa do not share this genetic feature. Whether this loss of core apoptotic proteins is unique to Myxosporea or also present in its sister subclass Malacosporea was not previously investigated. We show that the presence of core apoptotic proteins gradually diminishes from free-living Cnidaria to Polypodium to Malacosporea to Myxosporea. This observation does not favor the hypothesis of catastrophic simplification of Myxosporea at the genetic level, but rather supports a stepwise adaptation to parasitism that likely started from early parasitic ancestors that gave rise to Myxozoa.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander M Neverov
- Department of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russian Federation, 119234.
| | - Alexander Y Panchin
- Kharkevich Institute for Information Transmission Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation, 127994
| | - Kirill V Mikhailov
- Kharkevich Institute for Information Transmission Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation, 127994
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskiye Gory 1-40, Moscow, Russian Federation, 119991
| | - Marina D Batueva
- Institute of General and Experimental Biology Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Ulan-Ude, Russian Federation, 670047
| | - Vladimir V Aleoshin
- Kharkevich Institute for Information Transmission Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation, 127994
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskiye Gory 1-40, Moscow, Russian Federation, 119991
| | - Yuri V Panchin
- Kharkevich Institute for Information Transmission Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation, 127994
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskiye Gory 1-40, Moscow, Russian Federation, 119991
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Expression profiling and cellular localization of myxozoan minicollagens during nematocyst formation and sporogenesis. Int J Parasitol 2022; 52:667-675. [PMID: 35970383 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2022.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In free-living cnidarians, minicollagens are major structural components in the biogenesis of nematocysts. Recent sequence mining and proteomic analysis demonstrate that minicollagens are also expressed by myxozoans, a group of evolutionarily ancient cnidarian endoparasites. Nonetheless, the presence and abundance of nematocyst-associated genes/proteins in nematocyst morphogenesis have never been studied in Myxozoa. Here, we report the gene expression profiles of three myxozoan minicollagens, ncol-1, ncol-3, and the recently identified noncanonical ncol-5, during the intrapiscine development of Myxidium lieberkuehni, the myxozoan parasite of the northern pike, Esox lucius. Moreover, we localized the myxozoan-specific minicollagen Ncol-5 in the developing myxosporean stages by Western blotting, immunofluorescence, and immunogold electron microscopy. We found that expression of minicollagens was spatiotemporally restricted to developing nematocysts within the myxospores during sporogenesis. Intriguingly, Ncol-5 is localized in the walls of nematocysts and predominantly in nematocyst tubules. Overall, we demonstrate that despite being significantly reduced in morphology, myxozoans retain structural components associated with nematocyst development in free-living cnidarians. Furthermore, our findings have practical implications for future functional and comparative studies as minicollagens are useful markers of the developmental phase of myxozoan parasites.
Collapse
|
5
|
Santander MD, Maronna MM, Ryan JF, Andrade SCS. The state of Medusozoa genomics: current evidence and future challenges. Gigascience 2022; 11:6586816. [PMID: 35579552 PMCID: PMC9112765 DOI: 10.1093/gigascience/giac036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Medusozoa is a widely distributed ancient lineage that harbors one-third of Cnidaria diversity divided into 4 classes. This clade is characterized by the succession of stages and modes of reproduction during metagenic lifecycles, and includes some of the most plastic body plans and life cycles among animals. The characterization of traditional genomic features, such as chromosome numbers and genome sizes, was rather overlooked in Medusozoa and many evolutionary questions still remain unanswered. Modern genomic DNA sequencing in this group started in 2010 with the publication of the Hydra vulgaris genome and has experienced an exponential increase in the past 3 years. Therefore, an update of the state of Medusozoa genomics is warranted. We reviewed different sources of evidence, including cytogenetic records and high-throughput sequencing projects. We focused on 4 main topics that would be relevant for the broad Cnidaria research community: (i) taxonomic coverage of genomic information; (ii) continuity, quality, and completeness of high-throughput sequencing datasets; (iii) overview of the Medusozoa specific research questions approached with genomics; and (iv) the accessibility of data and metadata. We highlight a lack of standardization in genomic projects and their reports, and reinforce a series of recommendations to enhance future collaborative research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mylena D Santander
- Correspondence address. Mylena D. Santander, Departamento de Genética e Biologia Evolutiva, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade São Paulo, 277 Rua do Matão, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo 05508-090, Brazil. E-mail:
| | - Maximiliano M Maronna
- Correspondence address. Maximiliano M. Maronna, Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, 101 Rua do Matão Cidade Universitária, São Paulo 05508-090, Brazil. E-mail:
| | - Joseph F Ryan
- Whitney Laboratory for Marine Bioscience, University of Florida, 9505 Ocean Shore Blvd, St. Augustine, FL 32080, USA,Department of Biology, University of Florida, 220 Bartram Hall, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Sónia C S Andrade
- Departamento de Genética e Biologia Evolutiva, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade São Paulo, 277 Rua do Matão, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo 05508-090, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Guo Q, Atkinson SD, Xiao B, Zhai Y, Bartholomew JL, Gu Z. A myxozoan genome reveals mosaic evolution in a parasitic cnidarian. BMC Biol 2022; 20:51. [PMID: 35177085 PMCID: PMC8855578 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-022-01249-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Parasite evolution has been conceptualized as a process of genetic loss and simplification. Contrary to this model, there is evidence of expansion and conservation of gene families related to essential functions of parasitism in some parasite genomes, reminiscent of widespread mosaic evolution—where subregions of a genome have different rates of evolutionary change. We found evidence of mosaic genome evolution in the cnidarian Myxobolus honghuensis, a myxozoan parasite of fish, with extremely simple morphology. Results We compared M. honghuensis with other myxozoans and free-living cnidarians, and determined that it has a relatively larger myxozoan genome (206 Mb), which is less reduced and less compact due to gene retention, large introns, transposon insertion, but not polyploidy. Relative to other metazoans, the M. honghuensis genome is depleted of neural genes and has only the simplest animal immune components. Conversely, it has relatively more genes involved in stress resistance, tissue invasion, energy metabolism, and cellular processes compared to other myxozoans and free-living cnidarians. We postulate that the expansion of these gene families is the result of evolutionary adaptations to endoparasitism. M. honghuensis retains genes found in free-living Cnidaria, including a reduced nervous system, myogenic components, ANTP class Homeobox genes, and components of the Wnt and Hedgehog pathways. Conclusions Our analyses suggest that the M. honghuensis genome evolved as a mosaic of conservative, divergent, depleted, and enhanced genes and pathways. These findings illustrate that myxozoans are not as genetically simple as previously regarded, and the evolution of some myxozoans is driven by both genomic streamlining and expansion. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12915-022-01249-8.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qingxiang Guo
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China.,Hubei Engineering Technology Research Center for Aquatic Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Stephen D Atkinson
- Department of Microbiology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
| | - Bin Xiao
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China.,Hubei Engineering Technology Research Center for Aquatic Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanhua Zhai
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China.,Hubei Engineering Technology Research Center for Aquatic Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Jerri L Bartholomew
- Department of Microbiology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
| | - Zemao Gu
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China. .,Hubei Engineering Technology Research Center for Aquatic Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Alama-Bermejo G, Bartošová-Sojková P, Atkinson SD, Holzer AS, Bartholomew JL. Proteases as Therapeutic Targets Against the Parasitic Cnidarian Ceratonova shasta: Characterization of Molecules Key to Parasite Virulence In Salmonid Hosts. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 11:804864. [PMID: 35071050 PMCID: PMC8777295 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.804864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteases and their inhibitors play critical roles in host-parasite interactions and in the outcomes of infections. Ceratonova shasta is a myxozoan pathogen that causes enteronecrosis in economically important salmonids from the Pacific Northwest of North America. This cnidarian parasite has host-specific genotypes with varying virulence, making it a powerful system to decipher virulence mechanisms in myxozoans. Using C. shasta genome and transcriptome, we identified four proteases of different catalytic types: cathepsin D (aspartic), cathepsin L and Z-like (cysteine) and aminopeptidase-N (metallo); and a stefin (cysteine protease inhibitor), which implied involvement in virulence and hence represent target molecules for the development of therapeutic strategies. We characterized, annotated and modelled their 3D protein structure using bioinformatics and computational tools. We quantified their expression in C. shasta genotype 0 (low virulence, no mortality) and IIR (high virulence and mortality) in rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss, to demonstrate that there are major differences between the genotypes during infection and parasite development. High proliferation of genotype IIR was associated with high expression of the cathepsin D and the stefin, likely correlated with high nutrient demands and to regulate cell metabolism, with upregulation preceding massive proliferation and systemic dispersion. In contrast, upregulation of the cathepsin L and Z-like cysteine proteases may have roles in host immune evasion in genotype 0 infections, which are associated with low proliferation, low inflammation and non-destructive development. In contrast to the other proteases, C. shasta aminopeptidase-N appears to have a prominent role in nematocyst formation in both genotypes, but only during sporogenesis. Homology searches of C. shasta proteases against other myxozoan transcriptomes revealed a high abundance of cathepsin L and aminopeptidase homologs suggesting common gene requirements across species. Our study identified molecules of potential therapeutic significance for aquaculture and serves as a baseline for future research aimed at functional characterisation of these targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gema Alama-Bermejo
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czechia.,Department of Microbiology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
| | - Pavla Bartošová-Sojková
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czechia
| | - Stephen D Atkinson
- Department of Microbiology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
| | - Astrid S Holzer
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czechia
| | - Jerri L Bartholomew
- Department of Microbiology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Method for Isolation of Myxozoan Proliferative Stages from Fish at High Yield and Purity: An Essential Prerequisite for In Vitro, In Vivo and Genomics-Based Research Developments. Cells 2022; 11:cells11030377. [PMID: 35159187 PMCID: PMC8833907 DOI: 10.3390/cells11030377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Myxozoans are a diverse group of microscopic cnidarian parasites and some representatives are associated with important diseases in fish, in both marine and freshwater aquaculture systems. Research on myxozoans has been largely hampered by the inability to isolate myxozoan parasites from their host tissues. In this study, we developed and optimized a method to isolate the myxozoan proliferative stages of different size and cellularity from fish blood, using DEAE-cellulose ion exchange chromatography. We optimized several parameters and obtained 99–100% parasite purity, as well as high survival and infectivity. Using polyclonal pan-carp blood cell-specific antibodies, we further developed a rapid cytometric assay for quantification of the proliferative stages, not only in highly concentrated DEAE-C isolates but also in dilute conditions in full blood. Early developmental stages of myxozoans are key to parasite proliferation, establishment, and pathology in their hosts. The isolation of these stages not only opens new possibilities for in vivo and in vitro studies, but also for obtaining purified DNA and protein extracts for downstream analyses. Hence, we provide a long-desired tool that will advance the functional research into the mechanisms of host exploitation and immune stimulation/evasion in this group, which could contribute greatly to the development of therapeutic strategies against myxozoans.
Collapse
|
9
|
Koch TL, Hauser F, Grimmelikhuijzen CJP. An evolutionary genomics view on neuropeptide genes in Hydrozoa and Endocnidozoa (Myxozoa). BMC Genomics 2021; 22:862. [PMID: 34847889 PMCID: PMC8638164 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-021-08091-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The animal phylum Cnidaria consists of six classes or subphyla: Hydrozoa, Scyphozoa, Cubozoa, Staurozoa, Anthozoa, and Endocnidozoa. Cnidarians have an early evolutionary origin, diverging before the emergence of the Bilateria. Extant members from this phylum, therefore, are important resources for understanding the evolution of the nervous system. Cnidarian nervous systems are strongly peptidergic. Using genomics, we have recently shown that three neuropeptide families (the X1PRX2amides, GRFamides, and GLWamides) are wide-spread in four (Scyphozoa, Cubozoa, Staurozoa, Anthozoa) out of six cnidarian classes or subphyla, suggesting that these three neuropeptide families emerged in the common cnidarian ancestor. In the current paper, we analyze the remaining cnidarian class, Hydrozoa, and the subphylum Endocnidozoa, to make firm conclusions about the evolution of neuropeptide genes in Cnidaria. RESULTS We analyzed sixteen hydrozoan species with a sequenced genome or transcriptome, using a recently developed software program for discovering neuropeptide genes. These species belonged to various hydrozoan subclasses and orders, among them the laboratory models Hydra, Hydractinia, and Clytia. We found that each species contained three to five neuropeptide families. A common feature for all hydrozoans was that they contained genes coding for (i) X1PRX2amide peptides, (ii) GRFamide peptides, and (iii) GLWamide peptides. These results support our previous conclusions that these three neuropeptide families evolved early in evolution. In addition to these three neuropeptide families, hydrozoans expressed up to two other neuropeptide gene families, which, however, were only occurring in certain animal groups. Endocnidozoa (Myxozoa) are microscopically small endoparasites, which are strongly reduced. For long, it was unknown to which phylum these parasites belonged, but recently they have been associated with cnidarians. We analyzed nine endocnidozoan species and found that two of them (Polypodium hydriforme and Buddenbrockia plumatellae) expressed neuropeptide genes. These genes coded for neuropeptides belonging to the GRFamide and GLWamide families with structures closely resembling them from hydrozoans. CONCLUSIONS We found X1PRX2amide, GRFamide, and GLWamide peptides in all species belonging to the Hydrozoa, confirming that these peptides originated in the common cnidarian ancestor. In addition, we discovered GRFamide and GLWamide peptide genes in some members of the Endocnidozoa, thereby linking these parasites to Hydrozoa.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas L. Koch
- Section for Cell and Neurobiology, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Frank Hauser
- Section for Cell and Neurobiology, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Cornelis J. P. Grimmelikhuijzen
- Section for Cell and Neurobiology, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Holzer AS, Piazzon MC, Barrett D, Bartholomew JL, Sitjà-Bobadilla A. To React or Not to React: The Dilemma of Fish Immune Systems Facing Myxozoan Infections. Front Immunol 2021; 12:734238. [PMID: 34603313 PMCID: PMC8481699 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.734238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Myxozoans are microscopic, metazoan, obligate parasites, belonging to the phylum Cnidaria. In contrast to the free-living lifestyle of most members of this taxon, myxozoans have complex life cycles alternating between vertebrate and invertebrate hosts. Vertebrate hosts are primarily fish, although they are also reported from amphibians, reptiles, trematodes, mollusks, birds and mammals. Invertebrate hosts include annelids and bryozoans. Most myxozoans are not overtly pathogenic to fish hosts, but some are responsible for severe economic losses in fisheries and aquaculture. In both scenarios, the interaction between the parasite and the host immune system is key to explain such different outcomes of this relationship. Innate immune responses contribute to the resistance of certain fish strains and species, and the absence or low levels of some innate and regulatory factors explain the high pathogenicity of some infections. In many cases, immune evasion explains the absence of a host response and allows the parasite to proliferate covertly during the first stages of the infection. In some infections, the lack of an appropriate regulatory response results in an excessive inflammatory response, causing immunopathological consequences that are worse than inflicted by the parasite itself. This review will update the available information about the immune responses against Myxozoa, with special focus on T and B lymphocyte and immunoglobulin responses, how these immune effectors are modulated by different biotic and abiotic factors, and on the mechanisms of immune evasion targeting specific immune effectors. The current and future design of control strategies for myxozoan diseases is based on understanding this myxozoan-fish interaction, and immune-based strategies such as improvement of innate and specific factors through diets and additives, host genetic selection, passive immunization and vaccination, are starting to be considered.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Astrid S Holzer
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czechia
| | - M Carla Piazzon
- Fish Pathology Group, Institute of Aquaculture Torre de la Sal - Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IATS-CSIC), Castellón, Spain
| | - Damien Barrett
- Department of Microbiology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
| | - Jerri L Bartholomew
- Department of Microbiology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
| | - Ariadna Sitjà-Bobadilla
- Fish Pathology Group, Institute of Aquaculture Torre de la Sal - Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IATS-CSIC), Castellón, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Mathews PD, Bonillo C, Rabet N, Lord C, Causse R, Keith P, Audebert F. Phylogenetic analysis and characterization of a new parasitic cnidarian (Myxosporea: Myxobolidae) parasitizing skin of the giant mottled eel from the Solomon Islands. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2021; 94:104986. [PMID: 34246799 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2021.104986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Myxosporeans are microscopic cnidarians associated with severe diseases in aquaculture and wild fish populations. This group of parasitic cnidarians thus warrants close attention concerning its potential impact on susceptible fish stocks. At present, little is known about this group of parasites infecting anguillid eels. From myxospore specimens collected from a freshwater eel (Anguilla marmorata) in the Solomon Islands, we describe a new species belonging to the genus Myxobolus based on an integrative taxonomic analysis of morphological, biological traits and molecular data. Furthermore, we determined the phylogenetic position and relationships of this species among other platysporine myxosporeans. Molecular phylogenetic assessment of small subunit ribosomal DNA showed that the species clusters together with Myxobolus portucalensis and Echinactinomyxon type 5 Özer, Wootten and Shinn, 2002, in a well-supported subclade. This is the first report of a myxosporean parasite infecting fish from the Solomon Islands.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick D Mathews
- Unité Biologie des Organismes et Écosystèmes Aquatiques-BOREA, Sorbonne Université, Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, SU, MNHN, CNRS, IRD, UCN, UA, CP 26, 43 rue cuvier, 75005 Paris, France; Department of Zoology, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, 05508-090 São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Céline Bonillo
- Unité Biologie des Organismes et Écosystèmes Aquatiques-BOREA, Sorbonne Université, Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, SU, MNHN, CNRS, IRD, UCN, UA, CP 26, 43 rue cuvier, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Rabet
- Unité Biologie des Organismes et Écosystèmes Aquatiques-BOREA, Sorbonne Université, Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, SU, MNHN, CNRS, IRD, UCN, UA, CP 26, 43 rue cuvier, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Clara Lord
- Unité Biologie des Organismes et Écosystèmes Aquatiques-BOREA, Sorbonne Université, Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, SU, MNHN, CNRS, IRD, UCN, UA, CP 26, 43 rue cuvier, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Romain Causse
- Unité Biologie des Organismes et Écosystèmes Aquatiques-BOREA, Sorbonne Université, Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, SU, MNHN, CNRS, IRD, UCN, UA, CP 26, 43 rue cuvier, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Philippe Keith
- Unité Biologie des Organismes et Écosystèmes Aquatiques-BOREA, Sorbonne Université, Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, SU, MNHN, CNRS, IRD, UCN, UA, CP 26, 43 rue cuvier, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Fabienne Audebert
- Unité Biologie des Organismes et Écosystèmes Aquatiques-BOREA, Sorbonne Université, Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, SU, MNHN, CNRS, IRD, UCN, UA, CP 26, 43 rue cuvier, 75005 Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|