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Zheng S, Xue X, Yu L, Tao W, Wang R, Sun Y, Hua Y. Balance Error Scoring System in the assessment of chronic ankle stability: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PM R 2024. [PMID: 39096126 DOI: 10.1002/pmrj.13235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Chronic ankle instability (CAI) is a common musculoskeletal injury associated with static balance deficits. The Balance Error Scoring System (BESS) is commonly used to assess static balance in individuals with CAI. However, the sensitivity of BESS in detecting balance deficits in CAI is unknown. This study compared BESS performance between people with CAI and controls and investigated which stances most effectively identified balance deficits in individuals with CAI. LITERATURE SURVEY Seven electronic databases (Web of Science, CINAHL, Embase, PubMed, Scopus, SPORTDiscus, and Cochrane Library) were searched from July 13, 2023, to September 10, 2023, using the ankle instability and balance related terms as keywords to search original studies and perform a systematic review. METHODS Studies that compared BESS scores between individuals with CAI and healthy controls were systematically identified. Extracted data included study characteristics, participant demographics, and assessment details. The risk of bias was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. The standardized mean difference (SMD) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were used as effect sizes to compare groups for the BESS components used to assess CAI. RESULTS Six studies met the eligibility criteria. The double-leg foam stance yielded an SMD of -0.02 (95% CI: -0.32 to 0.29), with an I2 value of 3.5%. Significant differences between groups were noted in the single foam (SMD = 0.89; 95% CI: 0.33-1.45; I2 = 78.3%) and single firm (SMD = 0.62; 95% CI: 0.14-1.10; I2 = 72.1%) performances, although both demonstrated high heterogeneity. Conversely, the tandem foam (SMD = 0.77; 95% CI: 0.51-1.02; I2 = 0.0%) and tandem firm (SMD = 0.38; 95% CI: 0.11-0.68; I2 = 23.8%) performances showed small to moderate between-group differences with considerably lower heterogeneity. CONCLUSION This review indicates that tandem stances on foam and firm surfaces in the BESS are reliable indicators of static balance deficits in individuals with CAI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Zheng
- Department of Sports Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- School of Exercise and Health, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao'ao Xue
- Department of Sports Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Le Yu
- Department of Sports Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- School of Exercise and Health, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Weichu Tao
- School of Exercise and Health, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Ru Wang
- School of Exercise and Health, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Yang Sun
- Department of Sports Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yinghui Hua
- Department of Sports Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Kazemi K, Javanshir K, Saadi F, Goharpey S, Shaterzadeh Yazdi MJ, Calvo-Lobo C, López-López D, Nassadj G. The Effect of Additional Neuromuscular Training on Peri-Ankle Muscle Morphology and Function in Chronic Ankle Instability Subjects: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Sports Health 2024:19417381241258467. [PMID: 38898814 DOI: 10.1177/19417381241258467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lateral ankle sprain is one of the most common musculoskeletal issues during sports and activities of daily living. This study investigated the effect of combined neuromuscular training and conventional training (including strengthening, range of motion, and balance exercises) on muscle morphology, dynamic balance, perceived ankle instability, and functional capacity in persons with chronic ankle instability (CAI). HYPOTHESIS The combination of neuromuscular and conventional training programs might result in additional benefits on the morphology of muscle, dynamic balance, and functional capacity in subjects with CAI. STUDY DESIGN A single-blind parallel-arm randomized controlled trial. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level 2. METHODS A total of 34 participants with CAI were divided randomly into experimental (EG) and control groups (CG). The EG received conventional and neuromuscular training, while the CG underwent conventional training. Cross-sectional areas of the peroneus longus and tibialis anterior muscles were measured using ultrasonography. Measurements included reaching direction distance, ankle instability, and the foot and ankle outcome score, all evaluated before and immediately after 12 intervention sessions and 4 weeks later in the follow-up phase. RESULTS Repeated-measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed significant improvement in the EG, particularly in the cross-sectional area of the tibialis anterior muscle on the injured side and the posteromedial reaching direction displacement of the Y balance test. Moreover, the EG's foot and ankle outcome scores increased significantly compared with the CG (P < 0.05). However, the group effect size ranged from minor to moderate (Hedges g, 0.40-0.73). CONCLUSION Combining neuromuscular and conventional training programs yields greater benefits than conventional training alone regarding tibialis anterior muscle morphology, posteromedial dynamic balance, and functional capacity in persons with CAI. CLINICAL RELEVANCE The combination of neuromuscular and conventional training programs could enhance muscle morphology, dynamic balance, perceived ankle instability, and functional capacity in persons with CAI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khadijeh Kazemi
- Department of Rehabilitation, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Khodabakhsh Javanshir
- Department of Physiotherapy, Mobility Impairment Research Center, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Feryal Saadi
- Department of Radiology, Medicine School, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Shahin Goharpey
- Department of Physiotherapy, Musculoskeletal Rehabilitation Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Jafar Shaterzadeh Yazdi
- Department of Physiotherapy, Musculoskeletal Rehabilitation Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - César Calvo-Lobo
- Faculty of Nursing, Physiotherapy and Podiatry, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Daniel López-López
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Nursing and Podiatry, Industrial Campus of Ferrol, Universidade da Coruña, Ferrol, Spain
| | - Gholamhossein Nassadj
- Department of Physiotherapy, Musculoskeletal Rehabilitation Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
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Maricot A, Lathouwers E, Verschueren J, De Pauw K, Meeusen R, Roelands B, Tassignon B. Test-retest, intra- and inter-rater reliability of the reactive balance test in patients with chronic ankle instability. Front Neurol 2024; 15:1320043. [PMID: 38434204 PMCID: PMC10906270 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2024.1320043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction The Reactive Balance Test (RBT) could be a valuable addition to research on chronic ankle instability (CAI) and clinical practice, but before it can be used in clinical practice it needs to be reliable. It has already been proven reliable in healthy recreational athletes, but not yet in patients with CAI who have shown persistent deficits in dynamic balance. The study aimed to determine the test-retest, intra-, and inter-rater reliability of the RBT in patients with CAI, and the test-retest and inter-rater reliability of the newly developed RBT score sheet. Methods We used a repeated-measures, single-group design to administer the RBT to CAI patients on three occasions, scored by multiple raters. We included 27 participants with CAI. The study used multiple reliability measures, including Pearson r, intra-class correlations (ICC), standard error of measurement (SEM), standard error of prediction (SEP), minimal detectable change (MDC), and Bland-Altman plots, to evaluate the reliability of the RBT's outcome measures (visuomotor response time and accuracy). It also assessed the test-retest and inter-rater reliability of the RBT score sheet using the same measures. Results The ICC measures for test-retest reliability were similar for accuracy (0.609) and VMRT (0.594). Intra-rater reliability had high correlations and ICCs for accuracy (r = 0.816, ICC = 0.815) and VMRT (r = 0.802, ICC = 0.800). Inter-rater reliability had a higher ICC for VMRT (0.868) than for accuracy (0.690). Conclusion Test-retest reliability was moderate, intra-rater reliability was good, and inter-rater reliability showed moderate reliability for accuracy and good reliability for VMRT. Additionally, the RBT shows robust SEM and mean difference measures. The score sheet method also demonstrated moderate test-retest reliability, while inter-rater reliability was good to excellent. This suggests that the RBT can be a valuable tool in assessing and monitoring balance in patients with CAI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Maricot
- Human Physiology and Sports Physiotherapy Research Group, Faculty of Physical Education and Physiotherapy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Elke Lathouwers
- Human Physiology and Sports Physiotherapy Research Group, Faculty of Physical Education and Physiotherapy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jo Verschueren
- Human Physiology and Sports Physiotherapy Research Group, Faculty of Physical Education and Physiotherapy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Kevin De Pauw
- Human Physiology and Sports Physiotherapy Research Group, Faculty of Physical Education and Physiotherapy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
- Brussels Human Robotics Research Center (BruBotics), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Romain Meeusen
- Human Physiology and Sports Physiotherapy Research Group, Faculty of Physical Education and Physiotherapy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
- Brussels Human Robotics Research Center (BruBotics), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
- Department of Sports, Recreation, Exercise and Sciences (SRES), Faculty of Community and Health Sciences, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Bart Roelands
- Human Physiology and Sports Physiotherapy Research Group, Faculty of Physical Education and Physiotherapy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
- Brussels Human Robotics Research Center (BruBotics), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Bruno Tassignon
- Human Physiology and Sports Physiotherapy Research Group, Faculty of Physical Education and Physiotherapy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
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Kwon YU. Lower Extremity Muscle Activation during the Star Excursion Balance Test in Patients with Chronic Ankle Instability and Copers. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2023; 59:1040. [PMID: 37374243 DOI: 10.3390/medicina59061040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Revised: 05/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
Background and Objectives: The aim of this study was to assess the impact of ankle muscles on performance of the Star Excursion Balance Test (SEBT) among individuals with stable ankles, a history of ankle sprain, and chronic ankle instability (CAI). Materials and Methods: Sixty subjects (twenty per group) performed the SEBT in each of the anterior (A), posteromedial (PM), and posterolateral (PL) directions. Normalized maximum reach distance (NMRD) and normalized mean amplitude of the tibialis anterior (NMA_TA), fibularis longus (NMA_FL), and medial gastrocnemius (NMA_MG) were measured during performance of the SEBT. Results: Copers have greater NMRD than subjects with stable ankles and those with CAI, and subjects with stable ankles also have greater NMRD than those with CAI in only the PL direction. Subjects with stable ankles and those with CAI showed greater NMA_TA than copers. The A direction showed greater NMA_TA than the PM and PL directions. Copers showed greater NMA_FL than subjects with stable ankles. Subjects with CAI showed greater NMA_MG than copers and subjects with stable ankles. The A and PL directions showed greater NMA_MG than the PM direction. Conclusions: Overall, copers and/or subjects with CAI demonstrated altered neuromuscular function by compensating for their ankle muscles when compared to subjects with stable ankles due to a history of ankle sprain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Ung Kwon
- Department of Sports Science, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 17546, Republic of Korea
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Karbalaeimahdi M, Alizadeh MH, Minoonejad H, Behm DG, Alizadeh S. Higher Leg and Trunk Muscle Activation during Balance Control in Copers versus People with Chronic Ankle Instability and Healthy Female Athletes. Sports (Basel) 2022; 10:sports10080111. [PMID: 35893658 PMCID: PMC9329967 DOI: 10.3390/sports10080111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Highlights Abstract More than 70% of people with ankle sprain experience chronic ankle instability. However, some people are well adapted to this damage (copers) and do not suffer from chronic ankle instability (CAI). This cross-sectional study involved 34 female athletes, who were classified into three groups (athletes with CAI, copers, and healthy athletes) and tested on a Biodex Balance System. Surface electromyography (EMG) and balance scores were monitored. The coper and healthy group exhibited higher medial gastrocnemius (MG) EMG activity during unstable balance conditions. The rectus abdominus (RA) in the coper group and rectus femoris (RF) in the healthy group showed greater EMG activity compared to CAI during unstable conditions. During stable conditions, the coper group showed greater RA EMG activity compared to CAI, as well as higher tibialis anterior (TA) EMG activity compared to the healthy group. Additionally, balance error scores were higher in the CAI group than those in the healthy group under unstable conditions. In conclusion, decreased EMG activity of the MG, RF, and RA in CAI athletes may contribute to impaired balance in these individuals. The increased EMG activity of the MG, TA, and RA in copers might result in more trunk and ankle stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mina Karbalaeimahdi
- Department of Health and Sport Medicine, Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, University of Tehran, Tehran 1417935840, Iran; (M.K.); (M.H.A.); (H.M.)
| | - Mohammad Hossein Alizadeh
- Department of Health and Sport Medicine, Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, University of Tehran, Tehran 1417935840, Iran; (M.K.); (M.H.A.); (H.M.)
| | - Hooman Minoonejad
- Department of Health and Sport Medicine, Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, University of Tehran, Tehran 1417935840, Iran; (M.K.); (M.H.A.); (H.M.)
| | - David G. Behm
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NL A1C 5S7, Canada
- Correspondence: (D.G.B.); (S.A.); Tel.: +1-709-864-3408 (D.G.B.)
| | - Shahab Alizadeh
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NL A1C 5S7, Canada
- Correspondence: (D.G.B.); (S.A.); Tel.: +1-709-864-3408 (D.G.B.)
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Song K, Pietrosimone B, Blackburn JT, Padua DA, Tennant JN, Wikstrom EA. Dorsiflexion and Hop Biomechanics Associate with Greater Talar Cartilage Deformation in Those with Chronic Ankle Instability. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2022; 54:1176-1182. [PMID: 35389946 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000002902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to identify associations between dorsiflexion range of motion (DFROM), functional hop test performance, and hopping biomechanics with the magnitude of talar cartilage deformation after a standardized hopping protocol in individuals with and without chronic ankle instability (CAI). METHODS Thirty CAI and 30 healthy individuals participated. Ankle DFROM was assessed using the weight-bearing lunge test. Four different functional hop tests were assessed. Three-dimensional kinematics and kinetics were sampled during a 60-cm single-leg hop. We calculated cartilage deformation after a dynamic loading protocol consisting of sixty 60-cm single-leg forward hops by assessing the change in average thickness for the overall, medial, and lateral talar cartilage. Linear regressions examined the associations between cartilage deformation magnitude and DFROM, functional hop tests, and hop biomechanical variables after accounting for body weight and time since the initial ankle sprain. RESULTS In CAI group, lesser static DFROM (ΔR2 = 0.22) and smaller peak ankle dorsiflexion angle (ΔR2 = 0.17) was associated with greater medial deformation. Greater peak vertical ground reaction force (vGRF) (ΔR2 = 0.26-0.28) was associated with greater medial and overall deformation. Greater vGRF loading rate (ΔR2 = 0.23-0.35) was associated with greater lateral and overall deformation. Greater side hop test times (ΔR2 = 0.31-0.36) and ankle plantarflexion at initial contact (ΔR2 = 0.23-0.38) were associated with greater medial, lateral, and overall deformation. In the control group, lesser side hop test times (ΔR2 = 0.14), greater crossover hop distances (ΔR2 = 0.14), and greater single-hop distances (ΔR2 = 0.21) were associated with greater overall deformation. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that lesser static DFROM, poorer functional hop test performance, and hop biomechanics associate with greater talar cartilage deformation after a dynamic loading protocol in those with CAI. These factors may represent targets for therapeutic interventions within this population to slow ankle posttraumatic osteoarthritis progression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Brian Pietrosimone
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, MOTION Science Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - J Troy Blackburn
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, MOTION Science Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Darin A Padua
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, MOTION Science Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Joshua N Tennant
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Erik A Wikstrom
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, MOTION Science Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
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S. Jamsandekar M, Patel VD, J. Prabhakar A, Eapen C, Keogh JW. Ability of functional performance assessments to discriminate athletes with and without chronic ankle instability : a case-control study. PeerJ 2022; 10:e13390. [PMID: 35651742 PMCID: PMC9150691 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.13390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The decline in motor function associated with chronic ankle instability (CAI) can be assessed using Functional Performance tests. Ankle muscular strength, endurance and range of motion (ROM) has been assessed in previous studies but functional activities such as sprinting and change of direction are less well studied in athletes with CAI. Hence the aim of this study was to determine how sprint, change of direction, ankle isometric strength, endurance and ROM measures may be associated with discriminate athletes with and without CAI. Methods One hundred and six participants (CAI: n = 53 or no CAI: n = 53) provided informed consent to participate in this study. Participants performed three functional performance tests, (30-m sprint test, Modified Illinois change of direction test (MICODT)) and change of direction test. Range of motion for dorsiflexion was measured using weight bearing lunge test and inversion, eversion and plantarflexion using Saunders® digital inclinometer. Strength was assessed using Baseline® hand-held dynamometer for plantarflexors, dorsiflexors, invertors and evertors. Muscular endurance was assessed by single heel raise test and Modified single heel raise test. Between-group comparisons utilised Student's t-test and Mann-Whitney U-tests, with a number of unique variable and multivariable binomial logistic regression performed to determine which performance measures may discriminate participants with CAI. Results The CAI participants performed significantly worse in the three functional performance tests as well as multiple measures of ankle ROM, isometric strength and muscular endurance (p < 0.008). While several measures of ROM (plantarflexion and dorsiflexion), strength (inversion and eversion) and both muscular endurance tests were significantly associated with CAI in the univariable analysis, the strongest association was the functional performance tests, especially MICDOT time (odds ratio (95% CI): 0.06 [0.02-0.17], sensitivity 94.3%, specificity 88.7%). Multivariable regression analyses indicated that performance across the functional performance tests were more strongly associated with CAI than any ankle ROM, muscular strength or endurance test. Further, the inclusion of the best ankle range of motion, strength or muscular endurance tests did not significantly improve upon the association of the MICDOT with CAI. Conclusions Chronic ankle instability in athletic populations appears to be highly associated with declines in functional performance and to a somewhat lesser extent, ankle range of motion, strength and muscle endurance measures. This may suggest that optimal rehabilitation for athletes with CAI may require a greater focus on improving sprinting speed and change of direction ability in the mid to latter stages of rehabilitation, with regular assessments of these functional performance tests necessary to guide the progression and overload of this training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhura S. Jamsandekar
- Department of Physiotherapy, Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - Vivek Dineshbhai Patel
- Department of Physiotherapy, Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - Ashish J. Prabhakar
- Department of Physiotherapy, Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - Charu Eapen
- Department of Physiotherapy, Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - Justin W.L. Keogh
- Department of Physiotherapy, Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
- Sports Performance Research Centre, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
- Cluster for Health Improvement, Faculty of Science, Health, Education and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Queensland, Australia
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond University, Gold Coast, Australia
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Picot B, Hardy A, Terrier R, Tassignon B, Lopes R, Fourchet F. Which Functional Tests and Self-Reported Questionnaires Can Help Clinicians Make Valid Return to Sport Decisions in Patients With Chronic Ankle Instability? A Narrative Review and Expert Opinion. Front Sports Act Living 2022; 4:902886. [PMID: 35721875 PMCID: PMC9204606 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2022.902886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Lateral ankle sprain is the most common injury in sports, with up to 40% of patients developing chronic ankle instability (CAI). One possible cause underlying this high rate of recurrence or feeling of giving way may be a premature return to sport (RTS). Indeed, except for time-based parameters, there are no specific criteria to guide clinicians in their RTS decisions in patients with CAI. A recent international consensus highlighted the relevance and importance of including patient-reported ankle function questionnaires combined with functional tests targeting ankle impairments in this population. Thus, the aim of this narrative review and expert opinion was to identify the most relevant functional performance tests and self-reported questionnaires to help clinicians in their RTS decision-making process following recurrent ankle sprains or surgical ankle stabilization. The PubMed (MEDLINE), PEDro, Cochrane Library and ScienceDirect databases were searched to identify published articles. Results showed that the single leg stance test on firm surfaces, the modified version of the star excursion balance test, the side hop test and the figure-of-8 test appeared to be the most relevant functional performance tests to target ankle impairments in patients with CAI. A combination of the Foot and Ankle Ability Measure (FAAM) and the Ankle Ligament Reconstruction-Return to Sport after Injury (ALR-RSI) questionnaires were the most relevant self-reported questionnaires to assess patient function in the context of CAI. Although these functional tests and questionnaires provide a solid foundation for clinicians to validate their RTS decisions in patient with CAI, objective scientific criteria with cut-off scores are still lacking. In addition to the proposed test cluster, an analysis of the context, in particular characteristics related to sports (e.g., fatigue, cognitive constraints), to obtain more information about the patient's risk of recurrent injury could be of added value when making a RTS decision in patients with CAI. In order to evaluate the strength of evertors under ecological conditions, it would also be interesting to assess the ability to control weight-bearing ankle inversion in a unipodal stance. Further studies are needed to assess the relevance of this proposed test cluster in RTS decision-making following lateral ankle sprain injury and CAI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brice Picot
- French Handball Federation, Creteil, France
- French Society of Sports Physical Therapist (SFMKS Lab), Pierrefitte-sur-Seine, France
- Inter-University Laboratory of Human Movement Biology (LIBM), Savoie Mont-Blanc University, Chambéry, France
- *Correspondence: Brice Picot
| | | | - Romain Terrier
- French Society of Sports Physical Therapist (SFMKS Lab), Pierrefitte-sur-Seine, France
- Inter-University Laboratory of Human Movement Biology (LIBM), Savoie Mont-Blanc University, Chambéry, France
- SARL Whergo, Savoie Technolac (BP 80218), La Motte-Servolex, France
| | - Bruno Tassignon
- Human Physiology and Sports Physiotherapy Research Group, Faculty of Physical Education and Physiotherapy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Ronny Lopes
- Santé Atlantique, Pied Cheville Nantes Atlantique, Nantes, France
| | - François Fourchet
- French Society of Sports Physical Therapist (SFMKS Lab), Pierrefitte-sur-Seine, France
- Motion Analysis Lab, Physiotherapy Department, La Tour Hospital, Swiss Olympic Medical Center, Meyrin, Switzerland
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Arima S, Maeda N, Komiya M, Tashiro T, Fukui K, Kaneda K, Yoshimi M, Urabe Y. Morphological and Functional Characteristics of the Peroneus Muscles in Patients with Lateral Ankle Sprain: An Ultrasound-Based Study. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2022; 58:medicina58010070. [PMID: 35056378 PMCID: PMC8781756 DOI: 10.3390/medicina58010070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2021] [Revised: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Background and Objectives: The effectiveness of multiple ultrasound evaluations of the peroneus muscles morphology, including muscle cross-sectional area (CSA) and connective tissue, after lateral ankle sprain (LAS) is unknown. This study aimed to measure the peroneus muscles after LAS at three points, adding distal 75% to the conventional measurement points, in order to obtain a detailed understanding of the post-injury morphology and to propose a new evaluation index of the peroneus muscles for multiple LAS. Materials and Methods: Participants with and without LAS (LAS and control groups, 16 each) were recruited. The muscle cross-sectional area (CSA) and muscle echogenicity were measured using a B-mode ultrasound system at 25%, 50%, and 75% proximal to the line connecting the fibular head to the lateral malleolus. The ankle evertor strength was measured using a handheld dynamometer. Simultaneously, the peroneus longus (PL) and peroneus brevis (PB) muscle activities were measured using surface electromyography. Measurements for the LAS side, non-LAS side, and control leg were performed separately. Results: The CSA was significantly higher at 75% on the LAS side than on the non-LAS side and in the control leg. Muscle echogenicity of the LAS side at 75% was significantly lower than that of the non-LAS side and the control leg. Muscle activity of the PL was significantly lower and the PB was higher on the LAS side than on the non-LAS side and in the control leg. Conclusions: The PL was less active than the PB, while the PB was found to be overactive, suggesting that PB hypertrophy occurs due to an increase in the percentage of muscle fibers and a decrease in the connective tissue. Therefore, it is necessary to evaluate the condition of the PL and PB separately after LAS.
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Song K, Jang J, Nolte T, Wikstrom EA. Dynamic reach deficits in those with chronic ankle instability: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Phys Ther Sport 2021; 53:40-50. [PMID: 34808538 DOI: 10.1016/j.ptsp.2021.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this review with meta-analyses was to determine the dynamic reach differences 1) between chronic ankle instability (CAI) and uninjured individuals, 2) between the limbs of an individual with CAI, and 3) between the uninvolved CAI limb and the healthy control limb across all possible reach directions of the Star Excursion Balance Test (SEBT). METHODS PubMed, CINAHL, SPORTDiscus, and Scopus databases were searched up to October 2021. Data were extracted from the retained studies and underwent methodological quality assessment and meta-analysis using random-effect models. RESULTS After screening, 33 articles were included for the analyses. In all possible SEBT reach directions, the CAI group demonstrated significantly decreased normalized dynamic reach distances relative to the uninjured control group (SMDs: -0.66 to -0.48, p ≤ 0.05). Similarly, the involved CAI limb demonstrated significantly decreased normalized dynamic reach distances relative to the uninvolved CAI limb (SMDs: -0.61 to -0.33, p ≤ 0.05). However, no differences were noted between the uninvolved CAI limb and the healthy control limb (SMDs: -0.22 to 0.09, p ≥ 0.13). CONCLUSIONS Our findings were that the involved limb of those with CAI has dynamic postural deficits relative to (i) an uninjured control group and (ii) relative to their uninvolved limb. However, the uninvolved limb of the CAI group does not differ from an uninjured control group in any reach direction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyeongtak Song
- Sports Medicine Research Institute, Department of Athletic Training & Clinical Nutrition, University of Kentucky, United States.
| | - Jaeho Jang
- MOTION Science Institute, Department of Exercise & Sport Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, United States
| | - Tiffanie Nolte
- Department of Health, Athletic Training, Recreation & Kinesiology, Longwood University, United States
| | - Erik A Wikstrom
- MOTION Science Institute, Department of Exercise & Sport Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, United States
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Udompanich N, Thanasootr KO, Chanavirut R, Chatchawan U, Hunsawong T. The Cut-Off Score of Four Clinical Tests to Quantify Balance Impairment in Individuals with Chronic Ankle Instability. Malays J Med Sci 2021; 28:87-96. [PMID: 34512133 PMCID: PMC8407791 DOI: 10.21315/mjms2021.28.4.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Balance impairment is a common consequence of chronic ankle instability (CAI). This study aimed to assess the discriminative validity of four clinical tests for quantifying balance impairment in individuals with CAI. Methods Participants were screened for their balance using the single-leg balance test (SLBT) and were assigned to either the positive or the negative SLBT groups. Fifty-four individuals with CAI (N = 27 per group) were recruited and completed four clinical tests including the foot-lift test (FLT), the time-in-balance test (TIBT), the modified star excursion balance test in the posteromedial (mSEBT-PM) direction and the side-hop test (SHT). The receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curve coupled with Youden index were calculated to determine the optimal cut-off scores of each test. Results We found significant differences in balance between groups for all tests, with good to excellent values for the area under the ROC curve (AUC). All four tests reached good to excellent sensitivity and specificity values and had significant cut-off scores to discriminate balance performance among CAI participants. Conclusion All four clinical tests can be conducted with their respective cut-off scores to quantify balance impairment in individuals with CAI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nontawit Udompanich
- School of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Thailand
| | - Kanok-On Thanasootr
- School of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Thailand
| | - Raoyrin Chanavirut
- School of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Thailand
| | - Uraiwan Chatchawan
- School of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Thailand
| | - Torkamol Hunsawong
- School of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Thailand
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12
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Ahern L, Nicholson O, O'Sullivan D, McVeigh JG. Effect of Functional Rehabilitation on Performance of the Star Excursion Balance Test Among Recreational Athletes With Chronic Ankle Instability: A Systematic Review. Arch Rehabil Res Clin Transl 2021; 3:100133. [PMID: 34589684 PMCID: PMC8463475 DOI: 10.1016/j.arrct.2021.100133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine (1) the effectiveness of rehabilitation for chronic ankle instability as measured by the Star Excursion Balance Test (SEBT) and (2) the relative efficacy and the long-term effects of these rehabilitation interventions. DATA SOURCES Ten electronic databases were searched (2009-2019). STUDY SELECTION Included articles were randomized controlled trials in English investigating recreational athletes aged ≥18 years with chronic ankle instability. At least 1 functional rehabilitation intervention had to be included and the SEBT test (or the modified version) used as an outcome measure. DATA EXTRACTION Two researchers (L.A., O.N.) extracted data regarding participant demographics; intervention characteristics; trial size; and results at baseline, postintervention, and at follow-up, where appropriate. DATA SYNTHESIS A systematic review and narrative synthesis was conducted. Methodological quality of included studies was assessed using the Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool and the van Tulder scale. The review was registered with PROSPERO (ID: 164468). Ten studies (n=368), 2 high-quality, 1 moderate-quality, and 7 low-quality, were included in the review. Interventions included balance training, strength training, vibration training, and mixed training. Results suggest that rehabilitation of chronic ankle instability that includes wobble board exercises (average percentage change: 14.3%) and hip strengthening exercises (average percentage change: 12.8%) are most effective. Few studies compared different types of rehabilitation for chronic ankle instability. However, improvements on the SEBT suggest that a rehabilitation program focusing on wobble board training and hip strengthening performed 3 times weekly for 4-6 weeks is the optimal rehabilitation program to improve dynamic postural control in recreational athletes with chronic ankle instability. CONCLUSIONS Few studies directly compared different rehabilitation interventions, and there was limited long-term follow-up; therefore, the relative efficacy of different rehabilitation programs remains unclear. However, it seems that rehabilitation of chronic ankle instability should include proprioceptive and strengthening exercises of relatively short duration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leanne Ahern
- Discipline of Physiotherapy, School of Clinical Therapies, College of Medicine and Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Orla Nicholson
- Discipline of Physiotherapy, School of Clinical Therapies, College of Medicine and Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Declan O'Sullivan
- Discipline of Physiotherapy, School of Clinical Therapies, College of Medicine and Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Joseph G McVeigh
- Discipline of Physiotherapy, School of Clinical Therapies, College of Medicine and Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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13
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Lumbopelvic Stability and Trunk Muscle Contractility of Individuals with Chronic Ankle Instability. Int J Sports Phys Ther 2021; 16:741-748. [PMID: 34123527 PMCID: PMC8168995 DOI: 10.26603/001c.22132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Chronic ankle instability (CAI) results in hip neuromuscular impairments that can perpetuate dysfunction through reduced lumbopelvic stability and subsequent malpositioning of the lower body during functional movement. Lumbopelvic stability might be further impaired through changes in trunk muscular contractility. However, lumbopelvic stability and trunk muscle morphology have not been compared between individuals with and without CAI. Purpose To compare lumbopelvic stability and trunk muscle contractility between individuals with and without chronic ankle instability (CAI) and determine if lumbopelvic stability and trunk muscle contractility are associated with self-reported function. Study Design Case-control study. Methods Ten individuals with CAI, 10 ankle sprain copers (COP), and 10 healthy controls (CON) participated. Diagnostic ultrasound imaging was used to assess transversus abdominis (TrA) and lumbar multifidus (LM) muscle contractility. A percent change in contraction thickness from rested to contracted conditions was calculated for each muscle. Lumbopelvic stability was assessed using unilateral hip bridge, trunk flexion endurance, Biering-Sorensen, and side plank tests. Self-reported function was measured with the Foot and Ankle Ability Measure Activity of Daily Living (FAAM-ADL) and Sport (FAAM-S) subscales. One-way ANOVAs and Cohen’s d effect sizes compared scores on clinician and patient-reported outcomes between groups. Pearson product moment correlations analyzed associations between self-reported function and trunk muscle contractility and lumbopelvic stability. Significance was set a priori at P<0.05 Results COP had significantly greater TrA contractility than CAI (P<0.01, d=2.65[1.45,3.85]) and CON (P=0.03, d=1.05[0.08,1.94]). Although not statistically significant, a large effect size suggest that CAI had lower TrA contractility than CON (P=0.12, d=0.92[-0.03,1.80]). No differences existed for LM contractility or lumbopelvic stability tests. A moderate direct correlation (r=0.65, P=0.04) existed between CON’s TrA contractility and FAAM-ADL scores. Conclusion Deficits in TrA contractility are a novel finding among individuals with CAI. While LM contractility and lumbopelvic stability did not differ between groups, future research should continue to examine their relevance to CAI. Level of Evidence 3b
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14
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Kazemi K, Saadi F, Javanshir K, Goharpey S, Shaterzadeh Yazdi MJ, Miraali SS, Nassadj G. Reliability of musculoskeletal ultrasonography for peri-ankle muscles in subjects with unilateral chronic ankle instability. J Bodyw Mov Ther 2021; 27:565-572. [PMID: 34391288 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbmt.2021.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2020] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/18/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ankle sprain is a common problem among active people and athletes. It causes reduces their activity of daily living and quality of life. Because of the impaired muscle strength and neuromuscular and postural control, it seems that the morphological criteria of peri-ankle muscles are changed. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to develop a reliable method for measuring tibialis anterior (TA) and peroneus longus (PL) muscles in the injured and intact side of lower limbs in people with unilateral chronic ankle instability (CAI). STUDY DESIGN Cross-sectional study. METHOD This study was intra-tester reliability by ultrasound imaging to measure ultrasonography characteristics contains thickness, width, fiber length, pennation angle, and cross-sectional area (CSA) of TA, and PL in both limbs of 25 subjects at three separate times. Intra-class correlation coefficients (ICC), limits of agreement (LOA), standard error of measurement (SEM), and minimal detectable change (MDC) were calculated to analyzed relative and absolute intra-tester reliability, respectively. RESULTS The present study showed good to excellent relative reliability for both injured and intact sides (ICC 0.88-0.98), less proportional measurement error (β coefficient of LOA≈ 0), and suitable absolute reliability. CONCLUSION Musculoskeletal ultrasonography is a reliable method for the measurement of peri-ankle muscle morphology such as thickness, width, CSA, fiber length, and pennation angle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khadijeh Kazemi
- Department of Physiotherapy, Musculoskeletal Rehabilitation Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Feryal Saadi
- Department of Radiology, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Khodabakhsh Javanshir
- Mobility Impairment Research Center, Department of Physiotherapy, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Shahin Goharpey
- Department of Physiotherapy, Musculoskeletal Rehabilitation Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Jafar Shaterzadeh Yazdi
- Department of Physiotherapy, Musculoskeletal Rehabilitation Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | | | - Gholamhossein Nassadj
- Department of Physiotherapy, Musculoskeletal Rehabilitation Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.
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15
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Liu K, Delaney AN, Kaminski TW. A review of the role of lower-leg strength measurements in ankle sprain and chronic ankle instability populations. Sports Biomech 2021; 21:562-575. [PMID: 33938376 DOI: 10.1080/14763141.2021.1912165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Lower-leg strength training has been a cornerstone of ankle sprain and chronic ankle instability (CAI) rehabilitation and an important consideration for return-to-play in athletes with ankle injuries. The purpose of this literature review is to offer a contemporary, evidence-based overview of the role of ankle strength measurements as they relate to acute ankle sprain rehabilitation and those who have developed CAI. A comprehensive 20-year scan of the relevant research was conducted to assist us in providing this important update for clinicians and biomechanists working with patients and subjects with acute and chronic ankle sprains. While variability exists with measurement devices and methodology, strength assessment remains a critical component of ankle sprain and CAI treatment schemes. Helpful tips on obtaining and processing the most accurate strength assessments for lower-leg musculature are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathy Liu
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Colorado Colorado Springs, Colorado Springs, CO, USA
| | - Amanda N Delaney
- Department of Kinesiology and Applied Physiology, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
| | - Thomas W Kaminski
- Department of Kinesiology and Applied Physiology, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
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16
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Ankle Stability and Movement Coordination Impairments: Lateral Ankle Ligament Sprains Revision 2021. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2021; 51:CPG1-CPG80. [PMID: 33789434 DOI: 10.2519/jospt.2021.0302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
This revised clinical practice guideline (CPG) addresses the distinct but related lower extremity impairments of those with a first-time lateral ankle sprain (LAS) and those with chronic ankle instability (CAI). Depending on many factors, impairments may continue following injury. While most individuals experience resolution of symptoms, complaints of instability may continue and are defined as CAI. The aims of the revision were to provide a concise summary of the contemporary evidence since publication of the original guideline and to develop new recommendations or revise previously published recommendations to support evidence-based practice. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2021;51(4):CPG1-CPG80. doi:10.2519/jospt.2021.0302.
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17
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Bertrand-Charette M, Dambreville C, Bouyer LJ, Roy JS. Systematic review of motor control and somatosensation assessment tests for the ankle. BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med 2020; 6:e000685. [PMID: 32655878 PMCID: PMC7342858 DOI: 10.1136/bmjsem-2019-000685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/Aim Ankle sprains are frequent musculoskeletal injuries that can lead to sensorimotor deficits provoking long-term instability at the ankle joint. A broad variety of clinical tests currently exist to assess sensorimotor processing, and are commonly clinically referred to as proprioceptive tests. However, there is a discrepancy in the use of the term proprioception when looking at the main outcome of these tests. As identifying specific deficits is important for motor recovery, it is critical for clinicians to select the most appropriate tests. Methods A systematic review of four databases was performed to provide an up-to-date review of the psychometric properties of available tests referred to as proprioceptive tests. Seventy-nine articles on eight ankle proprioceptive tests were included and critically appraised. Data on validity, reliability and responsiveness were extracted from the included articles and synthesised. The tests reviewed were then divided into two categories based on their main outcome: motor control or somatosensation. Results Strong evidence showed that the Star Excursion Balance Test, a motor control test, is capable of differentiating between stable and unstable ankles. Moderate evidence suggests that somatosensation tests, such as Joint Position Sense, are also valid and reliable, but their responsiveness has yet to be evaluated. Conclusions Together, these findings indicate that the Star Excursion Balance Test can be used in the clinic to assess motor control based on its excellent psychometric properties. However, as ankle stability control involves complex sensorimotor interactions, care has to be taken regarding the use of this test as a specific tool for proprioception assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaël Bertrand-Charette
- Department of Rehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada.,Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Rehabilitation and Social Integration, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Charline Dambreville
- Department of Rehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada.,Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Rehabilitation and Social Integration, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Laurent J Bouyer
- Department of Rehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada.,Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Rehabilitation and Social Integration, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jean-Sébastien Roy
- Department of Rehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada.,Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Rehabilitation and Social Integration, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
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18
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Foot impairments contribute to functional limitation in individuals with ankle sprain and chronic ankle instability. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2020; 28:1600-1610. [PMID: 29980804 DOI: 10.1007/s00167-018-5028-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the clinical measures of foot posture and morphology, multisegmented joint motion and play, strength, and dynamic balance in recreationally active young adults with and without a history of a lateral ankle sprain (LAS), copers, and chronic ankle instability (CAI). METHODS Eighty recreationally active individuals (healthy: n = 22, coper: n = 21, LAS: n = 17, CAI: n = 20) were included. Foot posture index (FPI), morphologic measures, joint motion (weight-bearing dorsiflexion (WBDF), rearfoot dorsiflexion, plantar flexion, inversion, eversion; forefoot inversion, eversion; hallux flexion, extension), joint play (proximal and distal tibiofibular; talocrural and subtalar, forefoot; 1st tarsometatarsal and metatarsophalangeal), strength (dorsiflexion, plantar flexion, inversion, eversion, hallux flexion, lesser toe flexion), and Star Excursion Balance Test (SEBT) (anterior, posteromedial, posterolateral) were assessed. RESULTS There were no group differences in FPI or morphological measures. LAS and CAI groups had decreased ankle dorsiflexion (p = 0.001) and greater frontal plane motion (p < 0.001), first MT plantar flexion, and sagittal excursion (p < 0.001); increased talocrural glide (p = 0.02) and internal rotation (p < 0.001) and decreased forefoot inversion joint play (p < 0.001); and decreased strength in all measures (p < 0.001) except dorsiflexion compared to healthy controls. The LAS group also demonstrated decreased distal tibiofibular (p = 0.04) and forefoot general laxity (p = 0.05) and SEBT performance (anterior: p = 0.02; posteromedial: p < 0.001; posterolateral: p < 0.001). CONCLUSION Individuals with LAS or CAI have increased pain, impaired physiologic and accessory joint motion, ligamentous tenderness, and strength in the foot and ankle. Clinicians should assess the multiple segments of the ankle-foot complex when caring for individuals with an LAS or CAI. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE II.
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19
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Rosen AB, Needle AR, Ko J. Ability of Functional Performance Tests to Identify Individuals With Chronic Ankle Instability: A Systematic Review With Meta-Analysis. Clin J Sport Med 2019; 29:509-522. [PMID: 31688183 DOI: 10.1097/jsm.0000000000000535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this systematic review with meta-analysis was to determine the effectiveness of functional performance tests (FPTs) in differentiating between individuals with chronic ankle instability (CAI) and healthy controls. DATA SOURCES The National Library of Medicine Catalog (PubMed), the Cumulative Index for Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), and the SPORTDiscus, from inception to June 2017 were searched. Search terms consisted of: "Functional Performance Test*" OR "Dynamic Balance Test*" OR "Postural Stability Test*" OR "Star Excursion Balance Test*" OR "Hop Test*" AND "Ankle Instability" OR "Ankle Sprain." Included articles assessed differences in FPTs in patients with CAI compared with a control group. MAIN RESULTS Included studies were assessed for methodological quality and level of evidence. Individual and mean effect sizes were also calculated for FPTs from the included articles. Twenty-nine studies met the criteria and were analyzed. The most common FPTs were timed-hop tests, side-hop, multiple-hop test, single-hop for distance, foot-lift test, and the Star Excursion Balance Tests (SEBTs). The side-hop (g = -1.056, P = 0.009, n = 7), timed-hop tests (g = -0.958, P = 0.002, n = 9), multiple-hop test (g = 1.399, P < 0.001, n = 3), and foot-lift tests (g = -0.761, P = 0.020, n = 3) demonstrated the best utility with large mean effect sizes, whereas the SEBT anteromedial (g = 0.326, P = 0.022, n = 7), medial (g = 0.369, P = 0.006, n = 7), and posteromedial (g = 0.374, P < 0.001, n = 13) directions had moderate effects. CONCLUSIONS The side-hop, timed-hopping, multiple-hop, and foot-lift seem the best FPTs to evaluate individuals with CAI. There was a large degree of heterogeneity and inconsistent reporting, potentially limiting the clinical implementation of these FPTs. These tests are cheap, effective, alternatives compared with instrumented measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam B Rosen
- School of Health and Kinesiology, University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Alan R Needle
- Department of Health & Exercise Science, Appalachian State University, Boone, North Carolina
| | - Jupil Ko
- Department of Physical Therapy & Athletic Training, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona
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20
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Kosik KB, Johnson NF, Terada M, Thomas AC, Mattacola CG, Gribble PA. Decreased dynamic balance and dorsiflexion range of motion in young and middle-aged adults with chronic ankle instability. J Sci Med Sport 2019; 22:976-980. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2019.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Revised: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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21
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Song K, Wikstrom EA. Plausible mechanisms of and techniques to assess ankle joint degeneration following lateral ankle sprains: a narrative review. PHYSICIAN SPORTSMED 2019; 47:275-283. [PMID: 30739572 DOI: 10.1080/00913847.2019.1581511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Lateral ankle sprain (LAS) is the most common lower extremity musculoskeletal injury sustained during daily life and sport. The cascade of events that starts with ligamentous trauma leads to clinical manifestations such as recurrent sprains and giving way episodes, hallmark characteristics of chronic ankle instability (CAI). The sequelae of lateral ankle sprains and CAI appear to contribute to aberrant biomechanics. Combined, joint trauma and aberrant biomechanics appear to directly and/or indirectly play a role in talar cartilage degeneration. Up to 80% of all cases of ankle osteoarthritis (OA) are post-traumatic in nature and common etiologies for ankle post-traumatic osteoarthritis (PTOA) are histories of a single and recurrent ankle sprains. Despite known links between LAS, CAI, and PTOA and evidence demonstrating the burden of LAS and its sequelae, early pathoetiological changes of ankle PTOA and how they can be assessed are poorly understood. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to review the plausible mechanistic links among LAS and its sequelae of CAI and PTOA as well as review non-surgical techniques that can quantify talar cartilage health. Understanding the pathway from ligamentous ankle injury to ankle PTOA is vital to developing theoretically sound therapeutic interventions aimed at slowing ankle PTOA progression. Further, directly assessing talar cartilage health non-surgically provides opportunities to quantify if current and novel intervention strategies are able to slow the progression of ankle PTOA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyeongtak Song
- Department of Exercise & Sport Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill , NC , USA.,Human Movement Science Curriculum, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill , NC , USA
| | - Erik A Wikstrom
- Department of Exercise & Sport Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill , NC , USA
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22
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McCann RS, Terada M, Kosik KB, Gribble PA. Landing Kinematics and Isometric Hip Strength of Individuals With Chronic Ankle Instability. Foot Ankle Int 2019; 40:969-977. [PMID: 31023077 DOI: 10.1177/1071100719846085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic ankle instability (CAI) is associated with hip strength deficits and altered movement in the lower extremity. However, it remains unclear how hip strength deficits contribute to lateral ankle sprain (LAS) mechanisms. We aimed to compare lower extremity landing kinematics and isometric hip strength between individuals with and without CAI and examine associations between hip kinematics and strength. METHODS Seventy-six individuals completed 5 single-leg landings, during which we collected three-dimensional ankle, knee, and hip kinematics from 200 milliseconds pre-initial contact to 50 milliseconds post-initial contact. We calculated average peak torque (Nm/kg) from 3 trials of isometric hip extension, abduction, and external rotation strength testing. One-way analyses of variance assessed group differences (CAI, LAS coper, and control) in hip strength and kinematics. Pearson product moment correlations assessed associations between hip kinematics and strength. We adjusted the kinematic group comparisons and correlation analyses for multiple comparisons using the Benjamini-Hochberg method. RESULTS The CAI group exhibited less hip abduction during landing than LAS copers and controls. The CAI group had lower hip external rotation strength than LAS copers (P = .04, d = 0.62 [0.05, 1.17]) and controls (P < .01, d = 0.87 [0.28, 1.43]). Effect sizes suggest that the CAI group had deficits in EXT compared with controls (d = 0.63 [0.06, 1.19]). Hip strength was not associated with hip landing kinematics for any group. CONCLUSION Altered landing mechanics displayed by the CAI group may promote mechanisms of LAS, but they are not associated with isometric hip strength. However, hip strength deficits may negatively impact other functional tasks, and they should still be considered during rehabilitation. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level III, case-control study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan S McCann
- 1 School of Physical Therapy & Athletic Training, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, USA
| | - Masafumi Terada
- 2 College of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatus, Shiga, Japan
| | - Kyle B Kosik
- 3 Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Phillip A Gribble
- 3 Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
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23
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Hadadi M, Abbasi F. Comparison of the Effect of the Combined Mechanism Ankle Support on Static and Dynamic Postural Control of Chronic Ankle Instability Patients. Foot Ankle Int 2019; 40:702-709. [PMID: 30808178 DOI: 10.1177/1071100719833993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic ankle instability (CAI) is associated with postural control impairment. Orthotic devices are routinely used to improve postural control of CAI patients and prevent recurrence of ankle sprain. This study aimed to evaluate and compare the effect of combined mechanism ankle support (CMAS) with soft ankle support (SAS) and custom-molded foot orthosis (CFO) on static and dynamic postural control in patients with CAI. METHODS Twenty-two patients with CAI and 22 matched healthy subjects were recruited. The participants were evaluated in four orthotic conditions (without orthosis and with the CMAS, SAS, and CFO). Static balance was investigated in single-limb stance on the force platform, and dynamic balance was assessed using the Star Excursion Balance Test (SEBT). RESULTS Statistically significant differences were found for the main effects of the groups in all center of pressure (COP) parameters and reach distances in medial (M), anteromedial (AM), and posteromedial (PM) directions of the SEBT ( P < .05). The main effect of the orthotics for all evaluated parameters, except reach distance in the PM direction, was statistically different. All COP parameters were significantly lower with the CMAS compared with other orthotic conditions in CAI patients. Also, the higher reach distances with the CMAS were obtained in the AM and M directions of the SEBT. CONCLUSION The CMAS improved impaired postural control in static and dynamic stability tests, but no similar effect was found for SAS and CFO. This result may have implications for the best bracing for CAI. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level II, comparative study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Hadadi
- 1 Orthotics and Prosthetics Department, School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.,2 Rehabilitation Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Faezeh Abbasi
- 3 Department of Orthotics and Prosthetics, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Subgroup characteristics of patients with chronic ankle instability in primary care. J Sci Med Sport 2019; 22:866-870. [PMID: 30878293 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2019.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Revised: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To examine clinical and radiological characteristics of participants with an ankle sprain in general practice, classified into subgroups of a previously described chronic ankle instability (CAI) model. DESIGN Cross-sectional study. METHODS 206 participants, who visited their general practitioner with a lateral ankle sprain 6-12 months before inclusion, completed a questionnaire, physical examination, radiography and magnetic resonance imaging. They were classified into three subgroups of the previously described CAI-model: mechanical instability (MI), perceived instability (PI) and recurrent sprains (RS). Regression analyses were applied to evaluate differences in subgroup characteristics. RESULTS A total of 192 participants were eligible to be classified into the model. Of these participants, 153 participants were classified into the subgroups and 39 could not be classified. With overlap between the subgroups and patients falling into more than one subgroup, 59 were classified having MI, 145 having PI and 30 having RS. Participants with RS and PI were more often sports participants (OR 6.83;95%CI 1.35-34.56 and OR 4.44;95%CI1.06-18.63 respectively) than participants without RS and PI. Participants with MI more often had a tenderness on palpation of the anterior talofibular ligament (OR 4.09;95%CI 1.91-8.72) and a KL-score≥1 in the talonavicular joint on X-ray (OR 2.24;95%CI 1.09-4.58), compared to participants without MI. CONCLUSIONS Sports participation, tenderness on palpation of the anterior talofibular ligament and early signs of osteoarthritis were variables that discriminated between subgroups of CAI. However, further research is mandatory in order to examine the usefulness of the CAI model in relation to prognosis and suitable intervention.
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Powden CJ, Hoch JM, Jamali BE, Hoch MC. A 4-Week Multimodal Intervention for Individuals With Chronic Ankle Instability: Examination of Disease-Oriented and Patient-Oriented Outcomes. J Athl Train 2018; 54:384-396. [PMID: 30589387 DOI: 10.4085/1062-6050-344-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Individuals with chronic ankle instability (CAI) experience disease- and patient-oriented impairments that contribute to both immediate and long-term health detriments. Investigators have demonstrated the ability of targeted interventions to improve these impairments. However, the combined effects of a multimodal intervention on a multidimensional profile of health have not been evaluated. OBJECTIVE To examine the effects of a 4-week rehabilitation program on disease- and patient-oriented impairments associated with CAI. DESIGN Controlled laboratory study. SETTING Laboratory. PATIENTS OR OTHER PARTICIPANTS Twenty adults (5 males, 15 females; age = 24.35 ± 6.95 years, height = 169.29 ± 10.10 cm, mass = 70.58 ± 12.90 kg) with self-reported CAI participated. Inclusion criteria were at least 1 previous ankle sprain, at least 2 episodes of "giving way" in the 3 months before the study, and a Cumberland Ankle Instability Tool score ≤24. INTERVENTION(S) Individuals participated in 12 sessions over 4 weeks that consisted of ankle stretching and strengthening, balance training, and joint mobilizations. They also completed home ankle-strengthening and -stretching exercises daily. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) Dorsiflexion range of motion (weight-bearing-lunge test), isometric ankle strength (inversion, eversion, dorsiflexion, plantar flexion), isometric hip strength (abduction, adduction, flexion, extension), dynamic postural control (Y-Balance test), static postural control (eyes-open and -closed time to boundary in the anterior-posterior and medial-lateral directions), and patient-reported outcomes (Foot and Ankle Ability Measure-Activities of Daily Living and Foot and Ankle Ability Measure-Sport, modified Disablement in the Physically Active scale physical and mental summary components, and Fear-Avoidance Beliefs Questionnaire-Physical Activity and Fear-Avoidance Beliefs Questionnaire-Work) were assessed at 4 times (baseline, preintervention, postintervention, 2-week follow-up). RESULTS Dorsiflexion range of motion, each direction of the Y-Balance test, 4-way ankle strength, hip-adduction and -extension strength, the Foot and Ankle Ability Measure-Activities of Daily Living score, the modified Disablement in the Physically Active scale-physical summary component score, and the Fear-Avoidance Beliefs Questionnaire-Physical Activity score were improved at postintervention (P < .001; effect-size range = 0.72-1.73) and at the 2-week follow-up (P < .001; effect-size range = 0.73-1.72) compared with preintervention. Hip-flexion strength was improved at postintervention compared with preintervention (P = .03; effect size = 0.61). Hip-abduction strength was improved at the 2-week follow-up compared with preintervention (P = .001; effect size = 0.96). Time to boundary in the anterior-posterior direction was increased at the 2-week follow-up compared with preintervention (P < .04; effect-size range = 0.61-0.78) and postintervention (P < .04) during the eyes-open condition. CONCLUSION A 4-week rehabilitation program improved a multidimensional profile of health in participants with CAI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cameron J Powden
- Department of Applied Medicine and Rehabilitation, Indiana State University, Terre Haute
| | - Johanna M Hoch
- Division of Athletic Training, University of Kentucky, Lexington
| | - Beth E Jamali
- Athletic Training and Physical Therapy, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA
| | - Matthew C Hoch
- Division of Athletic Training, University of Kentucky, Lexington
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Nonelastic and Kinesio Tex Tapes Improve Perceived Stability But Not Postural Control in Participants With Chronic Ankle Instability. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ATHLETIC THERAPY & TRAINING 2018. [DOI: 10.1123/ijatt.2017-0112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The development of chronic ankle instability (CAI) is common following a lateral ankle sprain. Taping using nonelastic and Kinesio Tex (KT) tapes remain popular treatment strategies. The purpose of this investigation was to determine if KT tape improves static and dynamic postural control relative to nonelastic tape and a control condition. Twenty-four participants completed all three conditions. No immediate improvements in postural control were noted in either taping condition. Both nonelastic and KT tape improved perceived stability relative to the control condition. In conclusion, nonelastic and KT tape should not be used to immediately improve postural control in CAI participants.
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Residual Impairments and Activity Limitations at Return to Play from a Lateral Ankle Sprain. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ATHLETIC THERAPY & TRAINING 2018. [DOI: 10.1123/ijatt.2017-0058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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McCann RS, Terada M, Kosik KB, Gribble PA. Energy dissipation differs between females with and without chronic ankle instability. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2017; 28:1227-1234. [PMID: 29110366 DOI: 10.1111/sms.13004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Chronic ankle instability (CAI) is associated with altered energy dissipation patterns, but comparisons to lateral ankle sprain (LAS) copers have not been explored. The purpose of this study was to examine differences in relative sagittal plane energy dissipation during a single-leg landing between female CAI and LAS coper participants. We separated 33 females (23.6 ± 4.6 years, 164.3 ± 6.2 cm, 69.4 ± 13.7 kg) into CAI (n = 17) and LAS coper (n = 16) groups. Participants completed 5 single-leg landings followed by a 5-second stabilization. We collected sagittal plane kinematics and joint moments at the ankle, knee, hip, and proximal joints (knee and hip) combined then calculated each joint's energy dissipation at 50, 100, 150, and 200 ms post-landing. We compared the percentage of total energy dissipated by the ankle, knee, hip, and proximal joints during each interval utilizing independent t tests and Cohen's d effect sizes. Statistical significance was set a priori at P < .05. The CAI group had lower relative energy dissipation from the ankle at 50 (24.7 ± 11.5% vs 39.2 ± 11.8%, P < .01, d = 1.25 [0.47, 1.95]), 100 (66.9 ± 19.4% vs 77.7 ± 6.5%, P = .04, d = 0.74 [0.01, 1.42]), and 150 ms (70.7 ± 17.8% vs 81.0 ± 5.7%, P = .03, d = 0.77 [0.04, 1.46]) compared to LAS copers. The CAI group had a greater hip contribution through 150 ms (17.9 ± 10.7% vs 11.7 ± 4.4%, P = .04, d =-0.75 [-1.44, -0.03]) and the proximal joints at 50 (75.3 ± 11.5% vs 60.8 ± 11.8%, P < .01, d = -1.25 [-1.96, -0.47]), 100 (33.1 ± 19.4% vs 22.3 ± 6.5%, P = .04, d = -0.74 [-1.42, -0.01]), and 150 ms (29.3 ± 17.8 vs 19.0 ± 5.7%, P = .03, d =-0.77 [-1.46, -0.04]) compared to LAS copers. Females with CAI may benefit from therapeutic exercises designed to correct a single-leg energy dissipation strategy that relies less on the ankle joint.
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Affiliation(s)
- R S McCann
- School of Physical Therapy & Athletic Training, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, USA
| | - M Terada
- College of Sport and Health Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - K B Kosik
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, USA
| | - P A Gribble
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, USA
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Mtibaa K, Thomson A, Nichols D, Hautier C, Racinais S. Hyperthermia-induced Neural Alterations Impair Proprioception and Balance. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2017; 50:46-53. [PMID: 28863075 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000001418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Hyperthermia has been shown to affect both central and peripheral nervous systems. However, the consequences of these alterations on the proprioceptive mechanisms underlying human movement control remain unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of passive hyperthermia on various measures of proprioception and balance, two key components of injury prevention and movement efficiency. METHODS After a familiarization session, 14 volunteers (8 males, 6 females) completed two experimental sessions in temperate (CON, 24°C) and hot (HOT, 44°C-50°C) conditions, in a counterbalanced order. Participants were tested for neural function (electrically evoked M-wave and Hoffman reflex, Soleus), active movement discrimination (five positions, 50 trials, dorsiflexion), dynamic balance (Star Excursion Balance Test, three directions), and static balance (single-leg stance). RESULTS Both rectal (39.0°C ± 0.3°C vs 36.9°C ± 0.6°C) and mean skin (37.9°C ± 1.0°C vs 32.0°C ± 2.7°C) temperatures were significantly higher in HOT than CON (P < 0.05). Hyperthermia significantly reduced the Hoffman reflex (P < 0.05) but not the M-wave (P > 0.05) amplitudes, increased the mean error for active movement discrimination (0.58°± 0.13° vs 0.50° ± 0.11°, +17%, P < 0.05), decreased the average distance reached in the posteromedial direction during dynamic balance (88.6 ± 7.9 cm vs 90.9 ± 6.1 cm, P < 0.05), and increased the contact area of the foot (126 ± 14 cm vs 122 ± 13 cm, +2.7%, P < 0.05) and the center of pressure excursion (64 ± 14 vs 57 ± 9 cm, +11.1%, P < 0.10) during single-leg stance. CONCLUSIONS The current study suggests that hyperthermia impairs the proprioception and balance parameters measured. These observations might be due to heat-induced alterations in efferent and afferent signals to and from the muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khouloud Mtibaa
- 1Sport Science Program, College of Arts and Sciences, Qatar University, Doha, QATAR; 2Inter-university Laboratory of Human Movement Biology, University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, FRANCE; and 3Aspetar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha, QATAR
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Hip strength and star excursion balance test deficits of patients with chronic ankle instability. J Sci Med Sport 2017; 20:992-996. [PMID: 28595864 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2017.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2016] [Revised: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To examine isometric hip strength in those with and without CAI, and determine the degree of Star Excursion Balance Test (SEBT) variance explained by isometric hip strength. DESIGN Single-blinded, cross-sectional, case-control study. METHODS Thirty individuals with CAI, 29 lateral ankle sprain (LAS) copers, and 26 healthy controls participated. We assessed dynamic postural control with the SEBT anterior (SEBT-ANT), posteromedial (SEBT-PM), and posterolateral (SEBT-PL) reaches, and isometric hip extension (EXT), abduction (ABD) and external rotation (ER) strength with hand-held dynamometry. The CAI and LAS coper groups' involved limbs and randomly selected limbs in controls were tested. Separate Kruskal-Wallis tests compared SEBT scores and isometric hip strength between groups. Backwards linear regression models determined the degree of SEBT variance explained by isometric hip strength. Statistical significance was set a priori at P<0.05. RESULTS The CAI group had lower SEBT-ANT scores compared to LAS copers (P=0.03) and controls (P=0.03). The CAI group had lower ABD compared to LAS copers (P=0.03) and controls (P=0.02). The CAI group had lower ER compared to LAS copers (P=0.01) and controls (P=0.01). ER (R2=0.25, P=0.01) and ABD (R2=0.25, P=0.01) explained 25% of the CAI group's SEBT-PM and SEBT-PL variances, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The CAI group had deficient dynamic postural control and isometric hip strength compared to LAS copers and controls. Additionally, the CAI group's isometric hip strength significantly influenced dynamic postural control performance. Future CAI rehabilitation strategies should consider hip muscular strengthening to facilitate improvements in dynamic postural control.
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The Alteration of Neuromuscular Control Strategies During Gait Initiation in Individuals with Chronic Ankle Instability. IRANIAN RED CRESCENT MEDICAL JOURNAL 2017. [DOI: 10.5812/ircmj.44534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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McKeon PO, Wikstrom EA. Sensory-Targeted Ankle Rehabilitation Strategies for Chronic Ankle Instability. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2017; 48:776-84. [PMID: 26717498 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000000859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Deficient sensory input from damaged ankle ligament receptors is thought to contribute to sensorimotor deficits in those with chronic ankle instability (CAI). Targeting other viable sensory receptors may then enhance sensorimotor control in these patients. The purpose of this randomized controlled trial was to evaluate the effects of 2 wk of sensory-targeted ankle rehabilitation strategies (STARS) on patient- and clinician-oriented outcomes in those with CAI. METHODS Eighty patients with self-reported CAI participated. All patients completed patient-oriented questionnaires capturing self-reported function as well as the weight-bearing lunge test and an eyes-closed single-limb balance test. After baseline testing, patients were randomly allocated to four STARS groups: joint mobilization, plantar massage, triceps surae stretching, or control. Each patient in the intervention groups received six 5-min treatments of their respective STARS over 2 wk. All subjects were reassessed on patient- and clinician-oriented measures immediately after the intervention and completed a 1-month follow-up that consisted of patient-oriented measures. Change scores of the three STARS groups were compared with the control using independent t-tests and Hedges' g effect sizes with 95% confidence intervals. RESULTS The joint mobilization group had the greatest weight-bearing lunge test improvement. Plantar massage had the most meaningful single-limb balance improvement. All STARS groups improved patient-oriented outcomes with joint mobilization having the most meaningful effect immediately after the intervention and plantar massage at the 1-month follow-up. CONCLUSION Each STARS treatment offers unique contributions to the patient- and clinician-oriented rehabilitation outcomes of those with CAI. Both joint mobilization and plantar massage appear to demonstrate the greatest potential to improve sensorimotor function in those with CAI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick O McKeon
- 1Department of Exercise & Sport Sciences, Ithaca College, Ithaca, NY; and 2Department of Exercise & Sport Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
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Terrier R, Degache F, Fourchet F, Gojanovic B, Forestier N. Assessment of evertor weakness in patients with chronic ankle instability: Functional versus isokinetic testing. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon) 2017; 41:54-59. [PMID: 27940174 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2016.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2016] [Revised: 11/25/2016] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ankle sprain is the most common sport-related injury and eccentric weakness of ankle evertors is regarded as a significant muscular deficit related to chronic ankle instability. However, the eccentric performance of the evertors is rarely assessed by clinicians because procedures used for research purposes (i.e. isokinetic tests) are not easily applicable in daily practice. METHODS The present study assessed the ability of two different testing procedures to distinguish between groups of 12 healthy subjects or 12 patients suffering from chronic ankle instability. On the one hand, the strength of evertors was assessed with a goldstandard isokinetic procedure. On the other hand, we assessed the ability of the subjects to control ankle inversion during weight bearing (functional standing test). FINDINGS Data showed no significant difference between groups for isokinetic peak torque values normalized to body weight. Conversely, the functional test revealed a significantly impaired ability to control ankle inversion during weight bearing in subjects with chronic ankle instability. INTERPRETATION This suggests that this easy-to-apply functional test is better suited compared to isokinetic testing procedures to assess weakness of evertors in patients suffering from chronic ankle instability. Moreover, this test may also be used to objectively monitor improvements during rehabilitation or progression in prevention protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romain Terrier
- University Savoie - Mont BlancEA 7424 - Inter-university Laboratory of Human Movement Science, France; CEVRES Santé, Savoie Technolac, BP 322, 73377 Le Bourget du lac cedex, France.
| | - Francis Degache
- University of Health Sciences, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Western Switzerland, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - François Fourchet
- Motion Analysis Laboratory, Physiotherapy Department, Hôpital La Tour, Avenue J-D Maillard 3, 1217 Meyrin, Geneve, Switzerland
| | - Boris Gojanovic
- Motion Analysis Laboratory, Physiotherapy Department, Hôpital La Tour, Avenue J-D Maillard 3, 1217 Meyrin, Geneve, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Forestier
- University Savoie - Mont BlancEA 7424 - Inter-university Laboratory of Human Movement Science, France
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Burcal CJ, Hoch MC, Wikstrom EA. Effects of a stocking on plantar sensation in individuals with and without ankle instability. Muscle Nerve 2016; 55:513-519. [PMID: 27490972 DOI: 10.1002/mus.25362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Revised: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION It is unknown whether footwear has a beneficial or deleterious effect on cutaneous sensitivity. We aimed to test a preliminary model of footwear and its effect on tactile perception among groups of controls, copers, and chronic ankle instability participants. METHODS Light-touch thresholds were obtained for 45 participants (age: 20.2 ± 2.8 years; height: 167.6 ± 9.8 cm; mass: 66.3 ± 14.7 kg) using Semmes-Weinstein monofilaments at the head of the first metatarsal (1MT), base of the fifth metatarsal (5MT), and calcaneus (CAL). Baseline measurements were compared with those taken after wearing a nylon stocking for 5 min. RESULTS Thresholds were increased at all 3 sites when the stocking was worn (P < 0.05). Controls had an increase at 1MT, copers had an increase at 5MT and CAL, and chronic ankle instability had an increase at CAL. CONCLUSIONS Cutaneous thresholds increase when subjects wear a nylon stocking, a model for the sensory effects of footwear. A history of ankle injury appears to influence which sites have altered sensibility. Muscle Nerve, 2016. Muscle Nerve 55: 513-519, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Burcal
- Department of Kinesiology, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, 209 Belk Gym, 9201 University City Blvd., Charlotte, North Carolina, USA
| | - Matthew C Hoch
- School of Physical Therapy and Athletic Training, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, Virginia, USA
| | - Erik A Wikstrom
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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Song K, Kang TK, Wikstrom EA, Jun HP, Lee SY. Effects of reduced plantar cutaneous sensation on static postural control in individuals with and without chronic ankle instability. J Sci Med Sport 2016; 20:910-914. [PMID: 28571626 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2016.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Revised: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to determine how reduced plantar cutaneous sensation influences static postural control in individuals with and without CAI. DESIGN A case-control study design. METHODS Twenty-six individuals with self-reported CAI and 26 matched healthy controls participated in this study. The plantar aspect of the participants' foot was then submersed in ice water (0°C) for 10min to reduce plantar sensation. Before and after the cooling procedure, plantar cutaneous sensation thresholds and single leg balance with eyes open and closed were assessed. RESULTS Significantly, higher scores were observed in both groups after ice water submersion (p<0.001) indicating a significant reduction in the plantar cutaneous sensitivity after the cooling procedure. In single limb balance with eyes open, there were significant intervention main effects for the TTB ML mean (p<0.001), TTB AP mean (p=0.035) and TTB ML SD (p=0.021); indicating postural control improvement in both groups post-cooling. In single limb balance with eyes closed, Group×Intervention interactions were observed for the TTB AP mean (p=0.003) and TTB AP SD (p=0.017); indicating postural control deficits in CAI group post-cooling, but no changes in the control group. CONCLUSIONS The main finding of this study was that reduced plantar cutaneous sensation induced by an ice submersion procedure caused eyes closed postural control impairments in those with CAI but not healthy controls. The present investigation demonstrated that the ability to dynamically reweight among sensory inputs to maintain postural stability appears to be diminished in CAI patients compared to healthy controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyeongtak Song
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, USA; Human Movement Science Curriculum, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, USA
| | - Tae Kyu Kang
- Yonsei Institute of Sports Science and Exercise Medicine, Yonsei University, Republic of Korea
| | - Erik A Wikstrom
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, USA
| | - Hyung-Pil Jun
- Department of Movement Sciences, University of Idaho, USA
| | - Sae Yong Lee
- Yonsei Institute of Sports Science and Exercise Medicine, Yonsei University, Republic of Korea.
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Doherty C, Bleakley C, Hertel J, Caulfield B, Ryan J, Delahunt E. Recovery From a First-Time Lateral Ankle Sprain and the Predictors of Chronic Ankle Instability: A Prospective Cohort Analysis. Am J Sports Med 2016; 44:995-1003. [PMID: 26912285 DOI: 10.1177/0363546516628870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 233] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Impairments in motor control may predicate the paradigm of chronic ankle instability (CAI) that can develop in the year after an acute lateral ankle sprain (LAS) injury. No prospective analysis is currently available identifying the mechanisms by which these impairments develop and contribute to long-term outcome after LAS. PURPOSE To identify the motor control deficits predicating CAI outcome after a first-time LAS injury. STUDY DESIGN Cohort study (diagnosis); Level of evidence, 2. METHODS Eighty-two individuals were recruited after sustaining a first-time LAS injury. Several biomechanical analyses were performed for these individuals, who completed 5 movement tasks at 3 time points: (1) 2 weeks, (2) 6 months, and (3) 12 months after LAS occurrence. A logistic regression analysis of several "salient" biomechanical parameters identified from the movement tasks, in addition to scores from the Cumberland Ankle Instability Tool and the Foot and Ankle Ability Measure (FAAM) recorded at the 2-week and 6-month time points, were used as predictors of 12-month outcome. RESULTS At the 2-week time point, an inability to complete 2 of the movement tasks (a single-leg drop landing and a drop vertical jump) was predictive of CAI outcome and correctly classified 67.6% of cases (sensitivity, 83%; specificity, 55%; P = .004). At the 6-month time point, several deficits exhibited by the CAI group during 1 of the movement tasks (reach distances and sagittal plane joint positions at the hip, knee and ankle during the posterior reach directions of the Star Excursion Balance Test) and their scores on the activities of daily living subscale of the FAAM were predictive of outcome and correctly classified 84.8% of cases (sensitivity, 75%; specificity, 91%; P < .001). CONCLUSION An inability to complete jumping and landing tasks within 2 weeks of a first-time LAS and poorer dynamic postural control and lower self-reported function 6 months after a first-time LAS were predictive of eventual CAI outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cailbhe Doherty
- School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Sports Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Chris Bleakley
- Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Institute, Ulster Sports Academy, University of Ulster, Newtownabbey, Co. Antrim, Northern Ireland
| | - Jay Hertel
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Brian Caulfield
- School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Sports Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - John Ryan
- St Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Eamonn Delahunt
- School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Sports Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland Institute for Sport and Health, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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Plantar Cutaneous Sensitivity With and Without Cognitive Loading in People With Chronic Ankle Instability, Copers, and Uninjured Controls. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2016; 46:270-6. [PMID: 26813754 DOI: 10.2519/jospt.2016.6351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
STUDY DESIGN Controlled laboratory study. BACKGROUND Deficits in light touch have recently been identified on the plantar surface of the foot in those with chronic ankle instability (CAI) but not in uninjured controls. It is unknown whether copers display similar deficits. Similarly, cognitive loading has been shown to impact postural control in different populations, but it is unclear how it may impact sensory perception. OBJECTIVES To evaluate the difference in cutaneous sensation thresholds at rest and under cognitive loading, using Semmes-Weinstein monofilaments (SWMs), among uninjured controls, copers, and those with CAI. METHODS A total of 45 participants (mean ± SD age, 20.2 ± 2.8 years; height, 167.6 ± 9.9 cm; mass, 66.3 ± 14.7 kg) were recruited and categorized to a CAI, coper, or control group, based on Ankle Instability Instrument scores. Participants were assessed with SWMs for cutaneous thresholds using a 4-2-1 stepping algorithm at the head of the first metatarsal, base of the fifth metatarsal, calcaneus, and sinus tarsi. Each participant was then retested while generating random digits to the beat of a metronome in order to simulate cognitive loading. RESULTS Participants with CAI displayed significantly higher SWM thresholds at the head of the first metatarsal, base of the fifth metatarsal, and sinus tarsi than those of the control participants, and significantly higher thresholds at the base of the fifth metatarsal and calcaneus than those of copers (all, P<.05). Copers showed higher thresholds than those of controls at the sinus tarsi only (P<.05). A main effect of cognitive loading was identified at all 4 sites (P<.05). CONCLUSION People with CAI have deficits in plantar sensation relative to controls and copers. Cognitive loading increases plantar cutaneous sensation thresholds irrespective of CAI status.
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Doherty C, Bleakley C, Hertel J, Caulfield B, Ryan J, Delahunt E. Dynamic balance deficits in individuals with chronic ankle instability compared to ankle sprain copers 1 year after a first-time lateral ankle sprain injury. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2016; 24:1086-95. [PMID: 26254090 DOI: 10.1007/s00167-015-3744-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To quantify the dynamic balance deficits that characterise a group with chronic ankle instability compared to lateral ankle sprain copers and non-injured controls using kinematic and kinetic outcomes. METHODS Forty-two participants with chronic ankle instability and twenty-eight lateral ankle sprain copers were initially recruited within 2 weeks of sustaining a first-time, acute lateral ankle sprain and required to attend our laboratory 1 year later to complete the current study protocol. An additional group of non-injured individuals were also recruited to act as a control group. All participants completed the anterior, posterior-lateral and posterior-medial reach directions of the star excursion balance test. Sagittal plane kinematics of the lower extremity and associated fractal dimension of the centre of pressure path were also acquired. RESULTS Participants with chronic ankle instability displayed poorer performance in the anterior, posterior-medial and posterior-lateral reach directions compared with controls bilaterally, and in the posterior-lateral direction compared with lateral ankle sprain copers on their 'involved' limb only. These performance deficits in the posterior-lateral and posterior-medial directions were associated with reduced flexion and dorsiflexion displacements at the hip, knee and ankle at the point of maximum reach, and coincided with reduced complexity of the centre of pressure path. CONCLUSION In comparison with lateral ankle sprain copers and controls, participants with chronic ankle instability were characterised by dynamic balance deficits as measured using the SEBT. This was attested to reduced sagittal plane motions at the hip, knee and ankle joints, and reduced capacity of the stance limb to avail of its supporting base. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE III.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cailbhe Doherty
- A101 School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Population Science, University College Dublin, Health Sciences Centre, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
| | - Chris Bleakley
- Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Institute, Ulster Sports Academy, University of Ulster, Newtownabbey, Co., Antrim, Northern Ireland
| | - Jay Hertel
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Brian Caulfield
- A101 School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Population Science, University College Dublin, Health Sciences Centre, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - John Ryan
- St. Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Eamonn Delahunt
- A101 School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Population Science, University College Dublin, Health Sciences Centre, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.,Institute for Sport and Health, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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Pionnier R, Découfour N, Barbier F, Popineau C, Simoneau-Buessinger E. A new approach of the Star Excursion Balance Test to assess dynamic postural control in people complaining from chronic ankle instability. Gait Posture 2016; 45:97-102. [PMID: 26979889 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2016.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Revised: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to quantitatively and qualitatively assess dynamic balance with accuracy in individuals with chronic ankle instability (CAI). To this aim, a motion capture system was used while participants performed the Star Excursion Balance Test (SEBT). Reached distances for the 8 points of the star were automatically computed, thereby excluding any dependence to the experimenter. In addition, new relevant variables were also computed, such as absolute time needed to reach each distance, lower limb ranges of motion during unipodal stance, as well as absolute error of pointing. Velocity of the center of pressure and range of variation of ground reaction forces have also been assessed during the unipodal phase of the SEBT thanks to force plates. CAI group exhibited smaller reached distances and greater absolute error of pointing than the control group (p<0.05). Moreover, the ranges of motion of lower limbs joints, the velocity of the center of pressure and the range of variation of the ground reaction forces were all significantly smaller in the CAI group (p<0.05). These reduced quantitative and qualitative performances highlighted a lower dynamic postural control. The limited body movements and accelerations during the unipodal stance in the CAI group could highlight a protective strategy. The present findings could help clinicians to better understand the motor strategies used by CAI patients during dynamic balance and may guide the rehabilitation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphaël Pionnier
- Laboratoire d'Automatique, de Mécanique, et d'Informatique industrielles et Humaines (LAMIH) - UMR CNRS 8201, Université de Valenciennes et du Hainaut-Cambrésis (UVHC), F-59313 Valenciennes, France; Laboratoire d'analyse du mouvement, Centre Hospitalier de la Région de Saint-Omer, F-62505 Saint-Omer Cedex, France
| | - Nicolas Découfour
- Laboratoire d'analyse du mouvement, Centre Hospitalier de la Région de Saint-Omer, F-62505 Saint-Omer Cedex, France
| | - Franck Barbier
- Laboratoire d'Automatique, de Mécanique, et d'Informatique industrielles et Humaines (LAMIH) - UMR CNRS 8201, Université de Valenciennes et du Hainaut-Cambrésis (UVHC), F-59313 Valenciennes, France
| | - Christophe Popineau
- Laboratoire d'analyse du mouvement, Centre Hospitalier de la Région de Saint-Omer, F-62505 Saint-Omer Cedex, France
| | - Emilie Simoneau-Buessinger
- Laboratoire d'Automatique, de Mécanique, et d'Informatique industrielles et Humaines (LAMIH) - UMR CNRS 8201, Université de Valenciennes et du Hainaut-Cambrésis (UVHC), F-59313 Valenciennes, France.
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Houston MN, Hoch JM, Hoch MC. Patient-Reported Outcome Measures in Individuals With Chronic Ankle Instability: A Systematic Review. J Athl Train 2015; 50:1019-33. [PMID: 26332028 DOI: 10.4085/1062-6050-50.9.01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT A comprehensive systematic literature review of the health-related quality-of-life (HRQOL) differences among individuals with chronic ankle instability (CAI), ankle-sprain copers, and healthy control participants has not been conducted. It could provide a better indication of the self-reported deficits that may be present in individuals with CAI. OBJECTIVE To systematically summarize the extent to which HRQOL deficits are present in individuals with CAI. DATA SOURCES We searched for articles in the electronic databases of EBSCO Host and PubMed Central using key words chronic, functional, mechanical, coper, instability, sprains, and patient-assessed. We also performed a hand search of reference lists, authors, and patient-reported outcomes (PROs) of the articles screened for inclusion. STUDY SELECTION Studies were included if they (1) incorporated a PRO as a participant descriptor or as a study outcome to compare adults with CAI to ankle-sprain copers or healthy controls, (2) were written in English, and (3) were published in peer-reviewed journals. DATA EXTRACTION Two authors independently assessed methodologic quality using the modified Downs and Black Index. Articles were filtered into 3 categories based on between-groups comparisons: CAI and copers, CAI and healthy control participants, copers and healthy participants. We calculated Hedges g effect sizes and 95% confidence intervals to examine PRO group differences. DATA SYNTHESIS Of the 124 studies assessed for eligibility, 27 were included. A total of 24 articles compared PROs in individuals with CAI and healthy controls, 7 compared individuals with CAI and copers, and 4 compared copers and healthy controls. Quality scores on the modified Downs and Black Index ranged from 52.9% to 88.2%, with 8 high-, 16 moderate-, and 3 low-quality studies. Overall, we observed moderate to strong evidence that individuals with CAI displayed deficits on generic and region-specific PROs compared with copers and healthy controls. However, evidence that differences exist between copers and healthy controls was conflicting. In addition, for dimension-specific outcomes, evidence to suggest that fear of reinjury is heightened in individuals with CAI was limited. CONCLUSIONS The evidence suggested that CAI is associated with functional and HRQOL deficits, particularly when examined with region-specific PROs. However, PROs do not appear to differ between copers and healthy controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan N Houston
- Department of Interdisciplinary Health Sciences, A.T. Still University, Mesa, AZ
| | - Johanna M Hoch
- School of Physical Therapy and Athletic Training, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA
| | - Matthew C Hoch
- School of Physical Therapy and Athletic Training, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA
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Abstract
Lateral ankle sprains (LASs) are among the most common sports-related injuries and a high percentage of individuals who sprain their ankle go on to develop chronic ankle instability (CAI). The condition of CAI is often classified as having pain, loss of function, and a restriction of, or failure to, return to levels of previous activity. Historically, uninjured healthy controls are used as a comparison group to study the biomechanical and neuromuscular consequences of CAI. However, this model is not ideal to determine why a portion of the population experiencing an ankle sprain does not recover. A more appropriate comparison may be individuals who had an ankle sprain, and thus the exposure, but did not go on to develop CAI (i.e., copers). Thus, the purpose of this review was to determine the existing discrepancies and common standards in definitions of, terminology used for, and the inclusionary/exclusionary criteria used to describe copers within the CAI literature. Multiple databases were searched by keywords and specific authors. Potential studies were screened independently by both authors. Inclusion criteria consisted of an explicit definition of copers and explicit inclusionary/exclusionary criteria. A total of 21 studies were included in the current study and had four outcomes extracted: (1) the definition of copers; (2) the terminology used; (3) specific inclusionary/exclusionary criteria; and (4) injury characteristics of the copers. Based on the included operational definitions, it is recommend that future operational definitions of copers include three key components: (1) an initial LAS; (2) subsequent lack of CAI symptoms (i.e., no complaints of disability or giving way); and (3) a time since injury component. The term coper was overwhelming used within the existing literature (n = 15) and is thus recommended to be used in future studies when describing individuals who have suffered an LAS but failed to develop CAI. Minimal inclusionary criteria should consist of three things: (1) an initial LAS severe enough to warrant either the use of a protective device (e.g., ankle brace) for at least 1 week or immobilization and/or non-weight bearing for at least 3 days, or both; (2) a return to at least moderate levels of weight-bearing physical activity for at least 12 months without recurrent injury, episodes of giving way, and/or feelings of instability; and (3) minimal, if any, level of self-reported disability. Acute head and/or lower extremity injuries that occurred ≤3 months prior to testing, a history of ankle fractures and/or surgeries, and the presence of pain (constant or intermittent) should be used as minimal exclusionary criteria in future investigations dealing with copers. Finally, at least seven items should be reported to better contextualize copers across investigations. These items should include the initial mechanism of injury, the presence of mechanical laxity, number of days immobilized and/or non-weight bearing after the initial ankle sprain, time since the latest ankle sprain, percentage of coper participants with a recurrent ankle sprain or giving way episode, current physical activity levels, and whether copers attended formal rehabilitation for their involved ankle.
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Abstract
UNLABELLED Many studies investigated the contributing factors of chronic ankle instability, but a consensus has not yet been obtained. The objective of this critical review is to provide recent scientific evidence on chronic ankle instability, including the epidemiology and pathology of lateral ankle sprain as well as the causative factors of chronic ankle instability. We searched MEDLINE from 1964 to December 2013 using the terms ankle, sprain, ligament, injury, chronic, functional, mechanical, and instability. Lateral ankle sprain shows a very high recurrence rate and causes considerable economic loss due to medical care, prevention, and secondary disability. During the acute phase, patients with ankle sprain demonstrate symptoms such as pain, range of motion deficit, postural control deficit, and muscle weakness, and these symptoms may persist, leading to chronic ankle instability. Although some agreement regarding the effects of chronic ankle instability with deficits in postural control and/or concentric eversion strength exists, the cause of chronic ankle instability remains controversial. LEVELS OF EVIDENCE Therapeutic Level IV: Review of Level IV studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takumi Kobayashi
- Department of Physical Therapy, Hokkaido Chitose Institute of Rehabilitation Technology, Hokkaido, Japan (TK)Department of Rehabilitation, Hiroshima International University, Hiroshima, Japan (KG)
| | - Kazuyoshi Gamada
- Department of Physical Therapy, Hokkaido Chitose Institute of Rehabilitation Technology, Hokkaido, Japan (TK)Department of Rehabilitation, Hiroshima International University, Hiroshima, Japan (KG)
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Terrier R, Rose-Dulcina K, Toschi B, Forestier N. Impaired control of weight bearing ankle inversion in subjects with chronic ankle instability. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon) 2014; 29:439-43. [PMID: 24485883 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2014.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2013] [Revised: 01/09/2014] [Accepted: 01/09/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies have proposed that evertor muscle weakness represents an important factor affecting chronic ankle instability. For research purposes, ankle evertor strength is assessed by means of isokinetic evaluations. However, this methodology is constraining for daily clinical use. The present study proposes to assess ankle evertor muscle weakness using a new procedure, one that is easily accessible for rehabilitation specialists. To do so, we compared weight bearing ankle inversion control between patients suffering from chronic ankle instability and healthy subjects. METHODS 12 healthy subjects and 11 patients suffering from chronic ankle instability conducted repetitions of one leg weight bearing ankle inversion on a specific ankle destabilization device equipped with a gyroscope. Ankle inversion control was performed by means of an eccentric recruitment of evertor muscles. Instructions were to perform, as slow as possible, the ankle inversion while resisting against full body weight applied on the tested ankle. RESULTS Data clearly showed higher angular inversion velocity peaks in patients suffering from chronic ankle instability. This illustrates an impaired control of weight bearing ankle inversion and, by extension, an eccentric weakness of evertor muscles. INTERPRETATION The present study supports the hypothesis of a link between the decrease of ankle joint stability and evertor muscle weakness. Moreover, it appears that the new parameter is of use in a clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Terrier
- CEVRES Santé, Savoie Technolac, BP 322 Le Bourget du lac cedex, France; Laboratoire de Physiologie de l'Exercice (E.A. 4338), Département des Sciences et Techniques des Activités Physiques et Sportives (STAPS), Université de Savoie, France.
| | - K Rose-Dulcina
- Laboratoire de Physiologie de l'Exercice (E.A. 4338), Département des Sciences et Techniques des Activités Physiques et Sportives (STAPS), Université de Savoie, France
| | - B Toschi
- Laboratoire de Physiologie de l'Exercice (E.A. 4338), Département des Sciences et Techniques des Activités Physiques et Sportives (STAPS), Université de Savoie, France
| | - N Forestier
- Laboratoire de Physiologie de l'Exercice (E.A. 4338), Département des Sciences et Techniques des Activités Physiques et Sportives (STAPS), Université de Savoie, France
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