Effectiveness of kinesiology tape on sports performance abilities in athletes: A systematic review

Acute effect of Dynamic Tape™ application to the gluteus medius muscle on lower limb kinetics in healthy women: A randomized controlled clinical trial

BACKGROUND

Dynamic tape™ (DT) is a biomechanical tape used to manage load directly, modify movement patterns, and assist functioning. Despite its increasing use in clinical practice, few studies have evaluated its effectiveness in improving postural stability, balance, and lower limb kinetics during jump landing tasks. This study aimed to investigate the acute effect of applying DT to the gluteus medius (GM) muscle on balance strategies during squatting, as well as on jump landing kinetics in asymptomatic active women.

METHODS

A randomized controlled clinical trial was performed with 32 healthy and recreationally active women randomly assigned to three groups: 1) submitted to the DT application in active form on the GM (BG; n = 9); 2) submitted to the DT application in placebo form on the GM (PG; n = 12), and 3) not submitted to any form of intervention (CG; n = 11). Center of pressure data was assessed using a force platform during the single-leg squat (SLS), and jump landing kinetics was assessed using the same platform during the drop landing (DL) and anterior jump (AJ) tasks under two conditions (with and without DT application).

RESULTS

There was no significant effect of group or time factors, and no significant group × time interaction for any stabilometric outcome measure during the SLS and for any kinetic outcome measure during the DL and AJ (P > 0.05).

CONCLUSION

DT functionally applied to the GM muscle had no acute effects on balance conditions and jump landing kinetics in asymptomatic active women.

Kinesio Taping does not Enhance Jump Performance and Muscle Activity in Female Athletes

This study aimed to investigate the effect of Kinesio Taping (KT) application on the single-leg counter-movement jump (CMJ) and surface electromyographic (sEMG) activity in trained female athletes, in both resting and fatigued states. In this single-blind, randomized, sham-controlled trial, twenty-four healthy trained female athletes were randomly assigned to either the KT (n=12) or the sham tape group (n=12). KT was applied using an inhibition technique on rectus femoris, vastus medialis, biceps femoris, and lateral gastrocnemius muscles of the dominant leg. A single-leg CMJ test and sEMG activity were recorded at baseline (no tape), as well as at 1 hour, 24 hours, and 48 hours after taping. To induce acute neuromuscular fatigue, a 30-second repetitive CMJ test was used to evaluate KT in fatigued states. In the resting states, both groups exhibited improvements in jump height, power, mean velocity, and sEMG activity (%EMGmax) over time, with no significant between-group differences. The single-leg CMJ performance was similarly decreased after the muscle fatigue protocol in both groups, showing no between-group differences. Our findings suggest that KT treatment does not appear to influence jumping performance, sEMG activity, or muscle fatigue in female athletes.

The Effect of Physiotherapy on Arthrogenic Muscle Inhibition After ACL Injury or Reconstruction: A Systematic Review

Arthrogenic muscle inhibition (AMI) following ACL injury or reconstruction is a common issue that affects muscle activation and functional recovery. Thus, the objective of this study was to systematize the literature on the effects of physiotherapy interventions in the rehabilitation of AMI after ACL injury or reconstruction. A systematic review was conducted following the PRISMA guidelines. The risk of bias was evaluated using the PEDro scale and the Cochrane risk of bias tool. Searches were performed in the PubMed, Google Scholar, Cochrane Library, and EMBASE databases. Randomized controlled trials involving patients with ACL injuries or ACL reconstruction were included. Twenty studies were included. Fifteen evaluated the effects of exercise, showing significant improvement. Seven studies examined electrotherapy, with neuromuscular electrical stimulation and high-frequency therapy combined with exercise showing improvements in muscle strength, pain, and joint range of motion. Nine studies explored interventions like motor imagery, cryotherapy, taping, and vibration. When performed before exercise, motor imagery and cryotherapy improved cortical activity and muscle recovery. Kinesio taping reduced edema and pain better than exercise alone. Vibration showed inconsistent results across three studies. Methodological quality varied between 5 and 8 on the PEDro scale, with moderate-to-low risk of bias. Structured exercise should be the first-line intervention, but combining it with other therapies enhances rehabilitation. The study protocol was registered in the PROSPERO database (CRD42023425510).

Wrist Wraps Do Not Affect Barbell Bench Press Muscular Strength, Power, or Endurance in Resistance-Trained Men and Women

Harris, DR, Harris, DR, Cardaci, TD, Cintineo, HP, Funderburk, LK, and Machek, SB. Wrist wraps do not impact barbell bench press muscular strength, power, or endurance in resistance-trained men and women. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000–000, 2024—Although wrist wraps have become increasingly prevalent in both competitive and recreational demographics to improve upper-body strength, their posited ability to augment bench press performance by enhanced wrist stability still remains underinvestigated. Furthermore, no data exist determining the efficacy of varying wrap styles on bench-specific muscular strength and associated power, and quantitative and subjective differences between sexes. Eighteen resistance-trained male and female subjects (9M/9F; 24 ± 4 years; 176 ± 33 cm; 80 ± 15 kg) visited the laboratory on 3 separate occasions in randomized, crossover, and counterbalanced design to wear either a flexible wrist wrap (FW), stiff wrap (SW), or an unwrapped/no-wrap control (NW) condition. All subjects underwent a bench press one-repetition maximum (1RM) test and linear position transducer-derived power and velocity assessments. Furthermore, subjective stability (SS) and discomfort (SD) were determined promptly following 1RM attempts. Analyses failed to detect any main condition or interaction effects for bench press 1RM; however, a statistically significant main sex effect was observed (p < 0.001; = 0.597) favoring male subjects relative to female subjects. Neither power nor velocity measurements revealed any significant main condition or sex effects, nor any interactions. Nonparametric assessments further revealed significant wrist wrap condition effects for both SS and SD (p < 0.001 in both cases), whereby NW was statistically more comfortable (p < 0.001) than either wrap condition, without any difference between FW and SW (p > 0.05). Although wrist wraps did not significantly alter bench press-specific strength and power, subjects nonetheless perceived wrist wraps as subjectively more stable irrespective of increased discomfort.

Effects of Kinesio tape on individuals with carpal tunnel syndrome: a randomized controlled study

Objective

Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) is a common neuromuscular disorder with an incidence rate of 4.9%. Research on the impact of Kinesio taping (KT) on electroneurography in individuals with CTS is limited, highlighting a significant gap in the literature. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of KT on palm numbness, pain intensity, hand grip strength, and median nerve electroneuromyography in individuals with mild to moderate CTS.

Method

This was a randomized, controlled, parallel design study. Twenty-seven participants diagnosed with CTS through hospital outpatient clinics were randomly assigned to either the control or KT group. The outcome measurements included hand grip strength, the Boston Carpal Tunnel Questionnaire (BCTQ), and electroneurography, assessed at baseline and after 6 weeks of intervention. The statistical method used was non-parametric analysis, comparing differences with the median and interquartile range (IQR).

Results

Both the KT and control groups significantly improved the numbness grades, hand grip strength, and the BCTQ. The kinesio-taping group demonstrated an improvement in grip strength with a median increase of 2.21 kg (IQR: 0.65-3.79 kg), compared to the control group, which showed a median increase of only 0.70 kg (IQR: 0.22-1.45 kg). Statistical analysis revealed a significant difference between the two groups (p = 0.039), with an effect size of r = 0.33.

Conclusion

This study suggested that KT can be a supplementary treatment to relieve pain intensity, enhance hand grip strength, and improve sensory conduction velocity, motor latency, and motor amplitude.

Clinical Trial Registration

https://doi.org/10.1186/ISRCTN82192319, ISRCTNregistry (No. ISRCTN82192319).

Immediate Effects of Two Different Methods of Trunk Elastic Taping on Pelvic Inclination, Trunk Impairment, Balance, and Gait in Stroke Patients

Background and Objectives: Stroke patients often experience changes in their pelvic tilt, trunk impairments and decreased gait and balance. While various therapeutic interventions have been attempted to improve these symptoms, there is a need for interventions that are easy to apply and reduce the physical labor of physical and occupational therapists. We aimed to investigate the immediate effects of two different methods of trunk elastic taping on the pelvic inclination, trunk impairment, balance, and gait in chronic stroke patients. Materials and Methods: We performed a single-blind randomized controlled trial involving 45 patients with chronic stroke. Participants were randomly assigned to one of three groups: forward rotation with posterior pelvic tilt taping (FRPPT, n = 14), backward rotation with posterior pelvic tilt taping (BRPPT, n = 14), or placebo taping (PT = 14). This study was conducted from December 2023 to January 2024. All the measurements were performed twice: before the intervention and immediately after the intervention. The pelvic inclination was assessed using the anterior pelvic tilt angle. The trunk impairment scale (TIS) was used to measure the trunk impairment. The balance and gait were evaluated using a force plate and walkway system. Results: The pelvic inclination was significantly different in the FRPPT and BRPPT groups compared to the PT group (p < 0.05, p < 0.001). The TIS and gait were significantly increased in the FRPPT group compared to the PT group (p < 0.05). The balance significantly improved in the FRPPT and BRPPT within groups (p < 0.05). Conclusions: Two different methods of posterior pelvic tilt taping improved the anterior pelvic tilt in chronic hemiplegic stroke patients compared with PT, and the FRPPT method also improved the trunk impairment and gait. Therefore, posterior pelvic tilt taping can be used as an intervention with immediate effect.

Effect of Kinesio taping on wrist proprioception in healthy subjects: A randomized clinical trial

BACKGROUND

Although the use of KT has increased considerably in the clinical practice in the last years, there is limited evidence about the effects of its application in proprioception.

PURPOSE

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of KT on joint position sense and force sense on the wrist of healthy subjects.

METHODS

Fifty-four subjects were analyzed in a randomized, crossover, single-blind study design. To determine the force sense, the subjects had to reach 50% of their maximum grip force. Wrist joint position sense was assessed during active repositioning tests at the target angles of 30° flexion and extension of wrist. A digital dynamometer was used to determine the sense of force and a digital goniometer was used to determine the joint position sense. Subjects were evaluated with KT (I- strip on ventral aspect of forearms from origin to insertion) and placebo (an inelastic tape was applied following the same procedure as KT).

RESULTS

No significant differences have been found in the force sense, neither in the comparisons between control and interventions (p=0.286), nor between pre and post-intervention (p=0.111). For wrist joint position sense, a statistically significant effect (p< 0.05) was found at 30º of extension between the control and experimental group in favor of the control group.

CONCLUSIONS

The application of KT did not produce changes in FS and only caused a significant improvement in JPS in extension (30º). The results appear to indicate that the application of KT to improve proprioception in healthy subjects should be reconsidered.

The acute effects of kinesio-taping on movement kinematics and muscle co-activation in rowing athletes

BACKGROUND

Rowing-related low back disorders may occur from inconsistent technique, high trunk flexion and training volumes, overactivation of paraspinal muscles, and fatigue.

OBJECTIVE

To examine if kinesiology tape (KT) affixed to the trunk dorsum affects muscular co-activation and neuromuscular control to limit dangerous rowing movements and associated injuries.

METHODS

Participants (n= 18) completed two 2000 m rowing trials under BASELINE and KT conditions. KT was applied to the skin superficial to the paraspinals bilaterally with 60% pre-strain. Participants were instructed to minimize any sensation of tension. Whole body kinematics were obtained using inertial measurement units (IMUs), and surface electromyograms (EMGs) were recorded from trunk and lower extremity. Changes in joint range-of-motion (ROM) and co-activation indices (CAIs) were analyzed for shoulder, lumbar, hip, and knee.

RESULTS

Responding participants (n= 5) were identified by reduced maximum lumbar flexion during the KT condition. As expected, significant differences occurred in maximum and minimum lumbar flexion/extension between responders and non-responders to KT. Additionally, there was significant reduction in mean trunk muscle co-activation in both those who did and did not respond to KT through reductions in maximum lumbar flexion.

CONCLUSION

KT can be an effective at reducing mean trunk co-activation during a rowing trial in the flexed catch position. Variable responses suggest that further work is necessary to optimize the efficacy of sensory cues derived from KT during rowing movements.

Does elastic taping on soles improve flexibility? A randomized controlled trial with equivalence test design

BACKGROUND

Elastic taping that applies shear force affects joint movement. However, it remains uncertain whether elastic taping or stretching is more effective in improving flexibility.

OBJECTIVE

We investigated whether elastic taping for flexibility improvement is comparable to traditional stretching.

METHODS

In this randomized controlled trial, 64 university students were randomly allocated to two groups: elastic taping on the sole or 30 s of static stretching. The primary outcome measures were the straight leg raising angle, tested with an equivalence margin (± 9.61∘ on changes), and the fingertip-to-floor distance. Secondary outcomes were the hip flexor and knee extensor strength, two-step distance, adverse events, and pain intensity during the intervention, which were compared using conventional statistical methods.

RESULTS

The mean differences in straight leg raising between the two groups after the interventions were not greater than the equivalence margin (mean [95% CI]: 1.4 [-6.9, 9.5]; equivalence margin, -9.61∘ to 9.61∘). There were no consistent differences between groups in terms of secondary outcomes except for pain intensity during the intervention (p> 0.05). Elastic taping did not induce pain.

CONCLUSION

Elastic taping augments the flexibility-improving effect comparable to static stretching, based on an equivalence margin. Elastic taping of the sole appears to be an alternative method of improving flexibility.

Does Taping Have an Immediate Effect on Shooting the Target?

In overhead shooting athletes may have increased activity of the upper trapezius and inhibition of other shoulder muscles active during upper extremity elevation. In this study, we aimed to increase target retention and shoulder proprioception sense accuracy by taping in a way that would activate the lower trapezius muscle in elite adolescent archers. Our participants were 43 elite young athletes, aged 11-14 years, from the Archers Foundation Sports Club. We gathered athletes' sociodemographic information (age, height, weight, gender, the time they were engaged in archery, and other sports they were involved in), and we assessed their posture via the New York Posture Scale (NYPS) before taping. We evaluated them for the presence of scapular asymmetry using the Lateral Scapular Slide Test (LSST) and assessed their proprioception with the active displacement test and their target-reaching performances with the Archery Shooting Score (ASS). Since testing and scoring with the ASS is different for 11-12 and 13-14 age groups, we divided this sample into two different age groups for all analyses. There were significant changes in ASS and proprioception in both age groups, with medium to large effect sizes. There were between intragroup pre- and post-taping changes in classification according to the presence of scapular asymmetry, and there were significant changes in the archery shooting score and proprioception in both groups, with medium to large effect sizes (p < 0.05). Thus, taping applied to the lower part of the trapezius had a large to medium effect on proprioception and shooting accuracy improvement in these young archers.

Acute Effects of Kinesio Taping on Functional Performance in Healthy Soccer Players: A Randomized, Controlled Crossover Trial

This study aimed to investigate the acute effects of the Kinesio tape (KT) application on functional performance in healthy athletes. In this randomized, controlled crossover trial, a total of sixteen healthy soccer players (male = 14; age = 23.28 ± 3.13 years old) were assigned randomly into either KT over quadriceps, KT over hamstring, KT over quadriceps plus hamstring, or no intervention control condition. Four conditions were applied in a crossover design through three consecutive test sessions for each condition with a washout period of 2 days between the trials. Afterwards, all participants performed a 5-min warm-up routine and four sets of 30-s static stretching exercises for the hamstring and gluteal muscles for three consecutive treatment sessions. The running, jump, and flexibility tests were used to assess the functional performance of healthy athletes. A total of sixteen participants completed the study. No significant differences in the jump, flexibility, and running tests among the conditions were reported (p > 0.05). These findings suggest that KT application has no acute effects in improving functional performance in healthy athletes. However, further studies with larger sample sizes are needed to verify our results.

Effects of Kinesio Taping and Rigid Taping on Gluteus Medius Muscle Activation in Healthy Individuals: A Randomized Controlled Study

BACKGROUND

Gluteus medius muscle (GMed) dysfunctions may be associated with pain and functional problems in the lumbar spine and lower limbs. The study sought to assess the effects of applying kinesio taping (KT) and rigid taping (RT) on GMed in the dominant leg of healthy individuals. Furthermore, an attempt was made to indicate which of the applied exercises brought about the greatest activation of GMed.

METHODS

The study included 90 individuals, with an average age of 21.79. The participants were randomly assigned to one of three groups: kinesio tape (KT), rigid tape (RT) and placebo tape (C). GMed activation was assessed using sEMG during the performance of such exercises as glute bridge, unilateral glute bridge, clamshell, pelvic drop and lunge. Each of the participants was examined three times-before taping, immediately after and 48 h after taping.

RESULTS

Before taping, the greatest GMed activation on the dominant side was noted in clamshell (54.12 %MVIC), whereas the lowest GMed activation was observed in glute bridge (36.35 %MVIC). The comparison of results obtained before and immediately after taping in all the groups revealed a statistically significant increase in GMed activation (p < 0.05), while the comparison of results achieved before and 48 h after taping showed significant differences in glute bridge in groups KT and RT. In all the groups, the differences in results obtained in the other exercises were not significant. Taking into account each of the applied exercises, at none of the three stages of examination were the differences between the groups significant.

CONCLUSIONS

Regardless of the type of taping applied (KT, RT, C), a significant increase in GMed activation was noted in all the exercises immediately after taping. At none of the stages of examination were the differences between the groups significant.

The Time-Based Effects of Kinesio Taping on Acute-Onset Muscle Soreness and Calf Muscle Extensibility among Endurance Athletes: A Randomized Cross-Over Trial

BACKGROUND

This study aims to determine the effects of kinesio tape (KT) application on acute-onset muscle soreness and the extensibility of the calf muscles in endurance athletes.

METHODS

A one-arm repeated-measures randomized cross-over controlled study design investigated 55 endurance athletes, including 10 cyclists, 30 badminton players, and 15 long-distance runners (mean age 16.40 ± 2.69) from different stadia in Delhi NCR, India. KT and sham tapes (ST) were applied randomly to right and left legs (prone position) in a cross-over manner with a gap of 72 h. Ankle dorsiflexion range of motion (ADFROM) and pain due to acute-onset muscle soreness were assessed immediately and 10 min and 30 min after treadmill running, using a universal goniometer and numeric pain rating scale (NPRS), respectively, along with the time to fatigue.

RESULTS

A statistically significant difference was observed for the NPRS when the mean scores obtained for the KT and ST groups were compared immediately after cessation of running; however, the difference was not statistically significant in the NPRS score that was recorded ten or thirty minutes after. The range of motion increased significantly after the application of both the KT and the ST. After running on a treadmill, the range of motion decreased significantly with both the KT and ST, and the decrease was similar.

CONCLUSION

KT was more effective in reducing the pain intensity immediately after running and increased the time spent running on the treadmill before fatigue set in among endurance athletes. In addition, the two taping methods (KT or ST) were equally effective in enhancing calf muscle extensibility (for both right and left legs) immediately after application. However, both taping methods failed in limiting the decrease in ankle ADFROM after treadmill running.

Ballet Rehabilitation: A Novel Return to Sport Protocol

Dance injuries and re-injuries are common but can be difficult to rehabilitate because of the unique demands and motor skills required. During tissue healing, pain resolves prior to tissue maturation and re-injury often occurs if the original injury is not properly rehabilitated.

The purpose of this narrative review is to analyze the existing literature addressing ballet injury, re-injury, and recovery, and to provide clinicians with timing guidelines for entering and implementing a Return to Sport (RTS) ballet rehabilitation protocol designed to prevent re-injury by progressive, sport-specific tissue loading. Thus far, a literature-based ballet-specific and body region-specific late-stage rehabilitation RTS protocol has not been established. The authors sought to address this literature gap by combining this comprehensive narrative review with our extensive clinical expertise to develop a late-stage rehabilitation RTS protocol to help guide medical clinicians treating injured ballet dancers.

Kinesiology Tape: A Descriptive Survey of Healthcare Professionals in the United States

BACKGROUND

The existing body of kinesiology tape (KT) research reveals inconsistent results which challenges the efficacy of the intervention. Understanding professional beliefs and KT clinical application might provide insight for future research and development of evidence-based guidelines.

PURPOSE

The purpose of this study was to survey and document the beliefs and clinical application methods of KT among healthcare professionals in the United States.

DESIGN

Cross-sectional survey study.

METHODS

A 30-question online survey was emailed to members of the National Athletic Trainers Association, Academy of Orthopedic Physical Therapy, and American Academy of Sports Physical Therapy. Professionals were also informed through a recruitment post in different private healthcare Facebook groups.

RESULTS

One thousand and eighty-three respondents completed the survey. Most respondents used KT for post-injury treatment (74%), pain modulation (67%), and neuro-sensory feedback (60%). Most believed that KT stimulates skin mechanoreceptors (77%), improve local circulation (69%), and modulates pain (60%). Some respondents believed KT only created a placebo effect (40%) and use it for such therapeutic purposes (58%). Most used a standard uncut roll (67%) in black (71%) or beige (66%). Most respondents did not use any specialty pre-cut tape (83%), infused tape (99.54%), or a topical analgesic with tape (65%). The most common tape tension lengths used by respondents were 50% tension (47%) and 25% (25%) tension. Patient reported outcomes (80%) were the most common clinical measures. Most respondents provided skin prep (64%) and tape removal (77%) instructions. Some did not provide any skin prep (36%) or tape removal (23%) instruction. The average recommended times to wear KT were two to three days (60%). The maximum times ranged from two to five days (81%).

CONCLUSION

This survey provides insight into how professionals use KT and highlights the gap between research and practice. Future research should address these gaps to better determine evidence-based guidelines.

LEVEL OF EVIDENCE

3.

Acute Effects of Kinesiology Taping Stretch Tensions on Soleus and Gastrocnemius H-Reflex Modulations

This study examined the acute effects of stretch tensions of kinesiology taping (KT) on the soleus (SOL), medial (MG), and lateral (LG) gastrocnemius Hoffmann-reflex (H-reflex) modulation in physically active healthy adults. A cross-over within-subject design was used in this study. Twelve physically active collegiate students voluntarily participated in the study (age = 21.3 ± 1.2 years; height = 175.6 ± 7.1 cm; body weight = 69.9 ± 7.1 kg). A standard Y-shape of KT technique was applied to the calf muscles. The KT was controlled in three tension intensities in a randomised order: paper-off, 50%, and 100% of maximal stretch tension of the tape. The peak-to-peak amplitude of maximal M-wave (M_max) and H-reflex (H_max) responses in the SOL, MG, and LG muscles were assessed before taping (pre-taping), taping, and after taping (post-taping) phases in the lying prone position. The results demonstrated significantly larger LG H_max responses in the pre-taping condition than those in the post-taping condition during paper-off KT (p = 0.002). Moreover, the ΔH_max/M_max of pre- and post-taping in the SOL muscle was significantly larger during 50%KT tension than that of paper-off (p = 0.046). In conclusion, the stretch tension of KT contributes minor influence on the spinal motoneuron excitability in the triceps surae during rest.

Acute effect of inhibitory kinesio-tape of the upper trapezius on lower trapezius muscle excitation in healthy shoulders

INTRODUCTION

Shoulder pain increases excitation of the upper trapezius (UT) and reduces excitation in the lower trapezius (LT). Despite inconclusive evidence, kinesio-tape (KT) is often used to modify muscular excitation within the UT and/or LT to help correct alterations in scapular position and motion associated with shoulder pain/injury. The objective of the current study was to determine if inhibitory KT to the UT acutely increases LT excitation and if load alters the magnitude of change in the excitation observed.

METHODS

Twenty-two (N = 22, 11 female) individuals with healthy shoulders (24 ± 3 years) completed 10 repetitions of an arm elevation task during 3 taping conditions (no-tape, experimental KT, sham KT) and 2 loading conditions (no load and loaded). Whole-muscle (mean grid) and spatial distribution (grid row) of LT excitation (root mean squared; RMS) was measured using a single high-density surface electromyography 32-electrode grid.

RESULTS

There was a main effect for loading condition on whole-muscle LT RMS, F (1, 19) = 38.038, p < .001, partial η² = 0.667. Whole-muscle LT RMS was significantly higher in the loaded condition (0.055 V ±0 .005) compared to the no-load condition (0.038 V ±0 .004). No effect of tape condition was observed on whole-muscle or spatial distribution of RMS.

CONCLUSION

Our findings suggest that inhibitory KT to the UT does not alter whole-muscle excitation or shift the distribution of excitation within the LT during a repeated arm elevation task in healthy shoulders.

Effect of two Dynamic Tape™ applications on the electromyographic activity of the gluteus medius and functional performance in women: A randomized, controlled, clinical trial

INTRODUCTION

Dynamic Tape™ (DT) is a biomechanical tape that is used to directly manage load, modify movement patterns, and assist functioning. However, no studies have evaluated its effectiveness in increasing gluteus medius (GM) muscle activation and improving functional performance.

OBJECTIVE

To investigate the effect of two forms of DT applications on the electromyographic (EMG) activity of the GM muscle and lower limb functional performance.

METHODS

Thirty-three, healthy, recreationally active women were randomly assigned into two groups: 1) submitted to the DT application on GM muscle that adhered to the stretching method for Kinesio Tape® application (KG, n = 17) and 2) submitted to the DT application on GM muscle that adhered to the stretching method suggested for DT (DG, n = 16). The EMG evaluation of GM was performed at rest, in maximum voluntary isometric contraction, and in the single-leg squat, drop landing, and jump landing + maximum vertical jump tests. Functional performance was evaluated using the triple hop test and the 6-m timed hop test.

RESULTS

No significant changes in GM activation or functional performance were found, regardless of the stretching method used. No significant intergroup differences were observed (α = 5%).

CONCLUSION

DT did not increase GM activation in functional activities, and it did not improve functional performance in the lower limbs in healthy women, regardless of the form of application used.

Effects of kinesio tape on kinesiophobia, balance and functional performance of athletes with post anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: a pilot clinical trial

Background

Anterior cruciate ligament trauma is one of the most common knee injuries in professional athletes. This study aimed to investigate the effects of kinesio taping on kinesiophobia, balance, and functional performance in athletes after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction.

Methods

This randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial was performed on 20 athletes with anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (mean age 32.3 ± 6.2 years) at the time of return to sport. The subjects were randomly assigned to the kinesio tape (KT) group (n = 10) or placebo KT group (n = 10).

While subjects under taped, the following outcomes were measured at baseline, 10 minutes after the intervention, and 2 days later. Kinesiophobia, balance, strength, and functional / agility performance were assessed by the Tampa Scale, Y balance test (YBT), single-leg hops, and 10-yard extremity functional test, respectively.

Results

The results did not show a significant difference between-group post-intervention differences in kinesiophobia (Mean between-group difference = − 6.30, 95% CI = − 4.35 to 1.42, P-value = 0.17). Likewise, no significant statistical difference was observed between two study groups in terms of YBT scores (Mean between-group difference ranged over = − 6.30, 95% CI = − 1.1 to 4.7, the effect sizes ranged over = 0.01 to 0.31), P-value > 0.05), Single Leg Hop (Mean between-group difference = − 0.48, 95% CI for difference ranged over = − 10.3 to 9.3, effect size = 0.001, P-value = 0.918), and 10 Yard test scores (Mean between-group difference = − 0.30, 95% CI = (− 1.3 to 0.75), effect size = 0.02, P-value = 0.55) at 2 days after the KT. In the KT and placebo KT groups, RMANOVA indicated that the differences in all variables scores were significant over time with large effect sizes (effect size ranged over = 0.94–0.99; all P-value < 0.001).

Conclusion

This study gives no support for any beneficial effect of kinesio taping on the reduction of kinesiophobi or improvement of balance score and functional performance in athletes with post anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction.

Trial registration

This study was registered in the Iranian Clinical Trial Center with the code IRCT20190130042556N1, registered 12 February 2019.

Immediate effect of kinesio taping on deep cervical flexor endurance: A non-controlled, quasi-experimental pre-post quantitative study

Objective Whether Kinesio taping® (KT) might change the endurance of the cervical deep flexor muscles.Methods: Healthy university students were assessed at baseline, immediately after the KT application over the posterior cervical muscles, and at a 24-h follow-up. The clinical assessment of the endurance of the deep cervical flexor muscles using the craniocervical flexion test (CCFT) was performed.Results: Sixty-two students (32 women) with a mean age of 20.4 ± 1.3 years completed the study protocol. Statistically significant pre- to post-taping differences in performance of the craniocervical flexion movement were found between baseline-immediate and baseline-24-h follow-up (p˂0.001). A statistically significant difference in the endurance of the cervical deepflexor muscles was found between baseline-immediate (for stage 2 result and cumulative endurance score), baseline-24-h follow-up (for stage 2result and cumulative endurance score), and immediate-24-h follow-up (for stage 2 result, for cumulative endurance score) p˂0.01.Conclusion: Cervical KT increased endurance for the short term.

A Clinically Relevant Method of Quantifying the Mechanical Properties of RockTape® Kinesiology Tape at Different Elongation Lengths

CONTEXT

Kinesiology tape (KT) is a therapeutic intervention used to treat different musculoskeletal conditions and to enhance sports performance. The evidence is inconclusive, with researchers attributing the variable outcomes to different manufactured KT used in the research. Researchers have begun to measure and document the mechanical properties of different brands, using machines versus professionals. This prevents a clear translation to clinical practice, as it may be difficult to reproduce outcomes. There is a need to measure the mechanical properties of KT using more clinically relevant methodology.

OBJECTIVE

The purpose was to document a clinically relevant method of measuring the mechanical properties of 2 different types of precut RockTape® tape at common elongation lengths and to establish the methodology for future validation research on this testing method.

DESIGN

Controlled laboratory study.

SETTING

University laboratory.

PARTICIPANTS

One researcher conducted all measurements.

PROCEDURES

Each tape was measured at 3 elongation lengths with a force gauge.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES

Force, stress, and Young modulus.

RESULTS

The RockTape® 2 and RockTape® 3 elongation force were 25% = 2.27 (0.21) and 2.12 (0.26) N, 50% = 6.51 (0.27) and 5.93 (0.20) N, and 75% = 30.13 (0.63) and 21.23 (0.41) N. The stress values for the RockTape® 2 and RockTape® 3 were 25% = 0.88 (0.05) and 0.82 (0.03) kPa, 50% = 2.52 (0.03) and 2.29 (0.01) kPa, and 75% = 11.67 (0.04) and 8.23 (0.02) kPa. The Young modulus values for the RockTape® 2 and RockTape® 3 were 25% = 3.51 (0.00) and 3.29 (0.00) kPa, 50% = 5.04 (0.00) and 4.60 (0.00) kPa, and 75% = 15.57 (0.00) and 10.96 (0.00) kPa.

CONCLUSION

This investigation documented a novel method of measuring the mechanical properties of 2 types of RockTape® KT. Future research should attempt to validate these testing methods.

Acute effects of kinesio taping on muscular strength and endurance parameters of the finger flexors in sport climbing: A randomised, controlled crossover trial

Kinesio taping (KT) is a commonly used intervention in sports and, recently, KT has become popular among athletes competing in sport climbing and bouldering events. However, evidence on the effect of KT on grip strength and endurance is still controversial. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to evaluate immediate effects of KT on muscular strength and endurance of the finger flexor muscles in sport climbers. Twenty recreationally-trained active sport climbers (10 men, 10 women) aged 28.5 ± 10.6 years performed one familiarisation trial and subsequently, in a randomised crossover design, two test trials either with (TAPE) or without (CONTROL) KT over the finger flexor muscles. Test trials consisted of three performance measurements (hand grip strength and endurance, finger hang, and lap climbing) at intervals of 48 h in a randomised order. We observed no significant differences in the parameters of hand grip peak force, fatigue index, finger hang time, lap climbing distance and time, or maximum blood lactate values after lap climbing between the TAPE and CONTROL trials (p > 0.05). The participants' climbing ability was significantly correlated with the intra-individual performance changes between the TAPE and CONTROL conditions for the fatigue index (r = -0.598, p = 0.005), but not in any of the other performance-related parameters. Therefore, KT over the finger flexor muscles neither enhanced hand grip strength and endurance nor the sport climbing performance parameters of finger hang, lap climbing distance and time, and maximum blood lactate values after lap climbing.

Effectiveness of taping on functional performance in elite athletes: A systematic review

Taping has been showing its effect on the rehabilitation aspect with numerous reviews. However, there is lack of evidence on the effect of taping on functional performance, espectially in elite sports settings. This review aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of taping intervention on sports-related functional performance among the elite athlete population. Online databases such as Ovid MEDLINE, ProQuest, PubMed, ScienceDirect, Scopus, SPORTDiscus, and Web of Science were searched. Eligibility criteria were listed as follows: (i) English, (ii) academic journal, (iii) research article, (iv) elite or professional athletes, (v) experimental research design, (vi) sport, (vii) taping, and (viii) functional performance. Specific emphases were targeted on within-subject comparison and healthy subjects. The PEDro scale was utilized for appraising on the statistical information, as well as internal and external validity. The Cohen's d effect size with 95 percent confidence intervals was used to compare taped versus not-taped condition. Nine studies were included in this review and 25 comparisons were extracted. Positive effects were found on balance performance with rigid tape, and horizontal jump performance with elastic tape. Alternatively, negative effects were found on vertical jump performance. An interesting finding was noted on the effect of taping applied after 24 h. Overall, taping could be a beneficial practice for elite sports performance.

Acute effect of elastic bandage technique on middle deltoid muscle force and activation in healthy men

Abstract Introduction: Elastic bandages (EB), such as Kinesio taping, have been widely used in sports or daily life activities with the aim of preventing or reducing musculoskeletal injuries. It has been suggested that Kinesio Taping is capable of altering muscle activation through neurophysiological mechanisms, but the evidences about this are controversial. Objective: To verify the acute effect of EB on maximum voluntary isometric force (MVIF) and muscle activation of the middle deltoid muscle during muscle contraction. Method: Twenty-four healthy male (24 ± 4 years, 73.2 ± 13.9kg, 1.80 ± 0.10m) were randomly assigned to a group with elastic bandage activated at 100% (AEB n = 8); with tensionless elastic bandage (NEB n = 8), and the control group (CG n = 9). The volunteers were instructed to perform 5s of maximal isometric contraction at 90° of shoulder abduction while the MIVF and EMGrms records were registered. Results: One-way ANOVA was unable to identify significant difference (α = 0.05) in MIVF and EMGrms of the middle deltoid at 90° of shoulder abduction. Conclusion: The application of elastic bandage was not able to alter the production of maximal isometric voluntary contraction and activation of the middle deltoid muscle of healthy individuals and, therefore, its use is not justified for these purposes.

Physiological, kinematic, and electromyographic responses to kinesiology-type patella tape in elite cyclists

Kinesiology-type tape (KTT) has become popular in sports for injury prevention, rehabilitation, and performance enhancement. Many cyclists use patella KTT; however, its benefits remain unclear, especially in uninjured elite cyclists. We used an integrated approach to investigate acute physiological, kinematic, and electromyographic responses to patella KTT in twelve national-level male cyclists. Cyclists completed four, 4-minute submaximal efforts on an ergometer at 100 and 200 W with and without patella KTT. Economy, energy cost, oxygen cost, heart rate, efficiency, 3D kinematics, and lower-body electromyography signals were collected over the last minute of each effort. Comfort levels and perceived change in knee stability and performance with KTT were recorded. The effects of KTT were either unclear, non-significant, or clearly trivial on all collected physiological and kinematic measures. KTT significantly, clearly, and meaningfully enhanced vastus medialis peak, mean, and integrated electromyographic signals, and vastus medialis-to-lateralis activation. Electromyographic measures from biceps femoris and biceps-to-rectus femoris activation ratio decreased in either a significant or clinically meaningful manner. Despite most cyclists perceiving KTT as comfortable, increasing stability, and improving performance, the intervention exerted no considerable effects on all physiological and kinematic measures. KTT did alter neuromuscular recruitment, which has potential implications for injury prevention.

The influence of kinesiology tape colour on performance and corticomotor activity in healthy adults: a randomised crossover controlled trial

Background

There exists conflicting evidence regarding the impact of kinesiology tape on performance and muscle function. One variable that may account for disparities in the findings of previous studies is the colour of the tape applied. Colour is hypothesised to influence sporting performance through modulation of arousal and aggression. However, few studies have investigated the influence of colour on products designed specifically to enhance athletic performance. Further, no studies have investigated the potential influence of colour on other drivers of performance, such as corticomotor activity and neuromuscular function. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate the influence of kinesiology tape colour on athletic performance, knee extensor torque, and quadriceps neuromuscular function.

Methods

Thirty two healthy participants were assessed under five conditions, applied in random order: (1) no kinesiology tape (control), (2) beige-coloured kinesiology tape applied with tension (sham A), (3) beige-coloured kinesiology tape applied with no tension (sham B), (4) red-coloured kinesiology tape applied with tension, and (5) blue-coloured kinesiology tape applied with tension. Athletic performance was assessed using a previously validated hop test, knee extensor torque was measured using an isokinetic dynamometer, and transcranial magnetic stimulation was utilised to provide insight into the neuromuscular functioning of the quadriceps musculature.

Results

Kinesiology tape had no beneficial impact on lower limb performance or muscle strength in healthy adults. The colour of the tape did not influence athletic performance (F (4, 120) = 0.593, p = 0.669), quadriceps strength (F (4, 120) = 0.787, p = 0.536), or neuromuscular function (rectus femoris: F (2.661, 79.827) = 1.237, p = 0.301).

Conclusion

This study found that kinesiology tape does not alter lower limb performance or muscle function in healthy adults, irrespective of the colour of the tape applied. Future research should seek to confirm these findings beyond the research setting, across a range of sports, and at a range of skill levels.

Trial registration

Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry. ACTRN12616001506482. Prospectively registered on 01/11/2016.

The efficacy of elastic therapeutic tape variations on measures of ankle function and performance

OBJECTIVES

To investigate the effects of different variations of elastic therapeutic taping (ETT) on tests used to screen for ankle injury risk and function.

DESIGN

Randomized crossover.

SETTING

Laboratory.

PARTICIPANTS

Twelve professional male soccer players completed three experimental trials: No tape (NT), RockTape™ (RT), and Kinesio™ Tape (KT) applied to the ankle complex.

OUTCOME MEASURES

Clinical and functional ankle screening tests were used to assess the effects of ETT on measures of joint position sense, postural stability and ground reaction forces.

RESULTS

KT (P = 0.04) and RT (P = 0.01) demonstrated significant improvements in end range joint position sense. When compared to NT, RT significantly (P = 0.02) improved mid-range joint position sense at 15°, and time to complete a drop landing task. No significant differences were observed for measures of postural stability (P ≥ 0.12) nor ground reaction force variables (P ≥ 0.33).

CONCLUSIONS

Results advocate the use of ETT for proprioceptive and functional tasks when applied to the ankles of healthy male soccer players. However, a greater number of practical and significant differences were observed when RT only was applied, indicating that practitioners may potentially advocate the use of RT for tasks requiring proprioception and functional performance.