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Moreno EN, Figueroa EC, Heath AW, Buckner SL. An examination of acute physiological and perceptual responses following blood flow restriction exercise using a traditional research device or novel, automated system. Physiol Meas 2024; 45:065007. [PMID: 38838705 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6579/ad548c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
Objective. To compare the acute physiological and perceptual responses to blood flow restriction (BFR) exercise using a traditional research device or novel, automated system.Methods. Forty-four resistance trained individuals performed four sets of unilateral elbow flexion exercise (30% one-repetition maximum) to volitional failure using two distinct restrictive devices [SmartCuffs PRO BFR Model (SMARTCUFF), Hokanson E20 Rapid Inflation device (HOKANSON)] and with two levels of BFR [40% limb occlusion pressure (LOP), 80% LOP]. Blood pressure (BP), muscle thickness (MT), and isometric strength (ISO) were assessed prior to and following exercise. Perceptual responses [ratings of perceived exertion (RPE), discomfort] were assessed prior to exercise and following each exercise set.Main results. Data are displayed as means (SD). Immediately following exercise with 40% LOP, there were no statistical differences between devices for BP, MT, and ISO. However, only following Set 1 of exercise, RPE was greater with SMARTCUFF compared to HOKANSON (p< 0.05). In addition, only following Set 2 of exercise, discomfort was greater with HOKANSON compared to SMARTCUFF (p< 0.001). Immediately following exercise with 80% LOP, there were no statistical differences between devices for BP, MT, and ISO. However, only following Set 4 of exercise, RPE was greater with HOKANSON compared to SMARTCUFF (p< 0.05). In addition, following all exercise sets, discomfort was greater with HOKANSON compared to SMARTCUFF (p< 0.001). For repetitions completed with 40% LOP there were no statistical differences between SMARTCUFF and HOKANSON across any exercise sets. For repetitions completed with 80% LOP there were no statistical differences between SMARTCUFF and HOKANSON across Set 1 of exercise (p= 0.34), however, for Sets 2-4 of exercise, significantly greater number of repetitions were completed during SMARTCUFF than HOKANSON.Significance. The present study provides valuable insight into the efficacy of a novel, automated BFR system (SMARTCUFF) eliciting comparable acute physiological responses to BFR exercise and in some cases favorable perceptual responses when compared to a traditional research device (HOKANSON).
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrique N Moreno
- USF Muscle Laboratory, Exercise Science Program, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States of America
| | - Elias C Figueroa
- USF Muscle Laboratory, Exercise Science Program, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States of America
| | - Andrew W Heath
- USF Muscle Laboratory, Exercise Science Program, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States of America
| | - Samuel L Buckner
- USF Muscle Laboratory, Exercise Science Program, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States of America
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Carter DM, Chatlaong MA, Miller WM, Benton JB, Jessee MB. Comparing the acute responses between a manual and automated blood flow restriction system. Front Physiol 2024; 15:1409702. [PMID: 38948082 PMCID: PMC11211589 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2024.1409702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to compare acute responses between manual and automated blood flow restriction (BFR) systems. Methods A total of 33 individuals completed this study. On visit 1, arterial occlusion pressure (AOP, mm Hg), cardiovascular responses, and discomfort (RPE-D) were measured with each BFR system at rest. On visit 2, unilateral bicep curls were completed [30% one-repetition maximum; 50% AOP] with one system per arm. Muscle thickness (MT, cm) and maximal force (N) were assessed before (pre), immediately (post-0), 5 min (post-5), and 10 min (post-10) post-exercise. Ratings of perceived exertion (RPE-E) and ratings of perceived discomfort (RPE-D) were assessed throughout the exercise. AOP and repetitions were compared with Bayesian paired t-tests. Other outcomes were compared with Bayesian RMANOVAs. BF10 represents the likelihood of the best model vs. the null. The results are presented as mean ± SD. Results Supine cardiovascular responses and RPE-D were similar for manual and automated (all BF10 ≤ 0.2). Supine AOP for manual (157 ± 20) was higher than that of automated (142 ± 17; BF10 = 44496.0), but similar while standing (manual: 141 ± 17; automated: 141 ± 22; BF10 = 0.2). MT (time, BF10 = 6.047e + 40) increased from Pre (3.9 ± 0.7) to Post-0 (4.4 ± 0.8; BF10 = 2.969e + 28), with Post-0 higher than Post-5 (4.3 ± 0.8) and Post-10 (4.3 ± 0.8; both BF10 ≥ 275.2). Force (time, BF10 = 1.246e + 29) decreased from Pre (234.5 ± 79.2) to Post-0 (149.8 ± 52.3; BF10 = 2.720e + 22) and increased from Post-0 to Post-5 (193.3 ± 72.7; BF10 = 1.744e + 13), with Post-5 to Post-10 (194.0 ± 70.6; BF10 = 0.2) being similar. RPE-E increased over sets. RPE-D was lower for manual than automated. Repetitions per set were higher for manual (Set 1: 37 ± 18; Set 4: 9 ± 5) than automated (Set 1: 30 ± 7; Set 4: 7 ± 3; all BF10 ≥ 9.7). Conclusion Under the same relative pressure, responses are mostly similar between BFR systems, although a manual system led to lower exercise discomfort and more repetitions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daphney M. Carter
- Wellstar College of Health and Human Services, Department of Exercise Science and Sport Management, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, GA, United States
| | - Matthew A. Chatlaong
- Applied Human Health and Physical Function Laboratory, School of Applied Science, Department of Health, Exercise Science, and Recreation Management, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, United States
| | - William M. Miller
- College of Education and Health Sciences, School of Health Sciences, University of Evansville, Evansville, IN, United States
| | - J. Barnes Benton
- School of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, United States
| | - Matthew B. Jessee
- Applied Human Health and Physical Function Laboratory, School of Applied Science, Department of Health, Exercise Science, and Recreation Management, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, United States
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Liu S, Tang J, Hu G, Xiong Y, Ji W, Xu D. Blood flow restriction training improves the efficacy of routine intervention in patients with chronic ankle instability. SPORTS MEDICINE AND HEALTH SCIENCE 2024; 6:159-166. [PMID: 38708328 PMCID: PMC11067764 DOI: 10.1016/j.smhs.2023.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/07/2024] Open
Abstract
As a new means of rehabilitation, blood flow restriction training (BFRT) is widely used in the field of musculoskeletal rehabilitation. To observe whether BFRT can improve the efficacy of routine rehabilitation intervention in patients with chronic ankle instability (CAI). Twenty-three patients with CAI were randomly divided into a routine rehabilitation group (RR Group) and a routine rehabilitation + blood flow restriction training group (RR + BFRT Group) according to the Cumberland Ankle Instability Tool (CAIT) score. The RR Group was treated with routine rehabilitation means for intervention, and the RR + BFRT Group was treated with a tourniquet to restrict lower limb blood flow for rehabilitation training based on routine training. Before and after the intervention, the CAIT score on the affected side, standing time on one leg with eyes closed, comprehensive scores of the Y-balance test, and surface electromyography data of tibialis anterior (TA) and peroneus longus (PL) were collected to evaluate the recovery of the subjects. Patients were followed up 1 year after the intervention. After 4 weeks of intervention, the RR + BFRT Group CAIT score was significantly higher than the RR Group (19.33 VS 16.73, p < 0.05), the time of standing on one leg with eyes closed and the comprehensive score of Y-balance were improved, but there was no statistical difference between groups (p > 0.05). RR + BFRT Group increased the muscle activation of the TA with maximum exertion of the ankle dorsal extensor (p < 0.05) and had no significant change in the muscle activation of the PL with maximum exertion of the ankle valgus (p > 0.05). There was no significant difference in the incidence of resprains within 1 year between the groups (36.36% VS 16.67%, p > 0.05). The incidence of ankle pain in the RR + BFRT Group was lower than that in the RR Group (63.64% VS 9.09%, p < 0.01). Therefore, four-weeks BFRT improves the effect of the routine intervention, and BFRT-related interventions are recommended for CAI patients with severe ankle muscle mass impairment or severe pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shen Liu
- Department of Sports Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jiafu Tang
- Sports Health College, Tianjin University of Sport, Tianjin, China
| | - Guangjun Hu
- Sports Health College, Tianjin University of Sport, Tianjin, China
| | - Yinghong Xiong
- Department of Sports Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Weixiu Ji
- Sports Health College, Tianjin University of Sport, Tianjin, China
| | - Daqi Xu
- Department of Sports Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
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Geng Y, Wu X, Zhang Y, Zhang M. Potential Moderators of the Effects of Blood Flow Restriction Training on Muscle Strength and Hypertrophy: A Meta-analysis Based on a Comparison with High-Load Resistance Training. SPORTS MEDICINE - OPEN 2024; 10:58. [PMID: 38773002 PMCID: PMC11109065 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-024-00719-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND While it has been examined whether there are similar magnitudes of muscle strength and hypertrophy adaptations between low-load resistance training combined with blood-flow restriction training (BFR-RT) and high-load resistance training (HL-RT), some important potential moderators (e.g., age, sex, upper and lower limbs, frequency and duration etc.) have yet to be analyzed further. Furthermore, training status, specificity of muscle strength tests (dynamic versus isometric or isokinetic) and specificity of muscle mass assessments (locations of muscle hypertrophy assessments) seem to exhibit different effects on the results of the analysis. The role of these influencing factors, therefore, remains to be elucidated. OBJECTIVES The aim of this meta-analysis was to compare the effects of BFR- versus HL-RT on muscle adaptations, when considering the influence of population characteristics (training status, sex and age), protocol characteristics (upper or lower limbs, duration and frequency) and test specificity. METHODS Studies were identified through database searches based on the following inclusion criteria: (1) pre- and post-training assessment of muscular strength; (2) pre- and post-training assessment of muscular hypertrophy; (3) comparison of BFR-RT vs. HL-RT; (4) score ≥ 4 on PEDro scale; (5) means and standard deviations (or standard errors) are reported or allow estimation from graphs. In cases where the fifth criterion was not met, the data were requested directly from the authors. RESULTS The main finding of the present study was that training status was an important influencing factor in the effects of BFR-RT. The trained individuals may gain greater muscle strength and hypertrophy with BFR-RT as compared to HL-RT. However, the results showed that the untrained individuals experienced similar muscle mass gains and superior muscle strength gains in with HL-RT compared to BFR-RT. CONCLUSION Compared to HL-RT, training status is an important factor influencing the effects of the BFR-RT, in which trained can obtain greater muscle strength and hypertrophy gains in BFR-RT, while untrained individuals can obtain greater strength gains and similar hypertrophy in HL-RT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Geng
- Department of Physical Education, Jiyang College of Zhejiang A&F University, Zhuji, 311800, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xueping Wu
- School of Physical Education, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong Zhang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, School of Medicine, Shaoxing University, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Meng Zhang
- School of Physical Education, Huzhou University, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
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Dancy ME, Alexander AS, Abbas MJ, Rolnick N, Alder KD, Lu Y, Okoroha KR. No Differences in Exercise Performance, Perceptual Response, or Safety Were Observed Among 3 Blood Flow Restriction Devices. Arthrosc Sports Med Rehabil 2023; 5:100822. [PMID: 38058769 PMCID: PMC10696247 DOI: 10.1016/j.asmr.2023.100822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose To compare 3 separate blood flow restriction (BFR) systems in their capacity to reduce repetitions to failure, impact perceptual responses, and cause adverse events during a low-load free-flow exercise. Methods The study included healthy subjects aged 18 years or older who presented to an ambulatory-care sports medicine clinic. On day 1, participants' demographic characteristics and anthropomorphic measurements were recorded. Each participant performed dumbbell biceps curl repetitions to failure using 20% of his or her 1-repetition maximum weight with each arm. Participants were exposed to 3 different tourniquet systems for familiarization. On day 2, each participant's arm was randomized to a cuff system, and the participant performed 2 sets of biceps curl repetitions to failure with the cuff inflated. Repetitions to failure, rating of perceived effort (RPE), rating of perceived discomfort, and pulse oxygenation levels were recorded after each set. On day 3, participants completed a survey of their perceived delayed-onset muscle soreness. Results The final analysis was performed on 42 arms, with 14 limbs per system. The study population had a mean age of 28.7 ± 2.4 years and a mean body mass index of 24.9 ± 4.3. All 3 systems successfully reduced repetitions to failure compared with unrestricted low-load exercise from baseline to BFR set 1 and from baseline to BFR set 2. There were no significant between-group differences among BFR systems regarding the number of repetitions to failure performed at baseline versus BFR set 1 or BFR set 2. The Delfi Personalized Tourniquet System (PTS) cohort had the greatest reductions in repetitions to failure from BFR set 1 to BFR set 2 (P = .002) and reported the highest RPE after set 2 (P = .025). Conclusions The Delfi PTS, SmartCuffs Pro, and BStrong BFR systems were each safe and were able to significantly reduce repetitions to failure compared with a low-load free-flow condition when used in a BFR exercise protocol. The Delfi PTS system may produce a higher RPE with prolonged use in comparison to the other systems. Level of Evidence Level II, prospective cohort study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malik E. Dancy
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, U.S.A
| | | | - Muhammad J. Abbas
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan, U.S.A
| | - Nicholas Rolnick
- The Human Performance Mechanic, Lehman College, Bronx, New York, U.S.A
| | - Kareme D. Alder
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, U.S.A
| | - Yining Lu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, U.S.A
| | - Kelechi R. Okoroha
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, U.S.A
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de Queiros VS, Rolnick N, dos Santos ÍK, de França IM, Lima RJ, Vieira JG, Aniceto RR, Neto GR, de Medeiros JA, Vianna JM, de Araújo Tinôco Cabral BG, Silva Dantas PM. Acute Effect of Resistance Training With Blood Flow Restriction on Perceptual Responses: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Sports Health 2023; 15:673-688. [PMID: 36415041 PMCID: PMC10467469 DOI: 10.1177/19417381221131533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
CONTEXT Several studies have compared perceptual responses between resistance exercise with blood flow restriction and traditional resistance exercise (non-BFR). However, the results were contradictory. OBJECTIVES To analyze the effect of RE+BFR versus non-BFR resistance exercise [low-load resistance exercise (LL-RE) or high-load resistance exercise (HL-RE)] on perceptual responses. DATA SOURCES CINAHL, Cochrane Library, PubMed®, Scopus, SPORTDiscus, and Web of Science were searched through August 28, 2021, and again on August 25, 2022. STUDY SELECTION Studies comparing the effect of RE+BFR versus non-BFR resistance exercise on rate of perceived exertion (RPE) and muscle pain/discomfort were considered. Meta-analyses were conducted using the random effects model. STUDY DESIGN Systematic review and meta-analysis. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level 2. DATA EXTRACTION All data were reviewed and extracted independently by 2 reviewers. Disagreements were resolved by a third reviewer. RESULTS Thirty studies were included in this review. In a fixed repetition scheme, the RPE [standardized mean difference (SMD) = 1.04; P < 0.01] and discomfort (SMD = 1.10; P < 0.01) were higher in RE+BFR than in non-BFR LL-RE, but similar in sets to voluntary failure. There were no significant differences in RPE in the comparisons between RE+BFR and non-BFR HL-RE; after sensitivity analyses, it was found that the RPE was higher in non-BFR HL-RE in a fixed repetition scheme. In sets to voluntary failure, discomfort was higher in RE+BFR versus non-BFR HL-RE (SMD = 0.95; P < 0. 01); however, in a fixed scheme, the results were similar. CONCLUSION In sets to voluntary failure, RPE is similar between RE+BFR and non-BFR exercise. In fixed repetition schemes, RE+BFR seems to promote higher RPE than non-BFR LL-RE and less than HL-RE. In sets to failure, discomfort appears to be similar between LL-RE with and without BFR; however, RE+BFR appears to promote greater discomfort than HL-RE. In fixed repetition schemes, the discomfort appears to be no different between RE+BFR and HL-RE, but is lower in non-BFR LL-RE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Sabino de Queiros
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal-RN, Brazil
| | - Nicholas Rolnick
- The Human Performance Mechanic, CUNY Lehman College, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Ísis Kelly dos Santos
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal-RN, Brazil; Graduate Program in Physical Education, State University of Rio Grande do Norte (UERN), Mossoró-RN, Brazil
| | - Ingrid Martins de França
- Graduate Program in Physiotherapy, Federal University of Rio Grande do Rio Grande Norte (UFRN), Natal-RN, Brazil
| | - Rony Jerônimo Lima
- Graduate Program in Physical Education, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal-RN, Brazil
| | - João Guilherme Vieira
- Graduate Program in Physical Education, Federal University of Juiz de Fora (UFJF), Juiz de Fora-MG, Brazil; Strength Training Research Laboratory, Federal University of Juiz de Fora (UFJF), Juiz de Fora-MG, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Ramalho Aniceto
- Study and Research Group in Biomechanics and Psychophysiology of Exercise, Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Rio Grande do Norte, Currais Novos-RN, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Rodrigues Neto
- Faculty Nova Esperança (FAMENE/FACENE), Coordination of Physical Education, Nursing and Medical Schools, João Pessoa, Brazil; Coordination of Physical Education, University Center for Higher Education and Development (CESED/UNIFACISA/FCM/ESAC), Campina Grande, Brazil
| | - Jason Azevedo de Medeiros
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal-RN, Brazil
| | - Jeferson Macedo Vianna
- Graduate Program in Physical Education, Federal University of Juiz de Fora (UFJF), Juiz de Fora-MG, Brazil; Strength Training Research Laboratory, Federal University of Juiz de Fora (UFJF), Juiz de Fora-MG, Brazil
| | - Breno Guilherme de Araújo Tinôco Cabral
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal-RN, Brazil; Graduate Program in Physical Education, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal-RN, Brazil)
| | - Paulo Moreira Silva Dantas
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal-RN, Brazil; Graduate Program in Physical Education, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal-RN, Brazil)
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Zhang J, Zhou R, Zhao N, Li Y, Liu H, Zhang W, Guo W. Acute effects of blood flow restriction with whole-body vibration on sprint, muscle activation and metabolic accumulation in male sprinters. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1149400. [PMID: 37035675 PMCID: PMC10074852 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1149400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose: The aim of this study was to explore the acute effects of Blood Flow Restriction Training (BFRT), Whole-Body Vibration (WBV), and BFRT + WBV on the 20 m sprint, muscle activation, and metabolic accumulation in male sprinters.Method: Sixteen male sprinters randomly performed BFRT, WBV, or BFRT + WBV interventions with 72 h intervals. Electromyography (EMG) signals were collected before and during interventions. Fingertip blood was taken before, immediately after, and 15 min after the intervention. 20 m sprint was performed before and 3 min after the intervention.Results: 1) 0–10m and 0–20 m sprint performance were significantly improved after WBV and BFRT + WBV interventions (p < 0.05), 0–20 m sprint performance was significantly improved after all three interventions (p < 0.05), 2) After BFRT + WBV intervention, the EMG amplitude of the vastus lateralis and soleus were significantly improved. Greater increases in EMG activity of the tibialis anterior muscle (p < 0.05)and blood lactate (p < 0.05)were observed following BFRT intervention compared to BFRT + WBV intervention.Conclusion: For sprint performance, BFRT and WBV had similar post-activation enhancement effects to BFRT + WBV, and the metabolic accumulation immediately following the BFRT were higher than that following BFRT + WBV in male sprinters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjie Zhang
- Graduate School, Capital University of Physical Education and Sports, Beijing, China
| | - Ruihang Zhou
- Strength and Conditioning Training Research Center, China Institute of Sport Science, Beijing, China
| | - Ningning Zhao
- Competitive Sports Research Office, Hebei Institute of Sport Science, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Yamei Li
- Department of Physical Education, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Haiyuan Liu
- Graduate School, Capital University of Physical Education and Sports, Beijing, China
| | | | - Wenxia Guo
- Department of Social Sports, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Wenxia Guo,
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Królikowska A, Kusienicka K, Lazarek E, Oleksy Ł, Prill R, Kołcz A, Daszkiewicz M, Janczak D, Reichert P. A Randomized, Double-Blind Placebo Control Study on the Effect of a Blood Flow Restriction by an Inflatable Cuff Worn around the Arm on the Wrist Joint Position Sense in Healthy Recreational Athletes. J Clin Med 2023; 12:jcm12020602. [PMID: 36675531 PMCID: PMC9867391 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12020602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The number of blood flow restriction (BFR) training practitioners is rapidly increasing, so understanding the safety issues associated with limb occlusion is strongly needed. The present study determined the effect of BFR by an inflatable cuff worn around the arm on the wrist joint position sense (JPS) in healthy recreational athletes. In the prospective randomized, double-blind placebo control study, sixty healthy right-handed recreational athletes aged x = 22.93 ± 1.26 years were assigned to groups of equal size and gender rates: BFR, placebo, and control. The active wrist JPS was assessed in two separate sessions using an isokinetic dynamometer. The first assessment was performed with no cuffs. In the second session, a cuff with a standardized pressure was worn on the examined limb in the BFR group. In the placebo group, the cuff was uninflated. A between-session comparison in each group of collected angular errors expressed in degrees was carried out. The angular error in the BFR group was larger during the second measurement than the first one (p = 0.011-0.336). On the contrary, in the placebo (p = 0.241-0.948) and control (p = 0.093-0.904) groups, the error value in the second session was comparable or smaller. It was determined that BFR by an inflatable cuff around the arm impairs the wrist position sense. Hence, BFR training should be performed with caution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Królikowska
- Ergonomics and Biomedical Monitoring Laboratory, Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-367 Wroclaw, Poland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-733-981-189
| | - Klaudia Kusienicka
- Ergonomics and Biomedical Monitoring Laboratory, Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-367 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Ewa Lazarek
- Ergonomics and Biomedical Monitoring Laboratory, Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-367 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Łukasz Oleksy
- Oleksy Medical & Sports Sciences, 37-100 Łańcut, Poland
- Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-008 Kraków, Poland
| | - Robert Prill
- Center of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, University Hospital Brandenburg/Havel, Brandenburg Medical School Theodor Fontane, 14770 Brandenburg a.d.H., Germany
- Faculty of Health Sciences Brandenburg, Brandenburg Medical School Theodor Fontane, 14770 Brandenburg a.d.H., Germany
| | - Anna Kołcz
- Ergonomics and Biomedical Monitoring Laboratory, Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-367 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Maciej Daszkiewicz
- Ergonomics and Biomedical Monitoring Laboratory, Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-367 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Dariusz Janczak
- Department of Vascular, General, and Transplantation Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-367 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Paweł Reichert
- Department of Trauma Surgery, Clinical Department of Trauma and Hand Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-367 Wroclaw, Poland
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Rolnick N, Kimbrell K, de Queiros V. Beneath the cuff: Often overlooked and under-reported blood flow restriction device features and their potential impact on practice-A review of the current state of the research. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1089065. [PMID: 37064884 PMCID: PMC10099250 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1089065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Training with blood flow restriction (BFR) has been shown to be a useful technique to improve muscle hypertrophy, muscle strength and a host of other physiological benefits in both healthy and clinical populations using low intensities [20%-30% 1-repetition maximum (1RM) or <50% maximum oxygen uptake (VO2max)]. However, as BFR training is gaining popularity in both practice and research, there is a lack of awareness for potentially important design characteristics and features associated with BFR cuff application that may impact the acute and longitudinal responses to training as well as the safety profile of BFR exercise. While cuff width and cuff material have been somewhat addressed in the literature, other cuff design and features have received less attention. This manuscript highlights additional cuff design and features and hypothesizes on their potential to impact the response and safety profile of BFR. Features including the presence of autoregulation during exercise, the type of bladder system used, the shape of the cuff, the set pressure versus the interface pressure, and the bladder length will be addressed as these variables have the potential to alter the responses to BFR training. As more devices enter the marketplace for consumer purchase, investigations specifically looking at their impact is warranted. We propose numerous avenues for future research to help shape the practice of BFR that may ultimately enhance efficacy and safety using a variety of BFR technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Rolnick
- The Human Performance Mechanic, CUNY Lehman College, NY, United States
- *Correspondence: Nicholas Rolnick,
| | - Kyle Kimbrell
- Owens Recovery Science, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Victor de Queiros
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), NatalRN, Brazil
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10
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Fabero-Garrido R, Gragera-Vela M, del Corral T, Izquierdo-García J, Plaza-Manzano G, López-de-Uralde-Villanueva I. Effects of Low-Load Blood Flow Restriction Resistance Training on Muscle Strength and Hypertrophy Compared with Traditional Resistance Training in Healthy Adults Older Than 60 Years: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11247389. [PMID: 36556004 PMCID: PMC9787798 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11247389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is clinical interest in determining the effects of low-load blood flow restriction (LL-BFR) resistance training on muscle strength and hypertrophy compared with traditional high- and low-load (HL and LL) resistance training in healthy older adults and the influence of LL-BFR training cuff-pressure on these outcomes. METHODS A search was performed on the MEDLINE, PEDro, CINHAL, Web of Science, Science Direct, Scopus, and CENTRAL databases. RESULTS The analysis included 14 studies. HL resistance training produces a small increase in muscle strength (eight studies; SMD, -0.23 [-0.41; -0.05]) but not in muscle hypertrophy (six studies; (SMD, 0.08 [-0.22; 0.38]) when compared with LL-BFR resistance training. Compared with traditional LL resistance training, LL-BFR resistance training produces small-moderate increases in muscle strength (seven studies; SMD, 0.44 [0.28; 0.60]) and hypertrophy (two studies; SMD, 0.51 [0.06; 0.96]). There were greater improvements in muscle strength when higher cuff pressures were applied versus traditional LL resistance training but not versus HL resistance training. CONCLUSIONS LL-BFR resistance training results in lower muscle strength gains than HL resistance training and greater than traditional LL resistance training in healthy adults older than 60 years. LL-BFR resistance training promotes a similar muscle hypertrophy to HL resistance training but is greater than that of traditional LL resistance training. Applying cuff pressures above the limb occlusion pressure could enhance the increases in muscle strength compared with traditional LL resistance training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raúl Fabero-Garrido
- Department of Radiology, Rehabilitation and Physiotherapy, Faculty of Nursing, Physiotherapy and Podiatry, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel Gragera-Vela
- Department of Radiology, Rehabilitation and Physiotherapy, Faculty of Nursing, Physiotherapy and Podiatry, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Tamara del Corral
- Department of Radiology, Rehabilitation and Physiotherapy, Faculty of Nursing, Physiotherapy and Podiatry, Complutense University of Madrid, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-91-394-15-17
| | - Juan Izquierdo-García
- Department of Radiology, Rehabilitation and Physiotherapy, Faculty of Nursing, Physiotherapy and Podiatry, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Multidisciplinary Cardiac Rehabilitation Unit, University Hospital 12 de Octubre, 28041 Madrid, Spain
| | - Gustavo Plaza-Manzano
- Department of Radiology, Rehabilitation and Physiotherapy, Faculty of Nursing, Physiotherapy and Podiatry, Complutense University of Madrid, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ibai López-de-Uralde-Villanueva
- Department of Radiology, Rehabilitation and Physiotherapy, Faculty of Nursing, Physiotherapy and Podiatry, Complutense University of Madrid, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), 28040 Madrid, Spain
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11
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Cahalin LP, Formiga MF, Owens J, Anderson B, Hughes L. Beneficial Role of Blood Flow Restriction Exercise in Heart Disease and Heart Failure Using the Muscle Hypothesis of Chronic Heart Failure and a Growing Literature. Front Physiol 2022; 13:924557. [PMID: 35874535 PMCID: PMC9296815 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.924557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Blood flow restriction exercise (BFRE) has become a common method to increase skeletal muscle strength and hypertrophy for individuals with a variety of conditions. A substantial literature of BFRE in older adults exists in which significant gains in strength and functional performance have been observed without report of adverse events. Research examining the effects of BFRE in heart disease (HD) and heart failure (HF) appears to be increasing for which reason the Muscle Hypothesis of Chronic Heart Failure (MHCHF) will be used to fully elucidate the effects BFRE may have in patients with HD and HF highlighted in the MHCHF.Methods: A comprehensive literature review was performed in PubMed and the Cochrane library through February 2022. Inclusion criteria were: 1) the study was original research conducted in human subjects older than 18 years of age and diagnosed with either HD or HF, 2) study participants performed BFRE, and 3) post-intervention outcome measures of cardiovascular function, physical performance, skeletal muscle function and structure, and/or systemic biomarkers were provided. Exclusion criteria included review articles and articles on viewpoints and opinions of BFRE, book chapters, theses, dissertations, and case study articles.Results: Seven BFRE studies in HD and two BFRE studies in HF were found of which four of the HD and the two HF studies examined a variety of measures reflected within the MHCHF over a period of 8–24 weeks. No adverse events were reported in any of the studies and significant improvements in skeletal muscle strength, endurance, and work as well as cardiorespiratory performance, mitochondrial function, exercise tolerance, functional performance, immune humoral function, and possibly cardiac performance were observed in one or more of the reviewed studies.Conclusion: In view of the above systematic review, BFRE has been performed safely with no report of adverse event in patients with a variety of different types of HD and in patients with HF. The components of the MHCHF that can be potentially improved with BFRE include left ventricular dysfunction, inflammatory markers, inactivity, a catabolic state, skeletal and possibly respiratory muscle myopathy, dyspnea and fatigue, ANS activity, and peripheral blood flow. Furthermore, investigation of feasibility, acceptability, adherence, adverse effects, and symptoms during and after BFRE is needed since very few studies have examined these important issues comprehensively in patients with HD and HF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence P. Cahalin
- Department of Physical Therapy, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States
- *Correspondence: Lawrence P. Cahalin,
| | - Magno F. Formiga
- Departamento de Fisioterapia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal Do Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Johnny Owens
- Owens Recovery Science, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Brady Anderson
- Department of Physical Therapy, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Luke Hughes
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Northumbria University, Northumbria, United Kingdom
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Hedt C, McCulloch PC, Harris JD, Lambert BS. Blood Flow Restriction Enhances Rehabilitation and Return to Sport: The Paradox of Proximal Performance. Arthrosc Sports Med Rehabil 2022; 4:e51-e63. [PMID: 35141536 PMCID: PMC8811501 DOI: 10.1016/j.asmr.2021.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of blood flow restriction (BFR) within rehabilitation is rapidly increasing as further research is performed elucidating purported benefits such as improved muscular strength and size, neuromuscular control, decreased pain, and increased bone mineral density. Interestingly, these benefits are not isolated to structures distal to the occlusive stimulus. Proximal gains are of high interest to rehabilitation professionals, especially those working with patients who are limited due to pain or postsurgical precautions. The review to follow will focus on current evidence and ongoing hypotheses regarding physiologic responses to BFR, current clinical applications, proximal responses to BFR training, potential practical applications for rehabilitation and injury prevention, and directions for future research. Interestingly, benefits have been found in musculature proximal to the occlusive stimulus, which may lend promise to a greater variety of patient populations and conditions. Furthermore, an increasing demand for BFR use in the sports world warrants further research for performance research and recovery. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level V, expert opinion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corbin Hedt
- Address correspondence to Corbin Hedt, P.T., D.P.T., S.C.S., C.S.C.S., Houston Methodist Orthopedics & Sports Medicine, 5505 West Loop South, Houston, TX 77081.
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13
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Rolnick N, Kimbrell K, Cerqueira MS, Weatherford B, Brandner C. Perceived Barriers to Blood Flow Restriction Training. FRONTIERS IN REHABILITATION SCIENCES 2021; 2:697082. [PMID: 36188864 PMCID: PMC9397924 DOI: 10.3389/fresc.2021.697082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Blood flow restriction (BFR) training is increasing in popularity in the fitness and rehabilitation settings due to its role in optimizing muscle mass and strength as well as cardiovascular capacity, function, and a host of other benefits. However, despite the interest in this area of research, there are likely some perceived barriers that practitioners must overcome to effectively implement this modality into practice. These barriers include determining BFR training pressures, access to appropriate BFR training technologies for relevant demographics based on the current evidence, a comprehensive and systematic approach to medical screening for safe practice and strategies to mitigate excessive perceptual demands of BFR training to foster long-term compliance. This manuscript attempts to discuss each of these barriers and provides evidence-based strategies and direction to guide clinical practice and future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Rolnick
- The Human Performance Mechanic, Lehman College, New York, NY, United States
- *Correspondence: Nicholas Rolnick
| | - Kyle Kimbrell
- Owens Recovery Science, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Mikhail Santos Cerqueira
- Neuromuscular Performance Analysis Laboratory, Department of Physical Therapy, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal, Brazil
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Rolnick N, Cerqueira MS. Comparison of blood flow restriction devices and their effect on quadriceps muscle activation: Letter to the editor. Phys Ther Sport 2021; 49:227-228. [PMID: 33794445 DOI: 10.1016/j.ptsp.2021.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Rolnick
- The Human Performance Mechanic, Lehman College, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Mikhail Santos Cerqueira
- Neuromuscular Performance Analysis Laboratory, Department of Physical Therapy, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal, RN, Brazil
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