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Arco-Osuna MÁD, Blasco J, Almeida A, Martín-Álvarez JM. Impact of the Spanish smoke-free laws on cigarette sales by brands, 2000-2021: Evidence from a club convergence approach. Tob Induc Dis 2023; 21:158. [PMID: 38053754 PMCID: PMC10694830 DOI: 10.18332/tid/174407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In January 2006, the Spanish government enacted a tobacco control law that banned the advertising, promotion and sponsorship of tobacco. In January 2011, further legislation on this matter was adopted to provide a more restrictive specification of the ban. In this study, we analyze the effect produced on cigarette sales by these two prohibitions. We address this problem using a cluster time-series analysis to test whether the sales of cigarettes by brands have been homogenized with the prohibition of advertising, promotion, and sponsorship. METHODS The data source used was the official data on legal sales of cigarettes by brands in Spain, from January 2005 to December 2021 (excluding the Canary Islands and the Autonomous Communities of the cities of Ceuta and Melilla). To achieve our objective, we used log(t) test statistics to check if there is global convergence in the three selected periods according to the regulatory changes that have occurred in Spain (2005-2021, 2005-2010 and 2011-2021). Second, once absolute convergence is rejected, we applied a clustering algorithm to test for the existence of subgroup convergence. RESULTS The cigarette brands that have been marketed during the period 2005-2021 (n=40), can only be grouped into three groups according to the behavior of their sales. When we focus on the period 2005-2010 (n=74), cigarette brands are grouped into five groups according to their sales behavior. Finally, the cigarette brands marketed during the period 2011-2021 (n=67) are grouped into three groups according to the temporal evolution of their sales. These results suggest a greater homogenization of cigarette sales after the application of the law of January 2011. CONCLUSIONS Act 42/2010 (total ban on tobacco advertising, promotion, and sponsorship actions) was associated with greater homogenization of cigarette sales than the application of Act 28/2005 (partial ban). This finding supports what is established in the previous literature that indicates that Act 42/2010 provided a more restrictive specification of the ban than Act 28/2005.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Ángel Del Arco-Osuna
- Department of Quantitative Analysis for Economics and Management, Universidad Internacional de La Rioja, Logroño, Spain
| | - Josep Blasco
- Department of Quantitative Analysis for Economics and Management, Universidad Internacional de La Rioja, Logroño, Spain
| | - Alejandro Almeida
- Department of Quantitative Analysis for Economics and Management, Universidad Internacional de La Rioja, Logroño, Spain
| | - Juan Manuel Martín-Álvarez
- Department of Quantitative Analysis for Economics and Management, Universidad Internacional de La Rioja, Logroño, Spain
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Awawda S, Chalak A, Khader Y, Mostafa A, Abla R, Nakkash R, Jawad M, Salloum RG, Abu-Rmeileh NM. Gender differences in the price elasticity of demand for waterpipe and cigarette smoking in Lebanon, Jordan and Palestine: a volumetric choice experiment. BMJ Open 2022; 12:e058495. [PMID: 35851023 PMCID: PMC9297203 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-058495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study assessed the extent to which the elasticity of cigarette and waterpipe tobacco products differs between men and women. We also explored the levels of substitution and complementarity in tobacco products among men and women. SETTING The study examines tobacco elasticities in three Arab countries: Lebanon, Jordan and the West Bank of Palestine. PARTICIPANTS We used data from nationally representative surveys of adults aged ≥18 years in Lebanon (n=1680), Jordan (n=1925) and Palestine (n=1679). The proportion of women was 50.0% of the sample in Lebanon and Palestine, and 44.6% in Jordan. PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES A zero-inflated Poisson regression model estimated own-price and cross-price elasticities for two variations of cigarettes and five variations of waterpipe tobacco products. Elasticities were measured based on eight scenarios of prices. RESULTS Demand for waterpipe tobacco products was elastic for both men and women. The cross-price elasticities in the three countries indicate the existence of substitution between cigarettes and waterpipe products and by different varieties within each of the two tobacco products. Gender differences varied across the three countries whereby higher cross-price elasticities were observed for women in Jordan and Palestine. For example, the price elasticity for discount waterpipe was -1.4 and -0.6 for women and men in Jordan, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Results on the elasticity of demand for tobacco products and the existence of substitution between tobacco products reveal the higher responsiveness of men and women to changes in tobacco prices. This should be taken into consideration in tobacco control strategies particularly when reducing tobacco consumption via taxation policies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sameera Awawda
- Economics Department, Birzeit University, Ramallah, Palestine, State of
- Institute of Community and Public Health, Birzeit University, Ramallah, Palestine, State of
| | - Ali Chalak
- Department of Agriculture, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Yousef Khader
- Department of Community Medicine, Public Health and Family Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Aya Mostafa
- Department of Community, Environmental, and Occupational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ruba Abla
- Department of Health Promotion and Community Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Rima Nakkash
- Department of Health Promotion and Community Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
- Department of Global and Community Health, College of Health and Human Services, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA
| | - Mohammed Jawad
- Public Health Policy Evaluation Unit, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Ramzi G Salloum
- Department of Health Promotion and Community Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
- Department of Health Outcomes and Biomedical Informatics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Niveen Me Abu-Rmeileh
- Institute of Community and Public Health, Birzeit University, Ramallah, Palestine, State of
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The neighborhood environment and its association with the spatio-temporal footprint of tobacco consumption and changes in smoking-related behaviors in a Swiss urban area. Health Place 2022; 76:102845. [PMID: 35714460 DOI: 10.1016/j.healthplace.2022.102845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the association of the neighborhood environment with the spatio-temporal dependence of tobacco consumption and changes in smoking-related behaviors in a Swiss urban area. Data were obtained from the CoLaus cohort (2003-2006, 2009-2012, and 2014-2017) in Lausanne, Switzerland. Local Moran's I was performed to assess the spatial dependence of tobacco consumption. Prospective changes in tobacco consumption and the location of residence of participants were assessed through Cox regressions. Analyses were adjusted by individual and neighborhood data. The neighborhood environment was spatially associated with tobacco consumption and changes in smoking-related behaviors independently of individual factors.
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Cadahia P, Golpe A, Martín-Álvarez JM, Asensio E. Measuring anomalies in cigarette sales using official data from Spanish provinces: Are the anomalies detected by the Empty Pack Surveys (EPSs) used by Transnational Tobacco Companies (TTCs) the only anomalies? Tob Induc Dis 2022; 19:98. [PMID: 34975362 PMCID: PMC8669702 DOI: 10.18332/tid/143321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION There is a literature that questions the veracity of the studies commissioned by transnational tobacco companies (TTCs) to measure the illicit tobacco trade. Furthermore, there are studies that have indicated that the empty pack surveys (EPSs) ordered by TTCs overestimate the size of this trade. This study simultaneously analyzed whether the EPSs established in each of the 47 Spanish provinces were accurate and measured anomalies observed in provinces where sales exceed expected values. METHODS To achieve the objectives of this study, provincial data on cigarette sales, prices and GDP per capita were used. These data were modeled with machine learning techniques that are widely used to detect anomalies in other areas. RESULTS The magnitude of the average anomaly in provinces where sales are higher than their expected values exceeds 40%, while the average anomaly in provinces where sales are lower than their expected values (as detected by the EPSs) is <15%. Furthermore, the results reveal that there is a clear geographical pattern to the provinces in which sales below reasonable values are observed. In addition, the values provided by the EPSs in Spain, as indicated in the previous literature, are slightly overestimated. Finally, some regions bordering other countries or that are highly influenced by tourism have observed sales that are higher than their expected values. CONCLUSIONS Cooperation between countries in their tobacco control policies can have better effects than policies developed based on information from a single country. The lack of control over the transactions of tourists and the inhabitants of bordering countries can cause important anomalies that distort the understanding of tobacco consumption that governments have based on official data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Cadahia
- 1Department of Economics, University of Huelva, Huelva, Spain
| | - Antonio Golpe
- 1Department of Economics, University of Huelva, Huelva, Spain
| | - Juan M Martín-Álvarez
- 2Department of Quantitative Methods for Economics and Business, Universidad Internacional de La Rioja, Logroño, Spain
| | - Eva Asensio
- 2Department of Quantitative Methods for Economics and Business, Universidad Internacional de La Rioja, Logroño, Spain
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The effect of price on cigarette consumption, distribution, and sale in Tehran: a qualitative study. BMC Public Health 2021; 21:1720. [PMID: 34551764 PMCID: PMC8456583 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-021-11733-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Appropriate increases in tobacco taxes and prices are an essential component of comprehensive tobacco control strategies. This study investigates factors related to the use, sale, and distribution of cigarettes in Iran, focusing on the relationship between cigarette price and its consumption. Methods This interview-based qualitative study was conducted among 20 participants, including cigarette smokers, retail shop owners, large-scale distributors, and an expert in tobacco control research. Results Seven themes were extracted from participant interviews, including the type and price of cigarette, the best time to sell cigarettes, profits from the sale of cigarette, affordability, rise in cigarette price and smokers’ reaction to it, lobbying and black-market sales of cigarettes, and the sale and distribution of cigarettes across the country. Although the price of cigarettes in Iran has shown some increases in the past decade, the timing of these increases are not predictable and the limited amount of these increases has not reduced the use of cigarettes. Following a price increase, consumers are more likely to switch from buying packets to single cigarettes, or buy a less expensive brand, then to quit. Moreover, increases in prices may encourage smokers and sellers to buy a large number of cigarettes and store them for a rainy day. Another adverse effect may be increased smuggling of illicit cigarettes to balance the pressure caused by rising prices. Conclusions Our findings highlight two important aspects concerning cigarette pricing in Iran. First is the change in the type of purchase from the whole box of cigarettes to the single stick cigarette or swapping to less expensive cigarettes. Second, increase in cigarette price (either through taxing or regular increases) could be offset by flooding smuggled cigarettes into the market. Therefore, in addition to raising cigarette prices, reducing cigarette consumption rates in Iran requires the development and effective implementation of regulatory policies to control cigarette smuggling, reduce purchasing, and subsequently curb the use of this leading cause of premature morbidity and mortality. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12889-021-11733-5.
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Vallarta-Robledo JR, Sandoval JL, De Ridder D, Ladoy A, Marques-Vidal P, Humair JP, Cornuz J, Probst-Hensch N, Schaffner E, Stringhini S, Joost S, Guessous I. Spatial clusters of daily tobacco consumption before and after a smoke-free policy implementation. Health Place 2021; 70:102616. [PMID: 34225236 DOI: 10.1016/j.healthplace.2021.102616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
This study assessed the spatial dependence of daily tobacco consumption and how it is spatially impacted by individual and neighborhood socioeconomic determinants, and tobacco consumption facilities before and after a smoke-free implementation. Individual data was obtained from the Bus Santé, a cross-sectional survey in Geneva. Spatial clusters of high and low tobacco consumption were assessed using Getis-Ord Gi*. Daily tobacco consumption was not randomly clustered in Geneva and may be impacted by tobacco consumption facilities independently of socioeconomic factors and a smoking ban. Spatial analysis should be considered to highlight the impact of smoke-free policies and guide public health interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan R Vallarta-Robledo
- Unit of Population Epidemiology, Department of Primary Care, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland; Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland; Group of Geographic Information Research and Analysis in Population Health (GIRAPH), Geneva, Switzerland
| | - José Luis Sandoval
- Group of Geographic Information Research and Analysis in Population Health (GIRAPH), Geneva, Switzerland; Division of Primary Care, Department of Primary Care, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland; Department of Oncology, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - David De Ridder
- Unit of Population Epidemiology, Department of Primary Care, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland; Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland; Group of Geographic Information Research and Analysis in Population Health (GIRAPH), Geneva, Switzerland; Laboratory of Geographic Information Systems (LASIG), School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering (ENAC), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Anaïs Ladoy
- Group of Geographic Information Research and Analysis in Population Health (GIRAPH), Geneva, Switzerland; Laboratory of Geographic Information Systems (LASIG), School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering (ENAC), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Pedro Marques-Vidal
- Group of Geographic Information Research and Analysis in Population Health (GIRAPH), Geneva, Switzerland; Department of Medicine, Internal Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jean-Paul Humair
- Division of Primary Care, Department of Primary Care, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Jacques Cornuz
- University Centre for General Medicine and Public Health, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nicole Probst-Hensch
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Emmanuel Schaffner
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Silvia Stringhini
- Unit of Population Epidemiology, Department of Primary Care, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland; Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland; Group of Geographic Information Research and Analysis in Population Health (GIRAPH), Geneva, Switzerland; University Centre for General Medicine and Public Health, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Stéphane Joost
- Unit of Population Epidemiology, Department of Primary Care, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland; Group of Geographic Information Research and Analysis in Population Health (GIRAPH), Geneva, Switzerland; Laboratory of Geographic Information Systems (LASIG), School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering (ENAC), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Idris Guessous
- Unit of Population Epidemiology, Department of Primary Care, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland; Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland; Group of Geographic Information Research and Analysis in Population Health (GIRAPH), Geneva, Switzerland; Division of Primary Care, Department of Primary Care, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland; Laboratory of Geographic Information Systems (LASIG), School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering (ENAC), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland.
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