1
|
Akbal Vural O, Yaman YT, Abaci S. Secondary metabolite‐entrapped, anti‐GPA33 targeted poly‐dopamine nanoparticles and their effectiveness in cancer treatment. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.52274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Oznur Akbal Vural
- Advanced Technologies Application and Research Center Hacettepe University Ankara Turkey
| | - Yesim Tugce Yaman
- Advanced Technologies Application and Research Center Hacettepe University Ankara Turkey
- Analytical Chemistry Division, Department of Chemistry Hacettepe University Ankara Turkey
| | - Serdar Abaci
- Analytical Chemistry Division, Department of Chemistry Hacettepe University Ankara Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Connolly S, Newport D, McGourty K. The mechanical responses of advecting cells in confined flow. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2020; 14:031501. [PMID: 32454924 PMCID: PMC7200165 DOI: 10.1063/5.0005154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Fluid dynamics have long influenced cells in suspension. Red blood cells and white blood cells are advected through biological microchannels in both the cardiovascular and lymphatic systems and, as a result, are subject to a wide variety of complex fluidic forces as they pass through. In vivo, microfluidic forces influence different biological processes such as the spreading of infection, cancer metastasis, and cell viability, highlighting the importance of fluid dynamics in the blood and lymphatic vessels. This suggests that in vitro devices carrying cell suspensions may influence the viability and functionality of cells. Lab-on-a-chip, flow cytometry, and cell therapies involve cell suspensions flowing through microchannels of approximately 100-800 μ m. This review begins by examining the current fundamental theories and techniques behind the fluidic forces and inertial focusing acting on cells in suspension, before exploring studies that have investigated how these fluidic forces affect the reactions of suspended cells. In light of these studies' findings, both in vivo and in vitro fluidic cell microenvironments shall also be discussed before concluding with recommendations for the field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Connolly
- School of Engineering, Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick V94 T9PX, Ireland
| | - D Newport
- School of Engineering, Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick V94 T9PX, Ireland
| | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
O'Neill HC, Lim HK, Periasamy P, Kumarappan L, Tan JKH, O'Neill TJ. Transplanted spleen stromal cells with osteogenic potential support ectopic myelopoiesis. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0223416. [PMID: 31584977 PMCID: PMC6777786 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0223416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Spleen stromal lines which support in vitro hematopoiesis are investigated for their lineage origin and hematopoietic support function in vivo. Marker expression and gene profiling identify a lineage relationship with mesenchymal stem cells and perivascular reticular cells described recently in bone marrow. Stromal lines commonly express Cxcl12, Pdgfra and Pdgfr typical of bone marrow derived perivascular reticular cells but reflect a unique cell type in terms of other gene and marker expression. Their classification as osteoprogenitors is confirmed through ability to undergo osteogenic, but not adipogenic or chondrogenic differentiation. Some stromal lines were shown to form ectopic niches for HSCs following engraftment under the kidney capsule of NOD/SCID mice. The presence of myeloid cells and a higher representation of a specific dendritic-like cell type over other myeloid cells within grafts was consistent with previous in vitro evidence of hematopoietic support capacity. These studies reinforce the role of perivascular/perisinusoidal reticular cells in hematopoiesis and implicate such cells as niches for hematopoiesis in spleen.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Helen C O'Neill
- Clem Jones Research Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Bond University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Hong K Lim
- Clem Jones Research Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Bond University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Pravin Periasamy
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia.,Department of Microbiology, Yoo Long School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Lavanya Kumarappan
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Jonathan K H Tan
- Clem Jones Research Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Bond University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Terence J O'Neill
- Big Data Centre, Bond Business School, Bond University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Ndiaye PD, Pagès G. [VEGF-C and lymphatic vessels: a double-edged sword in tumor development and metastasis]. Med Sci (Paris) 2019; 35:132-137. [PMID: 30774080 DOI: 10.1051/medsci/2019002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The lymphatic system is made up of vessels that drain interstitial fluids throughout the body. The circulation of the lymph (liquid in the lymphatic system) in the lymphatic vessels is unidirectional: tissues to the lymph nodes and then to the veins. Ganglia are mechanical filters but also immune barriers that can block the progression of certain pathogens as well as cancer cells. However, most studies on the lymphatic system and cancer highlight the role of the lymphatic network in metastatic dissemination as tumor cells use this network to reach other organs. However, recent studies describe a beneficial role of the lymphatic system and of the vascular endothelial growth factor C (VEGF-C) which is one of the main factors responsible for the development of lymphatic vessels in cancer. In this review, we will illustrate this ambivalent and emerging role of VEGF-C and the lymphatic system in cancer aggressiveness.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Papa Diogop Ndiaye
- Université Côte d'Azur, Institut de recherche sur le cancer et le vieillissement de Nice, CNRS UMR 7284 ; Inserm U1081, Centre Antoine Lacassagne, 33, avenue de Valombrose, 06189 Nice, France
| | - Gilles Pagès
- Université Côte d'Azur, Institut de recherche sur le cancer et le vieillissement de Nice, CNRS UMR 7284 ; Inserm U1081, Centre Antoine Lacassagne, 33, avenue de Valombrose, 06189 Nice, France - Centre scientifique de Monaco, Département de biologie médicale, 8, quai Antoine Ier, MC-98000 Monaco, Principauté de Monaco
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Bousseau S, Vergori L, Soleti R, Lenaers G, Martinez MC, Andriantsitohaina R. Glycosylation as new pharmacological strategies for diseases associated with excessive angiogenesis. Pharmacol Ther 2018; 191:92-122. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2018.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
6
|
Lee CH, Hsieh MJ, Liu KS, Cheng CW, Chang SH, Liu SJ, Wang CJ, Hsu MY, Hung KC, Yeh YH, Chen WJ, Hsieh IC, Juang JH, Wen MS. Promoting vascular healing using nanofibrous ticagrelor-eluting stents. Int J Nanomedicine 2018; 13:6039-6048. [PMID: 30323591 PMCID: PMC6179723 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s166785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The current treatment of atherosclerotic coronary heart disease with limus-eluting stents can lead to incomplete endothelialization and substantial impairment of arterial healing relative to treatment with bare-metal stents. The sustained and local delivery of ticagrelor, a reversibly binding P2Y12 receptor inhibitor, using hybrid biodegradable nanofibers/stents, was developed to reduce neointimal formation and endothelial dysfunction. Methods In this investigation, a solution of ticagrelor, poly(D,L)-lactide-co-glycolide, and hexafluoro isopropanol was electrospun to fabricate ticagrelor-eluting nanofibrous drug-eluting stents. The in vitro and in vivo ticagrelor concentrations were measured using a high-performance liquid chromatography assay. The effectiveness of ticagrelor-eluting stents was examined relative to that of sirolimus-eluting stents. Results Adequate ticagrelor levels were detected for four weeks in vitro. Less HES5-positive labeling was found near the ticagrelor-eluting stented vessels (0.33±0.12) than close to the sirolimus-eluting stented vessels (0.57±0.15) (p<0.05). Four weeks after deployment, the ticagrelor-eluting stent also exhibited an up-regulated local expression of SOD1 in the stenting area (p<0.001). The ticagrelor-eluting stent substantially preserved endothelial function and re-endothelialization, minimized inflammatory responses, and inhibited neointimal hyperplasia. Conclusion Ticagrelor-eluting stents may provide an alternative route for treating patients at a high risk of bleeding to preserve endothelial recovery and to reduce smooth muscle proliferation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Hung Lee
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Jer Hsieh
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Sheng Liu
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital-Linkou, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan.,Department of Mechanical Engineering, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan,
| | - Che-Wei Cheng
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan,
| | - Shang-Hung Chang
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Jung Liu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan, .,Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan,
| | - Chao-Jan Wang
- Department of Medical Imaging and Intervention, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Yi Hsu
- Department of Medical Imaging and Intervention, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Chun Hung
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
| | - Yung-Hsin Yeh
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Jan Chen
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
| | - I-Chang Hsieh
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
| | - Jyuhn-Huarng Juang
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung University and Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Shien Wen
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Lymphangiogenesis and Inflammation-Looking for the "Missing Pieces" of the Puzzle. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2015; 63:415-26. [PMID: 26169947 DOI: 10.1007/s00005-015-0349-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Several papers about lymphangiogenesis and inflammation focused on the detailed and complicated descriptions of the molecular pathways accompanying both non-tumor and tumor inflammatory-induced lymphatic vessel development. Many authors are tempted to present inflammatory-induced lymphangiogenesis in pathologic conditions neglecting the role of inflammatory cells during embryonic lymphatic vessel development. Some of the inflammatory cells are largely characterized in inflammatory-induced lymphangiogenesis, while others as mast cells, eosinophils, or plasma cells are less studied. No phenotypic characterization of inflammation-activated lymphatic endothelial cell is available in this moment. Another paradox is related to the existence of few papers regarding lymphangiogenesis inside lymphoid organs and for their related pathology. There are still several "missing pieces of such a big puzzle" of lymphangiogenesis and inflammation, with a direct impact on the ineffectiveness of the anti-inflammatory therapy as lymphangiogenesis inhibitors. The present paper will focus on the controversial issues of lymphangiogenesis and inflammation.
Collapse
|
8
|
Munson JM, Shieh AC. Interstitial fluid flow in cancer: implications for disease progression and treatment. Cancer Manag Res 2014; 6:317-28. [PMID: 25170280 PMCID: PMC4144982 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s65444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
As cancer progresses, a dynamic microenvironment develops that creates and responds to cellular and biophysical cues. Increased intratumoral pressure and corresponding increases in interstitial flow from the tumor bulk to the healthy stroma is an observational hallmark of progressing cancers. Until recently, the role of interstitial flow was thought to be mostly passive in the transport and dissemination of cancer cells to metastatic sites. With research spanning the past decade, we have seen that interstitial flow has a promigratory effect on cancer cell invasion in multiple cancer types. This invasion is one mechanism by which cancers can resist therapeutics and recur, but the role of interstitial flow in cancer therapy is limited to the understanding of transport of therapeutics. Here we outline the current understanding of the role of interstitial flow in cancer and the tumor microenvironment through cancer progression and therapy. We also discuss the current role of fluid flow in the treatment of cancer, including drug transport and therapeutic strategies. By stating the current understanding of interstitial flow in cancer progression, we can begin exploring its role in therapeutic failure and treatment resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer M Munson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Adrian C Shieh
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Health Systems, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Stacker SA, Williams SP, Karnezis T, Shayan R, Fox SB, Achen MG. Lymphangiogenesis and lymphatic vessel remodelling in cancer. Nat Rev Cancer 2014; 14:159-72. [PMID: 24561443 DOI: 10.1038/nrc3677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 546] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The generation of new lymphatic vessels through lymphangiogenesis and the remodelling of existing lymphatics are thought to be important steps in cancer metastasis. The past decade has been exciting in terms of research into the molecular and cellular biology of lymphatic vessels in cancer, and it has been shown that the molecular control of tumour lymphangiogenesis has similarities to that of tumour angiogenesis. Nevertheless, there are significant mechanistic differences between these biological processes. We are now developing a greater understanding of the specific roles of distinct lymphatic vessel subtypes in cancer, and this provides opportunities to improve diagnostic and therapeutic approaches that aim to restrict the progression of cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Steven A Stacker
- 1] Tumour Angiogenesis Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria 3002, Australia. [2] Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia. [3] Department of Surgery, Royal Melbourne Hospital, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3050, Australia
| | - Steven P Williams
- Tumour Angiogenesis Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria 3002, Australia
| | - Tara Karnezis
- 1] Tumour Angiogenesis Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria 3002, Australia. [2] Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Ramin Shayan
- 1] Tumour Angiogenesis Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria 3002, Australia. [2] Department of Surgery, Royal Melbourne Hospital, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3050, Australia. [3] Department of Surgery, St. Vincent's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, Victoria 3065, Australia. [4] O'Brien Institute, Australian Catholic University, Fitzroy, Victoria 3065, Australia
| | - Stephen B Fox
- 1] Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia. [2] Department of Pathology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria 3002, Australia
| | - Marc G Achen
- 1] Tumour Angiogenesis Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria 3002, Australia. [2] Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia. [3] Department of Surgery, Royal Melbourne Hospital, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3050, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Le C, Karnezis T, Achen MG, Stacker S, Sloan E. Lymphovascular and neural regulation of metastasis: shared tumour signalling pathways and novel therapeutic approaches. Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol 2013; 27:409-25. [PMID: 24267548 PMCID: PMC4007214 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpa.2013.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2013] [Accepted: 10/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The progression of cancer is supported by a wide variety of non-neoplastic cell types which make up the tumour stroma, including immune cells, endothelial cells, cancer-associated fibroblasts and nerve fibres. These host cells contribute molecular signals that enhance primary tumour growth and provide physical avenues for metastatic dissemination. This article provides an overview of the role of blood vessels, lymphatic vessels and nerve fibres in the tumour microenvironment and highlights the interconnected molecular signalling pathways that control their development and activation in cancer. Further, this article highlights the known pharmacological agents which target these pathways and discusses the potential therapeutic uses of drugs that target angiogenesis, lymphangiogenesis and stress-response pathways in the different stages of cancer care.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C.P. Le
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - T. Karnezis
- Tumour Angiogenesis Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria 3002, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - M. G. Achen
- Tumour Angiogenesis Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria 3002, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
- Department of Surgery, Royal Melbourne Hospital, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3050, Australia
| | - S.A. Stacker
- Tumour Angiogenesis Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria 3002, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
- Department of Surgery, Royal Melbourne Hospital, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3050, Australia
| | - E.K. Sloan
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
- Department of Cancer Anaesthesia and Pain Medicine, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria 3002, Australia
- Cousins Center for PNI, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, UCLA AIDS Institute and Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Los Angeles, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Laco F, Grant MH, Black RA. Collagen-nanofiber hydrogel composites promote contact guidance of human lymphatic microvascular endothelial cells and directed capillary tube formation. J Biomed Mater Res A 2012. [PMID: 23197422 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.34468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Collagen and fibronectin matrices are known to stimulate migration of microvascular endothelial cells and the process of tubulogenesis, but the physical, chemical, and topographical cues for directed vessel formation have yet to be determined. In this study, growth, migration, elongation, and tube formation of human lymphatic microvascular endothelial cells (LECs) were investigated on electrospun poly(D,L-lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) and poly(L-lactic-co-D-lactic acid) (PLDL) nanofiber-coated substrates, and correlated with fiber density and diameter. Directed migration of LECs was observed in the presence of aligned nanofibers, whereas random fiber alignment slowed down migration and growth of LECs. Cell guidance was significantly enhanced in the presence of more hydrophobic PLDL polymer nanofibers compared to PLGA (10:90). Subsequent experiments with tube-forming assays reveal the ability of resorbable hydrophobic nanofibers >300 nm in diameter to promote cell guidance in collagen gels without direct cell-fiber contact, in contrast to the previously reported contact-guidance phenomena. Our results show that endothelial cell guidance is possible within nanofiber/collagen-gel constructs that mimic the native extracellular matrix in terms of size and orientation of fibrillar components.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Filip Laco
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Colombatti A, Spessotto P, Doliana R, Mongiat M, Bressan GM, Esposito G. The EMILIN/Multimerin family. Front Immunol 2012; 2:93. [PMID: 22566882 PMCID: PMC3342094 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2011.00093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2011] [Accepted: 12/21/2011] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Elastin microfibrillar interface proteins (EMILINs) and Multimerins (EMILIN1, EMILIN2, Multimerin1, and Multimerin2) constitute a four member family that in addition to the shared C-terminus gC1q domain typical of the gC1q/TNF superfamily members contain a N-terminus unique cysteine-rich EMI domain. These glycoproteins are homotrimeric and assemble into high molecular weight multimers. They are predominantly expressed in the extracellular matrix and contribute to several cellular functions in part associated with the gC1q domain and in part not yet assigned nor linked to other specific regions of the sequence. Among the latter is the control of arterial blood pressure, the inhibition of Bacillus anthracis cell cytotoxicity, the promotion of cell death, the proangiogenic function, and a role in platelet hemostasis. The focus of this review is to highlight the multiplicity of functions and domains of the EMILIN/Multimerin family with a particular emphasis on the regulatory role played by the ligand-receptor interactions of the gC1q domain. EMILIN1 is the most extensively studied member both from the structural and functional point of view. The structure of the gC1q of EMILIN1 solved by NMR highlights unique characteristics compared to other gC1q domains: it shows a marked decrease of the contact surface of the trimeric assembly and while conserving the jelly-roll topology with two β-sheets of antiparallel strands it presents a nine-stranded β-sandwich fold instead of the usual 10-stranded fold. This is likely due to the insertion of nine residues that disrupt the ordered strand organization and forma a highly dynamic protruding loop. In this loop the residue E933 is the site of interaction between gC1q and the α4β1 and α9β1 integrins, and contrary to integrin occupancy that usually upregulates cell growth, when gC1q is ligated by the integrin the cells reduce their proliferative activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alfonso Colombatti
- Experimental Oncology 2, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico, Istituto di Ricerca e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Aviano, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
|
14
|
Farnsworth RH, Karnezis T, Shayan R, Matsumoto M, Nowell CJ, Achen MG, Stacker SA. A role for bone morphogenetic protein-4 in lymph node vascular remodeling and primary tumor growth. Cancer Res 2011; 71:6547-57. [PMID: 21868759 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-11-0200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Lymph node metastasis, an early and prognostically important event in the progression of many human cancers, is associated with expression of VEGF-D. Changes to lymph node vasculature that occur during malignant progression may create a metastatic niche capable of attracting and supporting tumor cells. In this study, we sought to characterize molecules expressed in lymph node endothelium that could represent therapeutic or prognostic targets. Differential mRNA expression profiling of endothelial cells from lymph nodes that drained metastatic or nonmetastatic primary tumors revealed genes associated with tumor progression, in particular bone morphogenetic protein-4 (BMP-4). Metastasis driven by VEGF-D was associated with reduced BMP-4 expression in high endothelial venules, where BMP-4 loss could remodel the typical high-walled phenotype to thin-walled vessels. VEGF-D expression was sufficient to suppress proliferation of the more typical BMP-4-expressing high endothelial venules in favor of remodeled vessels, and mechanistic studies indicated that VEGF receptor-2 contributed to high endothelial venule proliferation and remodeling. BMP-4 could regulate high endothelial venule phenotype and cellular function, thereby determining morphology and proliferation responses. Notably, therapeutic administration of BMP-4 suppressed primary tumor growth, acting both at the level of tumor cells and tumor stromal cells. Together, our results show that VEGF-D-driven metastasis induces vascular remodeling in lymph nodes. Furthermore, they implicate BMP-4 as a negative regulator of this process, suggesting its potential utility as a prognostic marker or antitumor agent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rae H Farnsworth
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Laco F, Grant MH, Flint DJ, Black RA. Cellular Trans-Differentiation and Morphogenesis Toward the Lymphatic Lineage in Regenerative Medicine. Stem Cells Dev 2011; 20:181-95. [DOI: 10.1089/scd.2009.0527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Filip Laco
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Mary Helen Grant
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - David J. Flint
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Richard A. Black
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Chen D, Zheng J, Li H, Wang Q, Jiao X. Computer-assisted morphometric analysis of lymphatic vessel changes in hamster tongue carcinogenesis. J Oral Pathol Med 2010; 39:518-24. [PMID: 20618615 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0714.2010.00903.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To characterize lymphangiogenesis in early-stage hamster tongue carcinoma development, morphological features and spatial relationships of lymphatic vessels. METHODS Lymphatic vessels were examined histochemically, using 5'-Nase-ALPase enzyme and combined light and electron microscopy to measure lymphatic vessel area (LVA) and lymphatic vessel density (LVD). RESULTS In atypical hyperplastic tissues, LVA was found to be 1429.97 and LVD was found to be 39, in carcinoma in situ LVA was 2538.33 and LVD was 48, and in micro-invasive carcinoma LVA was 5733.74 and LVD was 59. Increased lymphangiogenesis was seen in pre-neoplastic states and in early-stage oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Small regular lymphatic vessels predominated in atypical hyperplasia, and large, irregular lymphatic vessels in early-stage OSCC. Lymphatic endothelial vessels were stretched and porous over large areas. CONCLUSIONS Newly formed lymphatics and patulous intercellular junctions may be optimally suited for tumor cell metastasis through lymphatic channels in early- and middle-phase carcinogenesis. Lymphatic capillary LVA and LVD became enlarged, and positively correlated, with malignancy, but show no correlation with 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene-induced time.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dong Chen
- Harbin Medical University Stomatological Hospital, Nangang District, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Emilin1 deficiency causes structural and functional defects of lymphatic vasculature. Mol Cell Biol 2008; 28:4026-39. [PMID: 18411305 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.02062-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Lymphatic-vasculature function critically depends on extracellular matrix (ECM) and on its connections with lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs). However, the composition and the architecture of ECM have not been fully taken into consideration in studying the biology and the pathology of the lymphatic system. EMILIN1, an elastic microfibril-associated protein, is highly expressed by LECs in vitro and colocalizes with lymphatic vessels in several mouse tissues. A comparative study between WT and Emilin1-/- mice highlighted the fact that Emilin1 deficiency in both CD1 and C57BL/6 backgrounds results in hyperplasia, enlargement, and frequently an irregular pattern of superficial and visceral lymphatic vessels and in a significant reduction of anchoring filaments. Emilin1-deficient mice also develop larger lymphangiomas than WT mice. Lymphatic vascular morphological alterations are accompanied by functional defects, such as mild lymphedema, a highly significant drop in lymph drainage, and enhanced lymph leakage. Our findings demonstrate that EMILIN1 is involved in the regulation of the growth and in the maintenance of the integrity of lymphatic vessels, a fundamental requirement for efficient function. The phenotype displayed by Emilin1(-/-) mice is the first abnormal lymphatic phenotype associated with the deficiency of an ECM protein and identifies EMILIN1 as a novel local regulator of lymphangiogenesis.
Collapse
|
18
|
Ji RC. Lymphatic endothelial cells, tumor lymphangiogenesis and metastasis: New insights into intratumoral and peritumoral lymphatics. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2007; 25:677-94. [PMID: 17160713 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-006-9026-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Lymphatic metastasis of tumor cells represents a series of extremely complex and sequential processes that include dissemination and invasion into surrounding stromal tissues from primary tumors, penetration into lymphatic walls and implantation in regional lymph nodes, and extravasation or proliferation in parenchyma of target organs. Recent developments in lymphatic biology and research, especially the application of unique molecular markers specific for lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs), LYVE-1, Prox-1 and podoplanin have provided exciting new insights into the tumor microenvironment and LEC-tumor cell interface. To date, established factors for determining the behavior and prognosis of primary tumors have been emphasized morphologically and physiologically, i.e., lymphatic impairment and vessel density, dysfunction of lymphatic valves, interstitial fluid pressure, as well as a series of lymphangiogenic growth factors including VEGF-C/-D, and other cytokines and chemokines. Increasing knowledge of the tumor biological significance in lymphatics within the tumors (intratumoral lymphatics, ITLs) and at the tumor periphery (peritumoral lymphatics, PTLs) has greatly promoted understanding of tumor access into the lymphatic system by inducing lymphangiogenesis or by co-opting preexisting lymphatics. Therefore, the targeting PTLs and ITLs, which have been proposed as an important route for antimetastatic approach, are deemed worthy of further study in various animal tumor models and human tumors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rui-Cheng Ji
- Department of Anatomy, Biology and Medicine, Oita University Faculty of Medicine, Oita 879-5593, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Azzali G. Tumor cell transendothelial passage in the absorbing lymphatic vessel of transgenic adenocarcinoma mouse prostate. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2007; 170:334-46. [PMID: 17200205 PMCID: PMC1762681 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2007.060447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The distribution and fine structure of the tumor-associated absorbing lymphatic vessel in the tumor mass of prostate adenocarcinoma and of seminal vesicle metastasis in transgenic mice was studied for the purpose of understanding the modality of tumor cell transendothelial passage from the extravasal matrix into the lymphatic vessel. In the tumor mass, two main cell populations were identified: stromal tumor cells and the invasive phenotype tumor (IPT) cells, having characteristics such as a highly electron-dense matrix rich in small granules lacking a dense core and massed nuclear chromatin, which is positive to immunostaining with anti-SV40 large T antigen antibody. Based on the ultrastructural pictures of different moments of the IPT cell transendothelial passage by ultrathin serial sections of the tumor-associated absorbing lymphatic vessel, the manner of its transendothelial passage through the intraendothelial channel, without involving intercellular contacts, was demonstrated. The presence of IPT cells in the parenchyma of satellite lymph node highlights its significant role in metastatic diffusion. The intraendothelial channel is the reply to the lack of knowledge regarding the intravasation of the tumor cell into the lymphatic circulation. The lymphatic endothelium would organize this channel on the basis of tumor cell-endothelial cell-extravasal matrix molecular interactions, which are as yet unidentified.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giacomo Azzali
- Lymphatology Laboratory, Section of Human Anatomy, Department of Human Anatomy, Pharmacology, and Forensic Medicine, University of Parma, Via Gramsci, 14 (Ospedale Maggiore), 43100, Parma, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Blei F. Literature Watch. Lymphat Res Biol 2006. [DOI: 10.1089/lrb.2006.4.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Francine Blei
- NYU Medical Center, Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Medical Coordinator, Vascular Anomaly Program, New York, NY
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Rockson SG. Literature watch. Lymphat Res Biol 2006; 4:57-61. [PMID: 16569210 DOI: 10.1089/lrb.2006.4.57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Stanley G Rockson
- Stanford Center for Lymphatic and Venous Disorders, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|