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Watson W, Simmons E, Adebowale A, Banda C, Qu R, Becerra B, Crawley B, Murry T, Krishna P. Manometric Abnormalities in Patients With and Without Chronic Cough. Am J Otolaryngol 2024; 45:104445. [PMID: 39102762 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjoto.2024.104445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2024] [Accepted: 07/29/2024] [Indexed: 08/07/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study examines the relationship between chronic cough and vagal hypersensitivity by measuring baseline esophageal motility, with interest in the upper esophageal sphincter (UES). MATERIALS AND METHODS Patients undergoing workup for dysphagia were assigned to a chronic cough or control group based on self-reported symptoms. Differences in demographics, medical comorbidities, and high resolution esophageal manometry findings were obtained retrospectively. RESULTS 62.5% of our cohort had chronic cough (30/48). There were no significant differences between the two groups with respect to sex, age, and race/ethnicity. Laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR) was the only statistically significant predictor of CC (OR 74.04, p = 0.010). Cough patients had upper esophageal sphincter relaxation duration (734 ms) significantly longer than the non-cough patients (582 ms; p = 0.03), though both groups had similar upper esophageal mean basal pressure, mean residual pressure, relaxation time-to-nadir, and recovery time. No significant difference was found in the median intrabolus pressure and UES motility mean peak pressure between groups. CONCLUSION Subtle differences in high-resolution manometry between patients with and without cough suggest, in line with previous studies, baseline alterations of upper esophageal function may manifest in patients with chronic cough through an undetermined mechanism that may include underlying vagal hypersensitivity. These findings encourage further manometric study examining the relationship between UES dysfunction and chronic cough.
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Affiliation(s)
- WayAnne Watson
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Loma Linda University Health, United States
| | - Ethan Simmons
- Loma Linda University School of Medicine, United States.
| | | | - Charles Banda
- Loma Linda University School of Medicine, United States
| | - Roy Qu
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Loma Linda University Health, United States
| | - Benjamin Becerra
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Loma Linda University Health, United States
| | - Brianna Crawley
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Loma Linda University Health, United States
| | - Thomas Murry
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Loma Linda University Health, United States
| | - Priya Krishna
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Loma Linda University Health, United States
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Simmons E, Kim JF, DeChance D, Becerra BJ, Crawley B, Krishna P, Murry T. Chronic Refractory Cough: Long-Term Outcomes Following Cough Suppression Therapy. J Voice 2023:S0892-1997(23)00371-5. [PMID: 38057227 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvoice.2023.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to determine the long-term outcomes of patients with chronic refractory cough (CRC) following treatment for cough suppression therapy (CST). Currently, there is a lack of objective data regarding the long-term outcome of behavioral treatment for CRC. METHODS From the charts of 106 adult patients diagnosed with CRC, 24 patients were identified as having long-term data at least 3 months post-CST in the form of otolaryngologic examination, Voice Handicap Index-10 (VHI-10), and Cough Severity Index (CSI) scores. Patients underwent otolaryngologic evaluation and completed the VHI-10 and CSI assessments during pretreatment, posttreatment, and long-term follow-up visits. Patients were also divided into two groups based on their number of comorbidities. RESULTS Twenty of the 24 patients had significant reduction in cough severity after completing CST (P < 0.001). A significant difference was also found in CSI scores from pretherapy to the long-term follow-up visits (P = 0.001). No significant difference was found in CSI scores from posttherapy to long-term follow-up visits (P = 0.93). No significant difference was found in VHI-10 scores over time (P = 0.83). No correlation was found between changes in cough and voice severity and number of comorbidities at the tested level. CONCLUSIONS Findings of no significant change in CRC over the long term compared to posttherapy measures suggest that patients were able to maintain improvement in cough over the long term despite various comorbidities. The current results suggest that CST represents a satisfactory approach to treating CRC and provides patients with an ongoing tool to maintain reduced cough severity. No significant correlations between number of comorbidities and mean CSI or VHI-10 scores were found over the long term.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ethan Simmons
- School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California.
| | - Jessica F Kim
- School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California
| | - Daniel DeChance
- School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California
| | - Benjamin J Becerra
- Information & Decision Sciences, California State University, San Bernardino, San Bernardino, California
| | - Brianna Crawley
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Loma Linda University Health, Loma Linda, California; Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Priya Krishna
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Loma Linda University Health, Loma Linda, California
| | - Thomas Murry
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Loma Linda University Health, Loma Linda, California; Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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3
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Zhang M, Morice AH. Unravelling vagal hypersensitivity in chronic cough: A distinct disease. J Physiol 2023. [PMID: 37642341 DOI: 10.1113/jp284641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic cough (CC) is a common but poorly understood disease that has a negative impact on quality of life. For years, clinicians have been trying to find the underlying diagnosis and using existing disease models to describe the patients' illness. This presents a confusing picture of CC. Most patients with CC present with hypersensitivity of the cough reflex, which is characterised by laryngeal paraesthesia and an increased response to the tussive stimuli or an innocuous stimulus that would not trigger coughing in healthy people. Recently, it has been proposed that CC is a unique disease characterised by vagal hypersensitivity that projects to the central nervous system altering responsiveness. The evidence supports the hypothesis that CC is primarily a neurological disorder, consisting of different phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengru Zhang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
- Centre for Clinical Science, Respiratory Medicine, Hull York Medical School, University of Hull, Castle Hill Hospital, Cottingham, UK
| | - Alyn H Morice
- Centre for Clinical Science, Respiratory Medicine, Hull York Medical School, University of Hull, Castle Hill Hospital, Cottingham, UK
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Guilleminault L, Demoulin-Alexikova S, de Gabory L, Varannes SBD, Brouquières D, Balaguer M, Chapron A, Grassin-Delyle S, Poussel M, Guibert N, Reychler G, Trzepizur W, Woisard V, Crestani S. Guidelines for the management of chronic cough in adults. Endorsed by the French speaking society of respiratory diseases (Société de Pneumologie de Langue Française, SPLF), the Société Française d'Oto-Rhino-Laryngologie et de Chirurgie de la Face et du Cou (SFORL), the Société Française de Phoniatrie et de Laryngologie (SFPL), the Société Nationale Française de Gastro-entérologie (SNFGE). Respir Med Res 2023; 83:101011. [PMID: 37087905 DOI: 10.1016/j.resmer.2023.101011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
Patients with chronic cough experience a high alteration of quality of life. Moreover, chronic cough is a complex entity with numerous etiologies and treatments. In order to help clinicians involved in the management of patients with chronic cough, guidelines on chronic cough have been established by a group of French experts. These guidelines address the definitions of chronic cough and the initial management of patients with chronic cough. We present herein second-line tests that might be considered in patients with cough persistence despite initial management. Experts also propose a definition of unexplained or refractory chronic cough (URCC) in order to better identify patients whose cough persists despite optimal management. Finally, these guidelines address the pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions useful in URCC. Thus, amitryptilline, pregabalin, gabapentin or morphine combined with speech and/or physical therapy are a mainstay of treatment strategies in URCC. Other treatment options, such as P2 × 3 antagonists, are being developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Guilleminault
- Pôle des voies respiratoires, service de pneumo-allergologie, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire de Toulouse, 24 chemin de pouvourville, 31059, Toulouse, France; Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases (Infinity), Inserm U1291, University of Toulouse, CNRS U5282, 31000, Toulouse, France.
| | - Silvia Demoulin-Alexikova
- CHU de Lille, Lille, France Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille - Service des Explorations Fonctionnelles Respiratoires, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019-UMR9017-CIIL-Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, 59000, Lille, France
| | - Ludovic de Gabory
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, Univ. Bordeaux, 33000, France
| | - Stanislas Bruley Des Varannes
- Gastroenterology Department, CHU de Nantes, Institut des Maladies de l'Appareil Digestif, IMAD CIC 1413, Université de Nantes, 44000, Nantes, France
| | - Danielle Brouquières
- Pôle des voies respiratoires, service de pneumo-allergologie, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire de Toulouse, 24 chemin de pouvourville, 31059, Toulouse, France
| | - Mathieu Balaguer
- Unité de voie et déglutition, hôpital Larrey, CHU de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Anthony Chapron
- Université de Rennes 1, CHU Rennes, Département de Médecine Générale, 35000, Rennes, France
| | - Stanislas Grassin-Delyle
- Respiratory Diseases Department, Foch Hospital, 92150, Suresnes, France; Infection and Inflammation, Health Biotechnology Department, Paris-Saclay University, UVSQ, INSERM, 78180, Montigny le Bretonneux, France
| | - Mathias Poussel
- CHRU-Nancy, Exploration Fonctionnelle Respiratoire-Centre Universitaire de Médecine du Sport et Activités Physiques Adaptées, F54000, Nancy, France; DevAH, Université de Lorraine, F54000, Nancy, France
| | - Nicolas Guibert
- Pôle des voies respiratoires, service de pneumo-allergologie, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire de Toulouse, 24 chemin de pouvourville, 31059, Toulouse, France
| | | | - Wojciech Trzepizur
- Department of Respiratory and Sleep Medicine, Angers University Hospital, INSERM 1083, UMR CNRS 6015, MITOVASC, Equipe CarME, SFR ICAT, University of Angers, 49000, Angers, France
| | - Virginie Woisard
- Unité de voie et déglutition, hôpital Larrey, CHU de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Sabine Crestani
- Unité de voie et déglutition, hôpital Larrey, CHU de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
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Molot J, Sears M, Anisman H. Multiple Chemical Sensitivity: It's time to catch up to the science. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2023; 151:105227. [PMID: 37172924 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Multiple chemical sensitivity (MCS) is a complex medical condition associated with low dose chemical exposures. MCS is characterized by diverse features and common comorbidities, including fibromyalgia, cough hypersensitivity, asthma, and migraine, and stress/anxiety, with which the syndrome shares numerous neurobiological processes and altered functioning within diverse brain regions. Predictive factors linked to MCS comprise genetic influences, gene-environment interactions, oxidative stress, systemic inflammation, cell dysfunction, and psychosocial influences. The development of MCS may be attributed to the sensitization of transient receptor potential (TRP) receptors, notably TRPV1 and TRPA1. Capsaicin inhalation challenge studies demonstrated that TRPV1 sensitization is manifested in MCS, and functional brain imaging studies revealed that TRPV1 and TRPA1 agonists promote brain-region specific neuronal variations. Unfortunately, MCS has often been inappropriately viewed as stemming exclusively from psychological disturbances, which has fostered patients being stigmatized and ostracized, and often being denied accommodation for their disability. Evidence-based education is essential to provide appropriate support and advocacy. Greater recognition of receptor-mediated biological mechanisms should be incorporated in laws, and regulation of environmental exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Molot
- Family Medicine, University of Ottawa Faculty of Medicine, Ottawa ON Canada; Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada; Department of Neuroscience, Carleton University, Ottawa Canada.
| | - Margaret Sears
- Family Medicine, University of Ottawa Faculty of Medicine, Ottawa ON Canada; Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada; Department of Neuroscience, Carleton University, Ottawa Canada.
| | - Hymie Anisman
- Family Medicine, University of Ottawa Faculty of Medicine, Ottawa ON Canada; Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada; Department of Neuroscience, Carleton University, Ottawa Canada.
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6
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Guilleminault L, Demoulin-Alexikova S, de Gabory L, Bruley des Varannes S, Brouquières D, Balaguer M, Chapron A, Grassin Delyle S, Poussel M, Guibert N, Reychler G, Trzepizur W, Woisard V, Crestani S. [Guidelines for the management of chronic cough in adults]. Rev Mal Respir 2023; 40:432-452. [PMID: 37080877 DOI: 10.1016/j.rmr.2023.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023]
Abstract
Patients with chronic cough experience major alteration in their quality of life. Given its numerous etiologies and treatments, this disease is a complex entity. To help clinicians involved in patient management of patients, guidelines have been issued by a group of French experts. They address definitions of chronic cough and initial management of patients with this pathology. We present herein the second-line tests that might be considered in patients whose coughing has persisted, notwithstanding initial management. The experts have also put forward a definition of unexplained or refractory chronic cough (URCC), the objective being to more precisely identify those patients whose cough persists despite optimal management. Lastly, these guidelines indicate the pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions of use in URCC. Amitriptyline, pregabalin, gabapentin or morphine combined with speech and/or physical therapy are mainstays in treatment strategies. Other treatment options, such as P2X3 antagonists, are being developed and have generated high hopes among physicians and patients alike.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Guilleminault
- Pôle des voies respiratoires, service de pneumo-allergologie, centre hospitalo-universitaire de Toulouse, Toulouse, France; Institut toulousain des maladies infectieuses et inflammatoires (Infinity) INSERM UMR1291, CNRS UMR5051, université de Toulouse III, Toulouse, France.
| | - S Demoulin-Alexikova
- CHU de Lille, Lille, France; Inserm, CNRS, U1019-UMR9017, service des explorations fonctionnelles respiratoires, centre d'infection et d'immunité de Lille (CIIL), Institut Pasteur de Lille, university Lille, CHU Lille, Lille, France
| | - L de Gabory
- Department of otorhinolaryngology - head and neck surgery, university hospital of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France; University of Bordeaux, 33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - S Bruley des Varannes
- IMAD CIC 1413, gastroenterology department, Institut des maladies de l'appareil digestif, université de Nantes, CHU de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - D Brouquières
- Pôle des voies respiratoires, service de pneumo-allergologie, centre hospitalo-universitaire de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - M Balaguer
- Unité de voie et déglutition, hôpital Larrey, CHU de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - A Chapron
- Département de médecine générale, université de Rennes 1, CHU Rennes, Rennes, France
| | - S Grassin Delyle
- Respiratory diseases department, Foch hospital, Suresnes, France; Inserm, UVSQ, infection and inflammation, health biotechnology department, Paris-Saclay university, Montigny-le-Bretonneux, France
| | - M Poussel
- Exploration fonctionnelle respiratoire, centre universitaire de médecine du sport et activités physiques adaptées, CHRU de Nancy, 54000 Nancy, France; DevAH, université de Lorraine, 54000 Nancy, France
| | - N Guibert
- Pôle des voies respiratoires, service de pneumo-allergologie, centre hospitalo-universitaire de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - G Reychler
- Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain, Belgique
| | - W Trzepizur
- Department of respiratory and sleep medicine, Angers university hospital, Angers, France; Inserm 1083, UMR CNRS 6015, MITOVASC, équipe CarME, SFR ICAT, university of Angers, 49000 Angers, France
| | - V Woisard
- Unité de voie et déglutition, hôpital Larrey, CHU de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - S Crestani
- Unité de voie et déglutition, hôpital Larrey, CHU de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
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Zhang M, Sykes DL, Sadofsky LR, Morice AH. ATP, an attractive target for the treatment of refractory chronic cough. Purinergic Signal 2022; 18:289-305. [PMID: 35727480 PMCID: PMC9209634 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-022-09877-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic cough is the most common complaint in respiratory clinics. Most of them have identifiable causes and some may respond to common disease-modifying therapies. However, there are many patients whose cough lacks effective aetiologically targeted treatments or remains unexplained after thorough assessments, which have been described as refractory chronic cough. Current treatments for refractory chronic cough are limited and often accompanied by intolerable side effects such as sedation. In recent years, various in-depth researches into the pathogenesis of chronic cough have led to an explosion in the development of drugs for the treatment of refractory chronic cough. There has been considerable progress in the underlying mechanisms of chronic cough targeting ATP, and ongoing or completed clinical studies have confirmed the promising antitussive efficacy of P2X3 antagonists for refractory cough. Herein, we review the foundation on which ATP target was developed as potential antitussive medications and provide an update on current clinical progresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengru Zhang
- Respiratory Research Group, Hull York Medical School, Cottingham, UK.,Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Dominic L Sykes
- Respiratory Research Group, Hull York Medical School, Cottingham, UK
| | - Laura R Sadofsky
- Respiratory Research Group, Hull York Medical School, Cottingham, UK
| | - Alyn H Morice
- Respiratory Research Group, Hull York Medical School, Cottingham, UK.
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Abubakar AB, Bautista TG, Dimmock MR, Mazzone SB, Farrell MJ. Behavioral and Regional Brain Responses to Inhalation of Capsaicin Modified by Painful Conditioning in Humans. Chest 2020; 159:1136-1146. [PMID: 32926869 DOI: 10.1016/j.chest.2020.08.2105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cough is a defense mechanism that protects the airways and lungs in response to airway irritation. The sensory neurons involved in detecting airway irritants and the neural pathways mediating cough share similarities with those that encode pain from the body. Painful conditioning stimuli applied to one body site are known to reduce the perception of pain at another. However, whether the neural regulation of cough is influenced by painful stimuli is not known. RESEARCH QUESTION What are the behavioral and neural outcomes of painful conditioning stimuli on urge-to-cough (UTC) and cough evoked by inhaled capsaicin? STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS Sixteen healthy participants underwent psychophysical testing and functional MRI while completing a series of capsaicin inhalations to induce UTC and cough. The responses associated with capsaicin inhalation without pain were compared with those after the application of painful conditioning stimuli. RESULTS Significant decreases were seen behaviorally of 18.7% ± 17.3% (P < .001) and 47.0% ± 30.8% (P < .001) in participants' UTC ratings and cough frequencies, respectively, during the application of pain. UTC ratings were reduced by 24.2% ± 36.5% (P < .005) and increased by 67% ± 40% (P < .001) for capsaicin and saline inhalation, respectively, during the scanning session. Painful conditioning stimuli were associated with widespread decreases in regional brain responses to capsaicin inhalation (P < .001). Several brain regions showed levels of reduced activation attributable to painful conditioning that correlated with related changes in behavioral responses during scanning (R2 = 0.53). INTERPRETATION Pain-related decreases of cough and UTC are accompanied by widespread changes in brain activity during capsaicin inhalation, suggesting that pain can modify the central processing of inputs arising from the airways. A mechanistic understanding of how cough and pain processing interact within the brain may help develop more effective therapies to reduce unwanted coughing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abubakar B Abubakar
- Department of Medical Imaging and Radiation Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Tara G Bautista
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Matthew R Dimmock
- Department of Medical Imaging and Radiation Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Stuart B Mazzone
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia.
| | - Michael J Farrell
- Department of Medical Imaging and Radiation Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Australia; Monash Biomedical Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
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Grabczak EM, Dabrowska M, Birring SS, Krenke R. Looking ahead to novel therapies for chronic cough. Part 1 - peripheral sensory nerve targeted treatments. Expert Rev Respir Med 2020; 14:1217-1233. [PMID: 32804594 DOI: 10.1080/17476348.2020.1811686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Due to a relatively high prevalence and negative impact on quality of life chronic cough (CC) is a challenge for both patients and clinicians. There is ongoing research to address the unmet need and develop more effective antitussive treatment options. This is the first part of a series of two reviews of new antitussive medications. Medical databases (Medline, Embase and SCOPUS) and trial registries (ClinicalTrials.gov and EudraCT) were searched for studies on antitussive drugs targeting peripheral sensory nerves. AREAS COVERED This review presents current knowledge of peripheral receptors that are not only involved in evoking the cough reflex, but are also potentially responsible for more sustained neural alterations. Blockage of the receptors and ion channels is discussed in terms of its potential antitussive effect. EXPERT OPINION Although better understanding of CC mechanisms has facilitated the development of novel treatments including P2X2/3 receptor inhibitors (e.g. gefapixant), there remain several gaps in the knowledge about the mechanisms and treatment of CC. These include the lack of tests to diagnose cough hypersensitivity syndrome and predictors of response to specific treatments. Further research into cough phenotypes and endotypes will yield important insights and a personalized approach to cough management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elzbieta M Grabczak
- Department of Internal Medicine, Pulmonary Diseases and Allergy, Medical University of Warsaw , Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marta Dabrowska
- Department of Internal Medicine, Pulmonary Diseases and Allergy, Medical University of Warsaw , Warsaw, Poland
| | - Surinder S Birring
- Centre for Human & Applied Physiological Sciences, School of Basic & Medical Biosciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London , London, UK
| | - Rafal Krenke
- Department of Internal Medicine, Pulmonary Diseases and Allergy, Medical University of Warsaw , Warsaw, Poland
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Singh N, Driessen AK, McGovern AE, Moe AAK, Farrell MJ, Mazzone SB. Peripheral and central mechanisms of cough hypersensitivity. J Thorac Dis 2020; 12:5179-5193. [PMID: 33145095 PMCID: PMC7578480 DOI: 10.21037/jtd-2020-icc-007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Chronic cough is a difficult to treat symptom of many respiratory and some non-respiratory diseases, indicating that varied pathologies can underpin the development of chronic cough. However, clinically and experimentally it has been useful to collate these different pathological processes into the single unifying concept of cough hypersensitivity. Cough hypersensitivity syndrome is reflected by troublesome cough often precipitated by levels of stimuli that ordinarily don't cause cough in healthy people, and this appears to be a hallmark feature in many patients with chronic cough. Accordingly, a strong argument has emerged that changes in the excitability and/or normal regulation of the peripheral and central neural circuits responsible for cough are instrumental in establishing cough hypersensitivity and for causing excessive cough in disease. In this review, we explore the current peripheral and central neural mechanisms that are believed to be involved in altered cough sensitivity and present possible links to the mechanism of action of novel therapies that are currently undergoing clinical trials for chronic cough.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nabita Singh
- Department of Medical Imaging and Radiation Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Alexandria K. Driessen
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, School of Biomedical Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Alice E. McGovern
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, School of Biomedical Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Aung Aung Kywe Moe
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, School of Biomedical Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Michael J. Farrell
- Department of Medical Imaging and Radiation Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
- Monash Biomedical Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Stuart B. Mazzone
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, School of Biomedical Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
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11
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Mazzone SB, McGarvey L. Mechanisms and Rationale for Targeted Therapies in Refractory and Unexplained Chronic Cough. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2020; 109:619-636. [PMID: 32748976 PMCID: PMC7983941 DOI: 10.1002/cpt.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Chronic cough, defined as a cough lasting > 8 weeks, is a common medical condition that exerts a substantial physical, mental, and social burden on patients. A subset of patients with chronic cough are troubled with a cough that persists despite optimal treatment of presumed associated common and uncommon conditions (refractory chronic cough; RCC) or in which no diagnosable cause for cough can be identified despite extensive assessment (unexplained chronic cough; UCC). Many of these patients exhibit clinical features of cough hypersensitivity, including laryngeal paresthesia, hypertussia, and allotussia. Over-the-counter cough remedies are ineffective and can lead to intolerable side effects when used for RCC/UCC, and the lack of approved treatments indicated for these conditions reflects a major unmet need. An increased understanding of the anatomy and neurophysiology of protective and pathologic cough has fostered a robust clinical development pipeline of several targeted therapies for RCC/UCC. This manuscript reviews the mechanisms presumed to underly RCC/UCC together with the rationale and clinical evidence for several targeted therapies currently under clinical investigation, including transient receptor potential channel antagonists, P2X3-receptor antagonists, voltage-gated sodium channel blockers, neuromodulators, and neurokinin-1-receptor antagonists. Finally, we provide an overview of targets that have been investigated in preclinical models of cough and other airway diseases that may hold future promise for clinical studies in RCC/UCC. Development of targeted therapies with different sites of action may foster a precision medicine approach to treat this heterogeneous, underserved patient population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart B Mazzone
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Lorcan McGarvey
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute of Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
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