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Parperis K, Costi E, Philippou S, Hadi M, Derk CT. >Efficacy of disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs in the treatment of granulomatous mastitis: a systematic review. Rheumatol Int 2024; 44:2371-2379. [PMID: 39283511 DOI: 10.1007/s00296-024-05719-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2024] [Accepted: 09/01/2024] [Indexed: 09/26/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Idiopathic granulomatous mastitis (IGM) is an inflammatory breast disorder of unknown etiology. This benign condition can mimic the clinical presentation of breast cancer and is characterized by symptoms such as breast pain, erythema, and swelling. Over the past few years, Disease-Modifying Antirheumatic Drugs (DMARDs) have been increasingly used to manage this condition. However, strong evidence to support their use is lacking. OBJECTIVES This systematic review aimed to summarize the evidence and evaluate the efficacy of DMARDs in the management of IGM. METHODS A systematic literature review, adhering to PRISMA guidelines, was conducted across electronic databases, including PubMed, EMBASE, SCOPUS, directory of open access journals (DOAJ) and Cochrane Library from their inception until May 2024. We included retrospective and prospective studies while excluding case reports and case series of less than 10 patients. RESULTS Eighteen studies met our eligibility criteria. Fifteen studies were retrospective, while 2 were prospective. No randomized controlled trials were identified. Of these, 16 papers examined the effect of methotrexate on IGM, revealing significant disease improvement in most cases. Several of the studies indicated that patients treated with azathioprine and mycophenolate mofetil also achieved favorable responses. CONCLUSION Given the rarity of IGM, only a limited number of studies have explored the use of DMARDs as a pharmacological treatment option. A significant barrier to advancing our understanding is the substantial heterogeneity in the quality and volume of data provided by these studies. Therefore, there is a need for well-designed, randomized, placebo-controlled trials to rigorously assess the efficacy of DMARDs in the treatment of IGM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos Parperis
- University of Cyprus Medical School, Nicosia, Cyprus.
- University of Cyprus, Palaios dromos Lefkosias Lemesou No. 215/6, Aglantzia, Nicosia, 2029, Cyprus.
| | - Egli Costi
- University of Cyprus Medical School, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | | | - Mohanad Hadi
- Roger Williams Medical Center and Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Chris T Derk
- University of Cyprus Medical School, Nicosia, Cyprus
- University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Benlghazi A, Messaoudi H, Belouad M, Ait Bouhou R, Elhassani MM, Kouach J. Idiopathic granulomatous mastitis: A challenging case report and comprehensive review of the literature. Int J Surg Case Rep 2024; 118:109555. [PMID: 38581937 PMCID: PMC11004635 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijscr.2024.109555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/08/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION AND IMPORTANCE Idiopathic granulomatous mastitis is an uncommon, long-lasting inflammatory condition of the female breast. It is characterized by the development of a painful breast mass that gradually increases in size. This condition is benign and its cause is unknown. It primarily affects women of childbearing age who have a history of pregnancy and breastfeeding. The main feature of idiopathic granulomatous mastitis is the presence of chronic inflammation in the breast. CASE PRESENTATION We report a 36-year-old woman with a history of pregnancy and breastfeeding presented with pain and swelling of the right breast. Physical examination revealed a mass with redness and retraction of the nipple. Imaging revealed localized density and hypoechoic areas with collection, suggesting granulomatous mastitis. A biopsy confirmed the diagnosis. The abscess was drained through a small incision performed under local anesthesia. Treatment with corticosteroids resulted in significant improvement, with complete resolution after one month. CLINICAL DISCUSSION A comprehensive evaluation of potential causes is necessary to confirm the diagnosis of idiopathic granulomatous mastitis. Histologically, it is distinguished by the predominant presence of neutrophils and the absence of caseous necrosis. Treatment remains controversial, with recent literature supporting the efficacy of conservative management with steroid and immunosuppressive therapy, leaving surgical excision for complicated and refractory cases. CONCLUSIONS Idiopathic granulomatous mastitis is an uncommon breast condition where the exact causes and recommended treatment approaches are not well-defined. It is important to consider this condition in women who are in their reproductive years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdelhamid Benlghazi
- Department of Gynecology-Obstetrics, Mohammed V Military University Hospital, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Mohammed V University, Rabat, Morocco.
| | - Hamza Messaoudi
- Department of Gynecology-Obstetrics, Mohammed V Military University Hospital, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Mohammed V University, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Moad Belouad
- Department of Gynecology-Obstetrics, Mohammed V Military University Hospital, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Mohammed V University, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Rachid Ait Bouhou
- Department of Gynecology-Obstetrics, Mohammed V Military University Hospital, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Mohammed V University, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Moulay Mehdi Elhassani
- Department of Gynecology-Obstetrics, Mohammed V Military University Hospital, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Mohammed V University, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Jaouad Kouach
- Department of Gynecology-Obstetrics, Mohammed V Military University Hospital, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Mohammed V University, Rabat, Morocco
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Salih AM, Pshtiwan LR, Abdullah AM, Dhahir HM, Ali HO, Muhialdeen AS, Hussein BO, Hassan SH, Kakamad FH. Granulomatous mastitis masking ductal carcinoma in situ: A case report with literature review. Biomed Rep 2024; 20:17. [PMID: 38169821 PMCID: PMC10758918 DOI: 10.3892/br.2023.1705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Granulomatous mastitis (GM) is a rare inflammatory disorder that infrequently occurs with synchronous breast carcinoma. The present study reports the case of a patient who was initially diagnosed with recurrent GM, which eventually proved to be masking an underlying ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS). A 30-year-old female presented with left breast pain. On clinical examination, there was a large, palpable and painful lump in the left breast, with axillary lymphadenopathy. Initially, the diagnosis was GM and conservative treatment was applied. Surgical resection was decided upon for the condition after it became recurrent, and the histopathological examination revealed extensive DCIS with GM. Later on, the patient underwent a mastectomy with an axillary sentinel lymph node biopsy. The postoperative follow-up was uneventful. In conclusion, tissue diagnosis has a key role in detecting DCIS masked by GM, especially in young females who are not undergoing regular mammogram screening. The present study shows the challenge that the specialists in this field may face when dealing with recurrent GM of the breast, and warns them to search for a second pathology such as the DCIS presented in the current case.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulwahid M. Salih
- College of Medicine, University of Sulaymaniyah, Sulaymaniyah, Kurdistan 46001, Republic of Iraq
- Smart Health Tower, Scientific Affairs Department, Sulaymaniyah, Kurdistan 46001, Republic of Iraq
| | - Lana R.A. Pshtiwan
- Smart Health Tower, Scientific Affairs Department, Sulaymaniyah, Kurdistan 46001, Republic of Iraq
| | - Ari M. Abdullah
- Smart Health Tower, Scientific Affairs Department, Sulaymaniyah, Kurdistan 46001, Republic of Iraq
- Department of Pathology, Sulaymaniyah Teaching Hospital, Sulaymaniyah, Kurdistan 46001, Republic of Iraq
| | - Hardi M. Dhahir
- Smart Health Tower, Scientific Affairs Department, Sulaymaniyah, Kurdistan 46001, Republic of Iraq
| | - Halkawt Omer Ali
- Smart Health Tower, Scientific Affairs Department, Sulaymaniyah, Kurdistan 46001, Republic of Iraq
| | - Aso S. Muhialdeen
- Smart Health Tower, Scientific Affairs Department, Sulaymaniyah, Kurdistan 46001, Republic of Iraq
- Kscien Organization for Scientific Research, Sulaymaniyah, Kurdistan 46001, Republic of Iraq
| | - Bushra O. Hussein
- Smart Health Tower, Scientific Affairs Department, Sulaymaniyah, Kurdistan 46001, Republic of Iraq
| | - Shko H. Hassan
- Smart Health Tower, Scientific Affairs Department, Sulaymaniyah, Kurdistan 46001, Republic of Iraq
| | - Fahmi H. Kakamad
- College of Medicine, University of Sulaymaniyah, Sulaymaniyah, Kurdistan 46001, Republic of Iraq
- Smart Health Tower, Scientific Affairs Department, Sulaymaniyah, Kurdistan 46001, Republic of Iraq
- Kscien Organization for Scientific Research, Sulaymaniyah, Kurdistan 46001, Republic of Iraq
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Cui LY, Sun CP, Li YY, Liu S. Granulomatous mastitis in a 50-year-old male: A case report and review of literature. World J Clin Cases 2024; 12:451-459. [PMID: 38313639 PMCID: PMC10835698 DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v12.i2.451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Granulomatous mastitis (GM) an inflammatory disease of the breast that usually affects women of childbearing age, occurs very rarely in males. CASE SUMMARY We present a case study of a 50-year-old male patient with GM. The patient developed a breast lump following the cleaning of a previously embedded dirt-filled nipple. While an initial improvement was noted with antibiotic therapy, a recurrence occurred a year later, showing resistance to the previously effective antibiotics. Subsequently, the lesion was excised. The histopathological examination confirmed the diagnosis of GM. CONCLUSION GM should be considered a possible diagnosis of male breast masses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le-Yin Cui
- Department of Breast Surgery, Longhua Hospital Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Chen-Ping Sun
- Department of Breast Surgery, Longhua Hospital Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yun-Yuan Li
- Department of Pathology, Longhua Hospital Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Sheng Liu
- Graduate School, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
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Liu G, McRitchie D, Russell E, Cates EC. Spontaneous, idiopathic granulomatous mastitis in a pregnant patient: A case report and review of the literature. Heliyon 2023; 9:e21619. [PMID: 37942147 PMCID: PMC10628709 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e21619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic granulomatous mastitis is a rare breast condition of unclear etiology. Its course is often rapidly progressive, slow to resolve, and can have a high rate of recurrence. Clinical presentation can mimic breast abscess, infectious mastitis, and carcinoma of the breast, generating a diagnostic challenge. Histopathological analysis is required to make the diagnosis after common conditions are excluded. There is no standard treatment, however surgical excision, steroid treatment, and observation are commonly reported approaches. Here, we describe a complex case of a multiparous patient presenting with idiopathic granulomatous mastitis at 32 weeks gestation. In this review, we highlight the importance of collaboration amongst a multidisciplinary team for effective diagnosis and treatment. We discuss the use of oral corticosteroids in the antenatal period and illustrate the patient support required to both facilitate successful breastfeeding in the postpartum period and promote recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace Liu
- Bachelor of Health Sciences (Honours) Program, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Donna McRitchie
- North York General Hospital, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | | | - Elizabeth C. Cates
- Bachelor of Health Sciences (Honours) Program, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
- North York General Hospital, Toronto, Canada
- McMaster Midwifery Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
- Department of Pathology & Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
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Gaskin D, Springer D, Latha K, Gaskin PS, Reid A. Cystic neutrophilic granulomatous mastitis: A case report and review of the literature. MEDICINE INTERNATIONAL 2023; 3:50. [PMID: 37745152 PMCID: PMC10514567 DOI: 10.3892/mi.2023.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
The present study describes a case of cystic neutrophilic granulomatous mastitis. The clinical and radiological findings of the patient were consistent with idiopathic granulomatous mastitis. Cystic neutrophilic granulomatous mastitis is a rare subtype of mastitis with a distinct histological pattern that is associated with the Corynebacterium species. The diagnosis and treatment of cystic neutrophilic granulomatous mastitis remains a significant challenge due to the scarcity of available data. The present study describes a classic case of cystic neutrophilic granulomatous mastitis that includes clinical, radiological and histopathological findings. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case documenting radiological findings before and after treatment. This report encourages the consideration of this entity in the differential diagnoses of mastitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Gaskin
- Department of Pathology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Bridgetown, St. Michael BB11155, Barbados
| | - Dale Springer
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of The West Indies Cave Hill Campus, Bridgetown, St. Michael BB11000, Barbados
| | - Kandamaran Latha
- Breast Screening Program, Barbados Cancer Society, Bridgetown, St. Michael BB11155, Barbados
| | - Pamela S. Gaskin
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of The West Indies Cave Hill Campus, Bridgetown, St. Michael BB11000, Barbados
| | - Alain Reid
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of The West Indies Cave Hill Campus, Bridgetown, St. Michael BB11000, Barbados
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Chen W, Zhang D, Zeng Y, Cui J, Yu J, Wang J, Li S, Huang Q, Mansoor KM. Clinical characteristics and microbiota analysis of 44 patients with granulomatous mastitis. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1175206. [PMID: 37138612 PMCID: PMC10150378 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1175206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Granulomatous mastitis (GM) is a chronic inflammatory breast disease. In recent years, the role of Corynebacterium in GM onset has received more and more attention. This study aims to detect the dominant bacterium in GM patients and analyze the association between clinical characteristics and infectious factors. Methods In this study, 88 samples from 44 GM patients, six acute lactation mastitis (ALM) patients, and 25 non-inflammatory breast disease (NIB) patients were divided into a GM pus group, a GM tissue group, an ALM pus group, and a NIB tissue group; then, 16S ribosomal DNA sequencing was used to explore their microbiota. The clinical data of all 44 GM patients were also retrospectively collected and analyzed to determine their relationship with infection. Results The median age of the 44 GM patients was 33 years, and 88.6% of patients had primary-onset cases, while 11.4% were recurrences; additionally, 89.5% of patients were postpartum and 10.5% were nulliparous. The serum prolactin level was abnormal in nine patients (24.3%). Samples from 15 GM patients (34.1%) had a Corynebacterium abundance of >1% (1.08-80.08%), with eight (53.3%) displaying an abundance of >10%. Corynebacterium was the only genus with significant differences between the GM pus group and the other three groups (p < 0.05). Corynebacterium kroppenstedtii was the predominant Corynebacterium species. Among clinical characteristics, a statistical difference in breast abscess formation was observed according to Corynebacterium abundance in Corynebacterium-positive and- negative patients (p < 0.05). Discussion This study explored the relationship between Corynebacterium infection and GM, compared the clinical characteristics between Corynebacterium-positive and- negative patients, and provided support for the role of Corynebacterium species-in particular, C. kroppenstedtii-in the pathogenesis of GM. The detection of Corynebacterium can predict GM onset, especially in patients with high prolactin levels or a history of recent lactation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Chen
- Breast Department, Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Dongxiao Zhang
- Breast Department, Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Dongxiao Zhang
| | - Yifei Zeng
- Breast Department, Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Jianchun Cui
- Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, Liaoning Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jiale Yu
- Breast Department, Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Junyue Wang
- Breast Department, Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Shuqi Li
- Breast Department, Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Qiao Huang
- Breast Department, Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Khattak Mazher Mansoor
- Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, Liaoning Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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Alper F, Abbasguliyev H, Özmen S, Yalçin A, Yılmaz Çankaya B, Nuran Akçay M. Clinical, Histopathological, Imaging, and Treatment Perspectives of Inflammatory Granulomatous Mastitis: Review of the Literature. Eurasian J Med 2022; 54:172-178. [PMID: 36655464 PMCID: PMC11163346 DOI: 10.5152/eurasianjmed.2022.22306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory granulomatous mastitis is a benign inflammatory disease of the breast mostly presenting in puerperal women. The disease is characterized by recurrent bouts of mastitis with clinical picture of hyperemia, breast mass, and swelling of the breast with or without purulent discharge depending on the severity of the underlying inflammatory process. Although no true prevalence and incidence have been reported in the literature, there are several reported studies setting forth a predilection in specific ethnic groups and/ or geographical areas. Due to the intricate nature of the disease, quite often inflammatory granulomatous mastitis may be mistaken for malignant processes of the breast and even so, there are no pathognomonic imaging appearances to differentiate one from another. The histopathological analysis is a definite way of diagnosis. In this article, we review the imaging manifestations and clinical and histopathological findings along with current trends of available treatment options in the literature and briefly discussed our institutional perspective regarding grading of inflammatory granulomatous mastitis based on ultrasonographic appearances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatih Alper
- Department of Radiology, Atatürk University Faculty of Medicine, Atatürk University Research Hospital, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Hasan Abbasguliyev
- Department of Radiology, Atatürk University Faculty of Medicine, Atatürk University Research Hospital, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Sevilay Özmen
- Department of Pathology, Atatürk University Faculty of Medicine, Atatürk University Research Hospital, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Yalçin
- Department of Radiology, Atatürk University Faculty of Medicine, Atatürk University Research Hospital, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Bahar Yılmaz Çankaya
- Department of Radiology, Atatürk University Faculty of Medicine, Atatürk University Research Hospital, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Müfide Nuran Akçay
- Department of General Surgery, Atatürk University Faculty of Medicine, Atatürk University Research Hospital, Erzurum, Turkey
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