Neonatal chest radiography: Influence of standard clinical protocols and radiographic equipment on pathology visibility and radiation dose using a neonatal chest phantom

The effect of added filtration on radiation dose and image quality in digital radiography of newborns

BACKGROUND

Repeated chest and/or abdomen radiographs are needed on mobile digital radiography (DR) units to assess infants' health status. Optimization of DR tube peak kilovoltage (kVp) and tube current time product (mAs) to derive images of diagnostic quality at as low as reasonably achievable radiation dose has been a challenging task.

OBJECTIVE

To investigate the effect of exposure parameters and additional filtration on entrance skin dose and image quality in newborn DR imaging.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A physical anthropomorphic phantom that simulates the average full-term neonate was used. Chest and chest/abdomen DR images were acquired at the manufacturer's recommended kVp/mAs exposure parameters followed by a series of image acquisitions at different kVp/mAs and beam filtration combinations. Entrance skin dose (ESD) and signal difference to noise ratio (SdNR) for soft tissue, bone and feeding gastric tube were estimated in raw unprocessed images. A figure of merit (FOM) analysis provided the kVp/mAs and filtration that generated images of adequate quality at the lowest ESD.

RESULTS

Signal difference increased with kVp and progressively decreased with increasing filtration. Compared to the manufacturer's recommended 53 kVp/1.6 mAs exposure parameters, ESD was reduced by 76% (47.61 μGy versus 11.3 μGy) in the chest and 66% (47.61 μGy versus 16.14 μGy) in the chest/abdomen when the exposure parameters and additional beam filtration provided by the FOM analysis were used.

CONCLUSION

The results derived from this phantom study suggest that additional beam filtration along with the appropriate leverage of exposure parameters can lower ESD while maintaining image quality in full-term newborns.

Relationship between the visual evaluation of pathology visibility and the physical measure of low contrast detail detectability in neonatal chest radiography

INTRODUCTION

The detectability of low contrast detail (LCD) is a method used to assess image quality (IQ) in neonatal radiography; however, there is a lack of data on the relationship between LCD detectability and visual IQ. The study aims at investigating the relationship between the LCD detectability and visual IQ and pathology visibility (PV).

METHODS

Several acquisition parameters were employed to obtain a group of images from a neonatal Gammex chest phantom. Three observers applied relative visual grading analysis (VGA) for assessing the IQ and PV. A simulated pneumothorax visibility (PNV) and simulated hyaline membrane disease visibility (HMV) represented PV. Next, a CDRAD 2.0 phantom was radiographed utilising the same acquisition protocols, and several paired images were obtained. With the use of CDRAD analyser software, the detectability of LCD was assessed and expressed by an image quality figure inverse (IQFi_inv) metric. The correlation between the IQF_inv and each of IQ, PNV and HMV was examined.

RESULTS

The physical measure (IQF_inv) and the visual assessment of IQ were shown to be strongly correlated (r = 0.95; p < 0.001). Using Pearson's correlation, the IQF_inv, PNV, and HMV were found to be strongly correlated (r = 0.94; p < 0.001) and (r = 0.92; p < 0.001), correspondingly.

CONCLUSION

Results of the study show that physical measures of LCD detectability utilising the CDRAD 2.0 phantom is strongly corelated with visual IQ and PV (PNV and HMV) and can be used to evaluate IQ when undertaking neonatal chest radiography (CXR).

IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE

This study establishes the feasibility of utilising the physical measure (IQF_inv) and the CDRAD 2.0 phantom in routine quality assurance and neonatal CXR optimisation studies.

Neonatal digital chest radiography- should we be using additional copper filtration?

OBJECTIVES

Copper filtration removes lower energy X-ray photons, which do not enhance image quality but would otherwise contribute to patient radiation dose. This study explores the use of additional copper filtration for neonatal mobile chest imaging.

METHODS

A controlled factorial-designed experiment was used to determine the effect of independent variables on image quality and radiation dose. These variables included: copper filtration (0 Cu, 0.1 Cu and 0.2 Cu), exposure factors, source-to-image distance and image receptor position (direct / tray). Image quality was evaluated using absolute visual grading analysis (VGA) and contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) and entrance surface dose (ESD) was derived using an ionising chamber within the central X-ray beam.

RESULTS

VGA, CNR and ESD significantly reduced (p < 0.01) when using added copper filtration. For 0.1 Cu, the percentage reduction was much greater for ESD (60%) than for VGA (14%) and CNR (20%), respectively. When compared to the optimal combinations of parameters for incubator imaging using no copper filtration, an increase in kV and mAs when using 0.1-mm Cu resulted in better image quality at the same radiation dose (direct) or, equal image quality at reduced dose (in-tray). The use of 0.1-mm Cu for neonatal chest imaging with a corresponding increase in kV and mAs is therefore recommended.

CONCLUSION

Using additional copper filtration significantly reduces radiation dose (at increased mAs) without a detrimental effect on image quality.

ADVANCES IN KNOWLEDGE

This is the first study, using an anthropomorphic phantom, to explore the use of additional Cu for digital radiography neonatal chest imaging and therefore helps inform practice to standardise and optimise this imaging examination.

An investigation into the variability of radiographers assessing body composition prior to CT contrast media administration

INTRODUCTION

To evaluate and report the variability of radiographers in determining a patient's body type and using this to determine contrast media (CM) volumes for chest computed tomography (CT).

METHODS

This prospective study recruited 50 patients undergoing chest CT examinations. Three radiographers independently used two methods to determine patient body type and consequently CM volume. In Method 1, subjective evaluation of body type together with patient weight determined CM volume. In Method 2, patient weight along with additional criteria applied by the radiographer determined CM volume. Both the determination of body type and CM volumes were compared in terms of agreement and variability between radiographers, and between methods.

RESULTS

Fleiss' kappa was lower (0.583) for Method 1 when compared to Method 2 (0.926) indicating stronger agreement in the radiographer determination of body type for Method 2. Median (IQR) CM volume was 95.0 mL (85.0-110.0) for Method 1, compared to 92.5 mL (85.0-100.0) for method 2 (P < 0.001).

CONCLUSION

Method 2 provided greater agreement in determination of body type, and reduction of CM volumes compared to Method 1.

IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE

Determining body type as part of a CT CM strategy can be subjective and enhanced methods are required to ensure that the most appropriate CM volumes are reliably used.