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Shipton C, Morley MW, Kealy S, Norman K, Boulanger C, Hawkins S, Litster M, Withnell C, O'Connor S. Abrupt onset of intensive human occupation 44,000 years ago on the threshold of Sahul. Nat Commun 2024; 15:4193. [PMID: 38778054 PMCID: PMC11111772 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-48395-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Archaeological evidence attests multiple early dispersals of Homo sapiens out of Africa, but genetic evidence points to the primacy of a single dispersal 70-40 ka. Laili in Timor-Leste is on the southern dispersal route between Eurasia and Australasia and has the earliest record of human occupation in the eastern Wallacean archipelago. New evidence from the site shows that, unusually in the region, sediment accumulated in the shelter without human occupation, in the window 59-54 ka. This was followed by an abrupt onset of intensive human habitation beginning ~44 ka. The initial occupation is distinctive from overlying layers in the aquatic focus of faunal exploitation, while it has similarities in material culture to other early Homo sapiens sites in Wallacea. We suggest that the intensive early occupation at Laili represents a colonisation phase, which may have overwhelmed previous human dispersals in this part of the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ceri Shipton
- Institute of Archaeology, University College London, London, UK.
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Australian Biodiversity and Heritage, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia.
- Archaeology and Natural History, College of Asia and the Pacific, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia.
| | - Mike W Morley
- Flinders Microarchaeology Laboratory, Archaeology, College of Humanities, Arts and Social Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia.
| | - Shimona Kealy
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Australian Biodiversity and Heritage, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia.
- Archaeology and Natural History, College of Asia and the Pacific, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia.
| | - Kasih Norman
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Australian Biodiversity and Heritage, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
- Australian Research Centre for Human Evolution, Griffith University, Griffith, QLD, Australia
- Centre for Archaeological Science, School of Earth, Atmospheric and Life Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Clara Boulanger
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Australian Biodiversity and Heritage, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
- Archaeology and Natural History, College of Asia and the Pacific, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Department of Modern Society and Civilization, National Museum of Ethnology, Osaka, 565-8511, Japan
- UMR 7194 Histoire Naturelle de l'Homme Préhistorique, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France
| | - Stuart Hawkins
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Australian Biodiversity and Heritage, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
- Archaeology and Natural History, College of Asia and the Pacific, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Mirani Litster
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Australian Biodiversity and Heritage, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
- Archaeology, College of Humanities, Arts and Social Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | | | - Sue O'Connor
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Australian Biodiversity and Heritage, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
- Archaeology and Natural History, College of Asia and the Pacific, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
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2
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Luminescence Sensitivity of Rhine Valley Loess: Indicators of Source Variability? QUATERNARY 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/quat5010001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Loess provides a valuable terrestrial record of past environmental conditions, including the dynamics and trajectories of air mass circulation responsible for dust transport. Here we explore variations in the luminescence sensitivity characteristics of sedimentary quartz and feldspar as possible tools for identifying changes in source down a loess-palaeosol sequence (LPS). Luminescence sensitivity is a rapidly measurable index which is the product of interplay between source lithology and the history of the quartz or feldspar clasts. Variations in sensitivity of down profile may therefore reflect changes in sediment provenance as well as other factors such as weathering through pedogenesis. We undertake an empirical investigation of the luminescence sensitivity of quartz and feldspar from different grain-size fractions from the Schwalbenberg LPS in the German Rhine valley. We compare samples from a 30 m core spanning the last full glacial cycle with samples of oxygen isotope stage (OIS) 3–2 age exposed within nearby profile. We find an overall inverse relationship between quartz and feldspar sensitivity, as well as variability in sensitivity between different quartz grain sizes. Statistical analyses yield a significant correlation between IR50 sensitivity from unprocessed sediments and clay content, and feldspar sensitivity and Si/Al ratios down the core. Since Si/Al ratios may indicate changes in provenance, the latter correlation suggests that IR50 measurements on unprocessed samples may be used to provide a reliable, rapid scan of source variability over millennial timescales.
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Mineli T, Sawakuchi A, Guralnik B, Lambert R, Jain M, Pupim F, Rio I, Guedes C, Nogueira L. Variation of luminescence sensitivity, characteristic dose and trap parameters of quartz from rocks and sediments. RADIAT MEAS 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radmeas.2021.106583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Fang F, Grün R. ESR thermochronometry of Al and Ti centres in quartz: A case study of the Fergusons Hill-1 borehole from the Otway Basin, Australia. RADIAT MEAS 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radmeas.2020.106447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Zhang D, Xia H, Chen F, Li B, Slon V, Cheng T, Yang R, Jacobs Z, Dai Q, Massilani D, Shen X, Wang J, Feng X, Cao P, Yang MA, Yao J, Yang J, Madsen DB, Han Y, Ping W, Liu F, Perreault C, Chen X, Meyer M, Kelso J, Pääbo S, Fu Q. Denisovan DNA in Late Pleistocene sediments from Baishiya Karst Cave on the Tibetan Plateau. Science 2020; 370:584-587. [DOI: 10.1126/science.abb6320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dongju Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Western China’s Environmental Systems (Ministry of Education), College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
- Key Laboratory of Alpine Ecology (LAE), CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences and Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100101, China
- Frontier Center for Eco-environment and Climate Change in Pan-third Pole Regions, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Huan Xia
- Key Laboratory of Western China’s Environmental Systems (Ministry of Education), College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Fahu Chen
- Key Laboratory of Western China’s Environmental Systems (Ministry of Education), College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
- Key Laboratory of Alpine Ecology (LAE), CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences and Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100101, China
| | - Bo Li
- Centre for Archaeological Science, School of Earth, Atmospheric and Life Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales 2522, Australia
- Australian Research Council (ARC) Centre of Excellence for Australian Biodiversity and Heritage, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales 2522, Australia
| | - Viviane Slon
- Department of Evolutionary Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig 04103, Germany
| | - Ting Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Western China’s Environmental Systems (Ministry of Education), College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Ruowei Yang
- Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, CAS, Beijing 100044, China
- Center for Excellence in Life and Paleoenvironment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Zenobia Jacobs
- Centre for Archaeological Science, School of Earth, Atmospheric and Life Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales 2522, Australia
- Australian Research Council (ARC) Centre of Excellence for Australian Biodiversity and Heritage, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales 2522, Australia
| | - Qingyan Dai
- Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, CAS, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Diyendo Massilani
- Department of Evolutionary Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig 04103, Germany
| | - Xuke Shen
- Key Laboratory of Western China’s Environmental Systems (Ministry of Education), College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Key Laboratory of Western China’s Environmental Systems (Ministry of Education), College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
- School of Earth Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Xiaotian Feng
- Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, CAS, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Peng Cao
- Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, CAS, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Melinda A. Yang
- Department of Biology, University of Richmond, Richmond, VA 23173, USA
| | - Juanting Yao
- Key Laboratory of Western China’s Environmental Systems (Ministry of Education), College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Jishuai Yang
- Key Laboratory of Western China’s Environmental Systems (Ministry of Education), College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - David B. Madsen
- Key Laboratory of Western China’s Environmental Systems (Ministry of Education), College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
- Department of Anthropology, University of Nevada–Reno, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - Yuanyuan Han
- Key Laboratory of Western China’s Environmental Systems (Ministry of Education), College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Wanjing Ping
- Department of Evolutionary Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig 04103, Germany
| | - Feng Liu
- Department of Evolutionary Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig 04103, Germany
| | - Charles Perreault
- School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA
- Institute of Human Origins, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA
| | - Xiaoshan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Western China’s Environmental Systems (Ministry of Education), College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Matthias Meyer
- Department of Evolutionary Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig 04103, Germany
| | - Janet Kelso
- Department of Evolutionary Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig 04103, Germany
| | - Svante Pääbo
- Department of Evolutionary Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig 04103, Germany
| | - Qiaomei Fu
- Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, CAS, Beijing 100044, China
- Center for Excellence in Life and Paleoenvironment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100044, China
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A novel coupled RPL/OSL system to understand the dynamics of the metastable states. Sci Rep 2020; 10:15565. [PMID: 32968115 PMCID: PMC7511946 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-72434-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Metastable states form by charge (electron and hole) capture in defects in a solid. They play an important role in dosimetry, information storage, and many medical and industrial applications of photonics. Despite many decades of research, the exact mechanisms resulting in luminescence signals such as optically/thermally stimulated luminescence (OSL or TL) or long persistent luminescence through charge transfer across the metastable states remain poorly understood. Our lack of understanding owes to the fact that such luminescence signals arise from a convolution of several steps such as charge (de)trapping, transport and recombination, which are not possible to track individually. Here we present a novel coupled RPL(radio-photoluminescence)/OSL system based on an electron trap in a ubiquitous, natural, geophotonic mineral called feldspar (aluminosilicate). RPL/OSL allows understanding the dynamics of the trapped electrons and trapped holes individually. We elucidate for the first time trap distribution, thermal eviction, and radiation-induced growth of trapped electron and holes. The new methods and insights provided here are crucial for next generation model-based applications of luminescence dating in Earth and environmental sciences, e.g. thermochronometry and photochronometry.
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Abstract
Soil mixing over long (>102 y) timescales enhances nutrient fluxes that support soil ecology, contributes to dispersion of sediment and contaminated material, and modulates fluxes of carbon through Earth's largest terrestrial carbon reservoir. Despite its foundational importance, we lack robust understanding of the rates and patterns of soil mixing, largely due to a lack of long-timescale data. Here we demonstrate that luminescence, a light-sensitive property of minerals used for geologic dating, can be used as a long-timescale sediment tracer in soils to reveal the structure of soil mixing. We develop a probabilistic model of transport and mixing of tracer particles and associated luminescence in soils and compare with a global compilation of luminescence versus depth in various locations. The model-data comparison reveals that soil mixing rate varies over the soil depth, with this depth dependency persisting across climate and ecological zones. The depth dependency is consistent with a model in which mixing intensity decreases linearly or exponentially with depth, although our data do not resolve between these cases. Our findings support the long-suspected idea that depth-dependent mixing is a spatially and temporally persistent feature of soils. Evidence for a climate control on the patterns and intensities of soil mixing with depth remains elusive and requires the further study of soil mixing processes.
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Zhang J, Li SH. Review of the Post-IR IRSL Dating Protocols of K-Feldspar. Methods Protoc 2020; 3:mps3010007. [PMID: 31947608 PMCID: PMC7189667 DOI: 10.3390/mps3010007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Revised: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Compared to quartz, the infrared stimulated luminescence (IRSL) of K-feldspar saturates at higher dose, which has great potential for extending the dating limit. However, dating applications with K-feldspar has been hampered due to anomalous fading of the IRSL signal. The post-IR IRSL (pIRIR) signal of K-feldspar stimulated at a higher temperature after a prior low-temperature IR stimulation has significantly lower fading rate. Different dating protocols have been proposed with the pIRIR signals and successful dating applications have been made. In this study, we review the development of various pIRIR dating protocols, and compare their performance in estimating the equivalent dose (De). Standard growth curves (SGCs) of the pIRIR signals of K-feldspar are introduced. Single-grain K-feldspar pIRIR dating is presented and the existing problems are discussed.
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Hu Y, Li B, Jacobs Z. Single-Grain Quartz OSL Characteristics: Testing for Correlations within and between Sites in Asia, Europe and Africa. Methods Protoc 2019; 3:mps3010002. [PMID: 31888092 PMCID: PMC7189676 DOI: 10.3390/mps3010002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Revised: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
We studied the characteristics of the optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) signal of single-grain quartz from three sites in China, Italy, and Libya, including the brightness, decay curve and dose response curve (DRC) shapes, recuperation, and reproducibility. We demonstrate the large variation in OSL behaviors for individual quartz grains of different samples from different regions, and show that recuperation, sensitivity change, and reproducibility are independent of the brightness and decay curve shape of the OSL signals. The single-grain DRCs can be divided into at least eight groups with different characteristic saturation doses (D0), and a standardized growth curve (SGC) can be established for each of the DRC groups. There is no distinctive difference in the shape of OSL decay curves among different DRC groups, but samples from different regions have a difference in the OSL sensitivities and decay shapes for different groups. Many of the quartz grains have low D0 values (30–50 Gy), and more than 99% of the grains have D0 values of <200 Gy. Our results raise caution against the dating of samples with equivalent dose values higher than 100 Gy, if there are many low-D0 and ‘saturated’ grains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Hu
- Department of Archaeology, School of History and Culture, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610207, China
- Centre for Archaeological Science, School of Earth and Environmental Science, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia; (B.L.); (Z.J.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Bo Li
- Centre for Archaeological Science, School of Earth and Environmental Science, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia; (B.L.); (Z.J.)
- Australian Research Council (ARC) Centre of Excellence for Australian Biodiversity and Heritage, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Zenobia Jacobs
- Centre for Archaeological Science, School of Earth and Environmental Science, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia; (B.L.); (Z.J.)
- Australian Research Council (ARC) Centre of Excellence for Australian Biodiversity and Heritage, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
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Faershtein G, Guralnik B, Lambert R, Matmon A, Porat N. Investigating the thermal stability of TT-OSL main source trap. RADIAT MEAS 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radmeas.2018.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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11
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12
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13
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Hu Y, Marwick B, Zhang JF, Rui X, Hou YM, Yue JP, Chen WR, Huang WW, Li B. Late Middle Pleistocene Levallois stone-tool technology in southwest China. Nature 2018; 565:82-85. [PMID: 30455423 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-018-0710-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Levallois approaches are one of the best known variants of prepared-core technologies, and are an important hallmark of stone technologies developed around 300,000 years ago in Africa and west Eurasia1,2. Existing archaeological evidence suggests that the stone technology of east Asian hominins lacked a Levallois component during the late Middle Pleistocene epoch and it is not until the Late Pleistocene (around 40,000-30,000 years ago) that this technology spread into east Asia in association with a dispersal of modern humans. Here we present evidence of Levallois technology from the lithic assemblage of the Guanyindong Cave site in southwest China, dated to approximately 170,000-80,000 years ago. To our knowledge, this is the earliest evidence of Levallois technology in east Asia. Our findings thus challenge the existing model of the origin and spread of Levallois technologies in east Asia and its links to a Late Pleistocene dispersal of modern humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Hu
- Centre for Archaeological Science, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ben Marwick
- Centre for Archaeological Science, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia. .,Department of Anthropology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - Jia-Fu Zhang
- MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, Department of Geography, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xue Rui
- Centre for Archaeological Science, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ya-Mei Hou
- Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,CAS Centre for Excellence in Life and Paleo-environment, Beijing, China
| | - Jian-Ping Yue
- Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,CAS Centre for Excellence in Life and Paleo-environment, Beijing, China
| | - Wen-Rong Chen
- Qianxi County Bureau of Cultural Relics Protection, Bijie, China
| | - Wei-Wen Huang
- Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Bo Li
- Centre for Archaeological Science, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia. .,ARC Centre of Excellence for Australian Biodiversity and Heritage, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia.
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15
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Qin J, Chen J, Valla PG, Herman F, Li K. Estimating rock cooling rates by using multiple luminescence thermochronometers. RADIAT MEAS 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radmeas.2015.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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16
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Luminescence characteristics of quartz from Hsuehshan Range (Central Taiwan) and implications for thermochronometry. RADIAT MEAS 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radmeas.2015.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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