Measurement of beam-axis displacement from the isocenter during three-dimensional conformal radiosurgery with a micro-multileaf collimator

Optimization design of O-ring linear accelerator gantry and mechanical isocenter detection method

With the development of the precise radiotherapy, the accuracy of radiotherapy equipment is gradually improved. The gantry, the carrier of the treatment head and various testing devices, is the most important component that determines the accuracy of the entire equipment. In this paper, the layout of the O-ring linear accelerator and the structure of the gantry are optimized to reduce the weight of the gantry by 50% and the moment of inertia by 60%. A mechanical isocenter detection method based on the laser tracker is proposed to conduct a rapid and accurate isocenter measurement for the optimized gantry. The experimental results show that the maximum deformation of the optimized gantry under load is 0.13 mm during rotation and the maximum intersection distance between the gantry axis and the treatment head axis at the isocenter position is 0.21 mm.

The reproducibility of a HeadFix relocatable fixation system: analysis using the stereotactic coordinates of bilateral incus and the top of the crista galli obtained from a serial CT scan

We analysed the repositioning accuracy of bite-plate fixations from serial QA-CT (quality-assurance CT) taken during the course of stereotactic radiotherapy. A total of 72 series of CT examinations from 15 consecutive patients, who underwent stereotactic radiotherapy for various intracranial tumours, were examined. Three or four CT scans were obtained for the purpose of QA for the right and left incus, as well as the crista galli. The stereotactic coordinates of the centres of the incus and the top of the crista galli were semi-automatically obtained for each QA-CT scan. Positional displacements for these anatomical reference points and the centre of the points were obtained. The mean displacements for these points in the 3D directions ranged from -0.10 to 0.08 mm (standard deviations: 0.44-0.94). The absolute positional displacement ranged from 0.93 to 1.09 mm (standard deviations: 0.52-0.88 mm). The rotations of the head were 0.49+/-0.36 degrees. Our 3D measurement technique using anatomical landmarks revealed excellent stability of the mouthpiece fixation system in terms of translational and rotational displacements. This technique can also be used as a QA method for other fixation devices.

Rotational and translational reproducibility of newly developed Leksell frame-based relocatable fixation system

PURPOSE

The aim of this study was to evaluate three-dimensional movement of the cranium in a relocatable frame using positions of anatomical landmarks obtained from repeated quality-assurance (QA) computed tomography (CT) studies.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

We analyzed 17 series of QA-CT data representing five patients who underwent stereotactic radiotherapy for treatment of acoustic neurinoma. Helical-CT scans with 1-mm collimation were obtained at the time of treatment planning and during the course of treatment. The right and left short processes of the incus and the top of the crista galli were used as the three anatomical reference points.

RESULTS

Fluctuations in distance among the reference points were all <1 mm. The translational displacements for these points were <2 mm, with standard deviations (SD) of <2 mm. A plane that included all three reference points was defined as the reference plane. To investigate the direction of cranial rotation for each QA-CT scan, unit normal vectors of the reference plane were obtained. Three-dimensional analyses indicated that cranial rotation was greatest along the X-axis, followed by the Y-axis, with the least rotation along the Z-axis.

CONCLUSION

The result suggested that movement of the craniocaudal axis in the sagittal plane was a major factor behind displacement of the cranium.

Commissioning stereotactic radiosurgery beams using both experimental and theoretical methods

The purpose of this investigation is to study the feasibility of using an alternative method to commission stereotactic radiosurgery beams shaped by micro multi-leaf collimators by using Monte Carlo simulations to obtain beam characteristics of small photon beams, such as incident beam particle fluence and energy distributions, scatter ratios, depth-dose curves and dose profiles where measurements are impossible or difficult. Ionization chambers and diode detectors with different sensitive volumes were used in the measurements in a water phantom and the Monte Carlo codes BEAMnrc/DOSXYZnrc were used in the simulation. The Monte Carlo calculated data were benchmarked against measured data for photon beams with energies of 6 MV and 10 MV produced from a Varian Trilogy accelerator. The measured scatter ratios and cross-beam dose profiles for very small fields are shown to be not only dependent on the size of the sensitive volume of the detector used but also on the type of detectors. It is known that the response of some detectors changes at small field sizes. Excellent agreement was seen between scatter ratios measured with a small ion chamber and those calculated from Monte Carlo simulations. The values of scatter ratios, for field sizes from 6 x 6 mm2 to 98 x 98 mm2, range from 0.67 to 1.0 and from 0.59 to 1.0 for 6 and 10 MV, respectively. The Monte Carlo calculations predicted that the incident beam particle fluence is strongly affected by the X-Y-jaw openings, especially for small fields due to the finite size of the radiation source. Our measurement confirmed this prediction. This study demonstrates that Monte Carlo calculations not only provide accurate dose distributions for small fields where measurements are difficult but also provide additional beam characteristics that cannot be obtained from experimental methods. Detailed beam characteristics such as incident photon fluence distribution, energy spectra, including composition of primary and scattered photons, can be independently used in dose calculation models and to improve the accuracy of measurements with detectors with an energy-dependent response. Furthermore, when there are discrepancies between results measured with different detectors, the Monte Carlo calculated values can indicate the most correct result. The data set presented in this study can be used as a reference in commissioning stereotactic radiosurgery beams shaped by a BrainLAB m3 on a Varian 2100EX or 600C accelerator.