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Hamada N. Noncancer Effects of Ionizing Radiation Exposure on the Eye, the Circulatory System and beyond: Developments made since the 2011 ICRP Statement on Tissue Reactions. Radiat Res 2023; 200:188-216. [PMID: 37410098 DOI: 10.1667/rade-23-00030.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
For radiation protection purposes, noncancer effects with a threshold-type dose-response relationship have been classified as tissue reactions (formerly called nonstochastic or deterministic effects), and equivalent dose limits aim to prevent occurrence of such tissue reactions. Accumulating evidence demonstrates increased risks for several late occurring noncancer effects at doses and dose rates much lower than previously considered. In 2011, the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) issued a statement on tissue reactions to recommend a threshold of 0.5 Gy to the lens of the eye for cataracts and to the heart and brain for diseases of the circulatory system (DCS), independent of dose rate. Literature published thereafter continues to provide updated knowledge. Increased risks for cataracts below 0.5 Gy have been reported in several cohorts (e.g., including in those receiving protracted or chronic exposures). A dose threshold for cataracts is less evident with longer follow-up, with limited evidence available for risk of cataract removal surgery. There is emerging evidence for risk of normal-tension glaucoma and diabetic retinopathy, but the long-held tenet that the lens represents among the most radiosensitive tissues in the eye and in the body seems to remain unchanged. For DCS, increased risks have been reported in various cohorts, but the existence or otherwise of a dose threshold is unclear. The level of risk is less uncertain at lower dose and lower dose rate, with the possibility that risk per unit dose is greater at lower doses and dose rates. Target organs and tissues for DCS are also unknown, but may include heart, large blood vessels and kidneys. Identification of potential factors (e.g., sex, age, lifestyle factors, coexposures, comorbidities, genetics and epigenetics) that may modify radiation risk of cataracts and DCS would be important. Other noncancer effects on the radar include neurological effects (e.g., Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease and dementia) of which elevated risk has increasingly been reported. These late occurring noncancer effects tend to deviate from the definition of tissue reactions, necessitating more scientific developments to reconsider the radiation effect classification system and risk management. This paper gives an overview of historical developments made in ICRP prior to the 2011 statement and an update on relevant developments made since the 2011 ICRP statement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuyuki Hamada
- Biology and Environmental Chemistry Division, Sustainable System Research Laboratory, Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry (CRIEPI), Chiba, Japan
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2
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Flint DB, Ruff CE, Bright SJ, Yepes P, Wang Q, Manandhar M, Kacem MB, Turner BX, Martinus DKJ, Shaitelman SF, Sawakuchi GO. An empirical model of proton RBE based on the linear correlation between x-ray and proton radiosensitivity. Med Phys 2022; 49:6221-6236. [PMID: 35831779 PMCID: PMC10360139 DOI: 10.1002/mp.15850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Revised: 06/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Proton relative biological effectiveness (RBE) is known to depend on physical factors of the proton beam, such as its linear energy transfer (LET), as well as on cell-line specific biological factors, such as their ability to repair DNA damage. However, in a clinical setting, proton RBE is still considered to have a fixed value of 1.1 despite the existence of several empirical models that can predict proton RBE based on how a cell's survival curve (linear-quadratic model [LQM]) parameters α and β vary with the LET of the proton beam. Part of the hesitation to incorporate variable RBE models in the clinic is due to the great noise in the biological datasets on which these models are trained, often making it unclear which model, if any, provides sufficiently accurate RBE predictions to warrant a departure from RBE = 1.1. PURPOSE Here, we introduce a novel model of proton RBE based on how a cell's intrinsic radiosensitivity varies with LET, rather than its LQM parameters. METHODS AND MATERIALS We performed clonogenic cell survival assays for eight cell lines exposed to 6 MV x-rays and 1.2, 2.6, or 9.9 keV/µm protons, and combined our measurements with published survival data (n = 397 total cell line/LET combinations). We characterized how radiosensitivity metrics of the form DSF% , (the dose required to achieve survival fraction [SF], e.g., D10% ) varied with proton LET, and calculated the Bayesian information criteria associated with different LET-dependent functions to determine which functions best described the underlying trends. This allowed us to construct a six-parameter model that predicts cells' proton survival curves based on the LET dependence of their radiosensitivity, rather than the LET dependence of the LQM parameters themselves. We compared the accuracy of our model to previously established empirical proton RBE models, and implemented our model within a clinical treatment plan evaluation workflow to demonstrate its feasibility in a clinical setting. RESULTS Our analyses of the trends in the data show that DSF% is linearly correlated between x-rays and protons, regardless of the choice of the survival level (e.g., D10% , D37% , or D50% are similarly correlated), and that the slope and intercept of these correlations vary with proton LET. The model we constructed based on these trends predicts proton RBE within 15%-30% at the 68.3% confidence level and offers a more accurate general description of the experimental data than previously published empirical models. In the context of a clinical treatment plan, our model generally predicted higher RBE-weighted doses than the other empirical models, with RBE-weighted doses in the distal portion of the field being up to 50.7% higher than the planned RBE-weighted doses (RBE = 1.1) to the tumor. CONCLUSIONS We established a new empirical proton RBE model that is more accurate than previous empirical models, and that predicts much higher RBE values in the distal edge of clinical proton beams.
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Affiliation(s)
- David B. Flint
- Department of Radiation PhysicsThe University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHoustonTexasUSA
| | - Chase E. Ruff
- Department of Radiation PhysicsThe University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHoustonTexasUSA
| | - Scott J. Bright
- Department of Radiation PhysicsThe University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHoustonTexasUSA
| | - Pablo Yepes
- Department of Radiation PhysicsThe University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHoustonTexasUSA
- Department of Physics and AstronomyRice UniversityHoustonTexasUSA
| | - Qianxia Wang
- Department of Radiation PhysicsThe University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHoustonTexasUSA
- Department of Physics and AstronomyRice UniversityHoustonTexasUSA
| | - Mandira Manandhar
- Department of Radiation PhysicsThe University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHoustonTexasUSA
| | - Mariam Ben Kacem
- Department of Radiation PhysicsThe University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHoustonTexasUSA
| | - Broderick X. Turner
- Department of Radiation PhysicsThe University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHoustonTexasUSA
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical SciencesHoustonTexasUSA
| | - David K. J. Martinus
- Department of Radiation PhysicsThe University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHoustonTexasUSA
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical SciencesHoustonTexasUSA
| | - Simona F. Shaitelman
- Department of Radiation OncologyThe University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHoustonTexasUSA
| | - Gabriel O. Sawakuchi
- Department of Radiation PhysicsThe University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHoustonTexasUSA
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical SciencesHoustonTexasUSA
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Tsubouchi T, Henry T, Ureba A, Valdman A, Bassler N, Siegbahn A. Quantitative evaluation of potential irradiation geometries for carbon-ion beam grid therapy. Med Phys 2018; 45:1210-1221. [PMID: 29319842 DOI: 10.1002/mp.12749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2017] [Revised: 12/03/2017] [Accepted: 12/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Radiotherapy using grids containing cm-wide beam elements has been carried out sporadically for more than a century. During the past two decades, preclinical research on radiotherapy with grids containing small beam elements, 25 μm-0.7 mm wide, has been performed. Grid therapy with larger beam elements is technically easier to implement, but the normal tissue tolerance to the treatment is decreasing. In this work, a new approach in grid therapy, based on irradiations with grids containing narrow carbon-ion beam elements was evaluated dosimetrically. The aim formulated for the suggested treatment was to obtain a uniform target dose combined with well-defined grids in the irradiated normal tissue. The gain, obtained by crossfiring the carbon-ion beam grids over a simulated target volume, was quantitatively evaluated. METHODS The dose distributions produced by narrow rectangular carbon-ion beams in a water phantom were simulated with the PHITS Monte Carlo code. The beam-element height was set to 2.0 cm in the simulations, while the widths varied from 0.5 to 10.0 mm. A spread-out Bragg peak (SOBP) was then created for each beam element in the grid, to cover the target volume with dose in the depth direction. The dose distributions produced by the beam-grid irradiations were thereafter constructed by adding the dose profiles simulated for single beam elements. The variation of the valley-to-peak dose ratio (VPDR) with depth in water was thereafter evaluated. The separation of the beam elements inside the grids were determined for different irradiation geometries with a selection criterion. RESULTS The simulated carbon-ion beams remained narrow down to the depths of the Bragg peaks. With the formulated selection criterion, a beam-element separation which was close to the beam-element width was found optimal for grids containing 3.0-mm-wide beam elements, while a separation which was considerably larger than the beam-element width was found advantageous for grids containing 0.5-mm-wide beam elements. With the single-grid irradiation setup, the VPDRs were close to 1.0 already at a distance of several cm from the target. The valley doses given to the normal tissue at 0.5 cm distance from the target volume could be limited to less than 10% of the mean target dose if a crossfiring setup with four interlaced grids was used. CONCLUSIONS The dose distributions produced by grids containing 0.5- and 3.0-mm wide beam elements had characteristics which could be useful for grid therapy. Grids containing mm-wide carbon-ion beam elements could be advantageous due to the technical ease with which these beams can be produced and delivered, despite the reduced threshold doses observed for early and late responding normal tissue for beams of millimeter width, compared to submillimetric beams. The treatment simulations showed that nearly homogeneous dose distributions could be created inside the target volumes, combined with low valley doses in the normal tissue located close to the target volume, if the carbon-ion beam grids were crossfired in an interlaced manner with optimally selected beam-element separations. The formulated selection criterion was found useful for the quantitative evaluation of the dose distributions produced by the different irradiation setups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiro Tsubouchi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 565-0871, Osaka, Japan
| | - Thomas Henry
- Medical Radiation Physics, Department of Physics, Stockholm University, S-171 76, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ana Ureba
- Medical Radiation Physics, Department of Physics, Stockholm University, S-171 76, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Alexander Valdman
- Department of Oncology and Pathology, Karolinska University Hospital, S-171 76, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Niels Bassler
- Medical Radiation Physics, Department of Physics, Stockholm University, S-171 76, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Albert Siegbahn
- Medical Radiation Physics, Department of Physics, Stockholm University, S-171 76, Stockholm, Sweden
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Abstract
Carbon ion therapy is a promising evolving modality in radiotherapy to treat tumors that are radioresistant against photon treatments. As carbon ions are more effective in normal and tumor tissue, the relative biological effectiveness (RBE) has to be calculated by bio-mathematical models and has to be considered in the dose prescription. This review (i) introduces the concept of the RBE and its most important determinants, (ii) describes the physical and biological causes of the increased RBE for carbon ions, (iii) summarizes available RBE measurements in vitro and in vivo, and (iv) describes the concepts of the clinically applied RBE models (mixed beam model, local effect model, and microdosimetric-kinetic model), and (v) the way they are introduced into clinical application as well as (vi) their status of experimental and clinical validation, and finally (vii) summarizes the current status of the use of the RBE concept in carbon ion therapy and points out clinically relevant conclusions as well as open questions. The RBE concept has proven to be a valuable concept for dose prescription in carbon ion radiotherapy, however, different centers use different RBE models and therefore care has to be taken when transferring results from one center to another. Experimental studies significantly improve the understanding of the dependencies and limitations of RBE models in clinical application. For the future, further studies investigating quantitatively the differential effects between normal tissues and tumors are needed accompanied by clinical studies on effectiveness and toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian P Karger
- Department of Medical Physics in Radiation Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany. National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology (NCRO), Heidelberg Institute for Radiation Oncology (HIRO), Heidelberg, Germany. Author to whom any correspondence should be addressed
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Jelena Ž, Lela K, Otilija K, Danijela T, Cirrone Giuseppe AP, Francesco R, Giacomo C, Ivan P, Aleksandra RF. Carbon ions of different linear energy transfer (LET) values induce apoptosis & G2 cell cycle arrest in radio-resistant melanoma cells. Indian J Med Res 2017; 143:S120-S128. [PMID: 27748286 PMCID: PMC5080921 DOI: 10.4103/0971-5916.191811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background & objectives: The main goal when treating malignancies with radiation is to deprive tumour cells of their reproductive potential. One approach is to induce tumour cell apoptosis. This study was conducted to evaluate the ability of carbon ions (12C) to induce apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in human HTB140 melanoma cells. Methods: In this in vitro study, human melanoma HTB140 cells were irradiated with the 62 MeV/n carbon (12C) ion beam, having two different linear energy transfer (LET) values: 197 and 382 keV/μm. The dose range was 2 to 16 Gy. Cell viability was estimated by the sulforhodamine B assay seven days after irradiation. The cell cycle and apoptosis were evaluated 48 h after irradiation using flow cytometry. At the same time point, protein and gene expression of apoptotic regulators were estimated using the Western blot and q-PCR methods, respectively. Results: Cell viability experiments indicated strong anti-tumour effects of 12C ions. The analysis of cell cycle showed that 12C ions blocked HTB140 cells in G2 phase and induced the dose dependent increase of apoptosis. The maximum value of 21.8 per cent was attained after irradiation with LET of 197 keV/μm at the dose level of 16 Gy. Pro-apoptotic effects of 12C ions were confirmed by changes of key apoptotic molecules: the p53, Bax, Bcl-2, poly ADP ribose polymerase (PARP) as well as nuclear factor kappa B (NFκB). At the level of protein expression, the results indicated significant increases of p53, NFκB and Bax/Bcl-2 ratio and PARP cleavage. The Bax/Bcl-2 mRNA ratio was also increased, while no change was detected in the level of NFκB mRNA. Interpretation & conclusions: The present results indicated that anti-tumour effects of 12C ions in human melanoma HTB140 cells were accomplished through induction of the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway as well as G2 arrest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Žakula Jelena
- Vinča Institute of Nuclear Sciences, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Korićanac Lela
- Vinča Institute of Nuclear Sciences, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Keta Otilija
- Vinča Institute of Nuclear Sciences, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | | | - A P Cirrone Giuseppe
- National Institute for Nuclear Physics, Southern National Laboratory, via S. Sofia 62, Catania, Italy
| | - Romano Francesco
- National Institute for Nuclear Physics, Southern National Laboratory, via S. Sofia 62, Catania, Italy
| | - Cuttone Giacomo
- National Institute for Nuclear Physics, Southern National Laboratory, via S. Sofia 62, Catania, Italy
| | - Petrović Ivan
- Vinča Institute of Nuclear Sciences, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
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Glowa C, Karger CP, Brons S, Zhao D, Mason RP, Huber PE, Debus J, Peschke P. Carbon ion radiotherapy decreases the impact of tumor heterogeneity on radiation response in experimental prostate tumors. Cancer Lett 2016; 378:97-103. [PMID: 27224892 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2016.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2016] [Revised: 05/08/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To quantitatively study the impact of intrinsic tumor characteristics and microenvironmental factors on local tumor control after irradiation with carbon ((12)C-) ions and photons in an experimental prostate tumor model. MATERIAL AND METHODS Three sublines of a syngeneic rat prostate tumor (R3327) differing in grading (highly (-H) moderately (-HI) or anaplastic (-AT1)) were irradiated with increasing single doses of either (12)C-ions or 6 MV photons in Copenhagen rats. Primary endpoint was local tumor control within 300 days. The relative biological effectiveness (RBE) of (12)C-ions was calculated from the dose at 50% tumor control probability (TCD50) of photons and (12)C-ions and was correlated with histological, physiological and genetic tumor parameters. RESULTS Experimental findings demonstrated that (i) TCD50-values between the three tumor sublines differed less for (12)C-ions (23.6-32.9 Gy) than for photons (38.2-75.7 Gy), (ii) the slope of the dose-response curve for each tumor line was steeper for (12)C-ions than for photons, and (iii) the RBE increased with tumor grading from 1.62 ± 0.11 (H) to 2.08 ± 0.13 (HI) to 2.30 ± 0.08 (AT1). CONCLUSION The response to (12)C-ions is less dependent on resistance factors as well as on heterogeneity between and within tumor sublines as compared to photons. A clear correlation between decreasing differentiation status and increasing RBE was found. (12)C-ions may therefore be a therapeutic option especially in patients with undifferentiated prostate tumors, expressing high resistance against photons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christin Glowa
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Medical Physics in Radiation Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; National Center for Radiation Oncology (NCRO), Heidelberg Institute for Radiation Oncology (HIRO), Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Christian P Karger
- Department of Medical Physics in Radiation Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; National Center for Radiation Oncology (NCRO), Heidelberg Institute for Radiation Oncology (HIRO), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stephan Brons
- National Center for Radiation Oncology (NCRO), Heidelberg Institute for Radiation Oncology (HIRO), Heidelberg, Germany; Heidelberg Ion Beam Therapy Center (HIT), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Dawen Zhao
- Department of Radiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Ralph P Mason
- Department of Radiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Peter E Huber
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; National Center for Radiation Oncology (NCRO), Heidelberg Institute for Radiation Oncology (HIRO), Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Molecular Radiation Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jürgen Debus
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; National Center for Radiation Oncology (NCRO), Heidelberg Institute for Radiation Oncology (HIRO), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Peter Peschke
- National Center for Radiation Oncology (NCRO), Heidelberg Institute for Radiation Oncology (HIRO), Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Molecular Radiation Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
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Suetens A, Konings K, Moreels M, Quintens R, Verslegers M, Soors E, Tabury K, Grégoire V, Baatout S. Higher Initial DNA Damage and Persistent Cell Cycle Arrest after Carbon Ion Irradiation Compared to X-irradiation in Prostate and Colon Cancer Cells. Front Oncol 2016; 6:87. [PMID: 27148479 PMCID: PMC4830044 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2016.00087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of charged-particle beams, such as carbon ions, is becoming a more and more attractive treatment option for cancer therapy. Given the precise absorbed dose-localization and an increased biological effectiveness, this form of therapy is much more advantageous compared to conventional radiotherapy, and is currently being used for treatment of specific cancer types. The high ballistic accuracy of particle beams deposits the maximal dose to the tumor, while damage to the surrounding healthy tissue is limited. In order to better understand the underlying mechanisms responsible for the increased biological effectiveness, we investigated the DNA damage and repair kinetics and cell cycle progression in two p53 mutant cell lines, more specifically a prostate (PC3) and colon (Caco-2) cancer cell line, after exposure to different radiation qualities. Cells were irradiated with various absorbed doses (0, 0.5, and 2 Gy) of accelerated 13C-ions at the Grand Accélérateur National d’Ions Lourds facility (Caen, France) or with X-rays (0, 0.1, 0.5, 1, 2, and 5 Gy). Microscopic analysis of DNA double-strand breaks showed dose-dependent increases in γ-H2AX foci numbers and foci occupancy after exposure to both types of irradiation, in both cell lines. However, 24 h after exposure, residual damage was more pronounced after lower doses of carbon ion irradiation compared to X-irradiation. Flow cytometric analysis showed that carbon ion irradiation induced a permanent G2/M arrest in PC3 cells at lower doses (2 Gy) compared to X-rays (5 Gy), while in Caco-2 cells the G2/M arrest was transient after irradiation with X-rays (2 and 5 Gy) but persistent after exposure to carbon ions (2 Gy).
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Affiliation(s)
- Annelies Suetens
- Expert Group for Molecular and Cellular Biology, Radiobiology Unit, Belgian Nuclear Research Centre (SCK•CEN), Institute for Environment, Health and Safety, Mol, Belgium
- Radiation Oncology Department, Center for Molecular Imaging, Radiotherapy and Oncology, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Université Catholique de Louvain (UCL), Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Katrien Konings
- Expert Group for Molecular and Cellular Biology, Radiobiology Unit, Belgian Nuclear Research Centre (SCK•CEN), Institute for Environment, Health and Safety, Mol, Belgium
- Laboratory of Experimental Radiotherapy, Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Marjan Moreels
- Expert Group for Molecular and Cellular Biology, Radiobiology Unit, Belgian Nuclear Research Centre (SCK•CEN), Institute for Environment, Health and Safety, Mol, Belgium
- *Correspondence: Marjan Moreels,
| | - Roel Quintens
- Expert Group for Molecular and Cellular Biology, Radiobiology Unit, Belgian Nuclear Research Centre (SCK•CEN), Institute for Environment, Health and Safety, Mol, Belgium
| | - Mieke Verslegers
- Expert Group for Molecular and Cellular Biology, Radiobiology Unit, Belgian Nuclear Research Centre (SCK•CEN), Institute for Environment, Health and Safety, Mol, Belgium
| | - Els Soors
- Expert Group for Molecular and Cellular Biology, Radiobiology Unit, Belgian Nuclear Research Centre (SCK•CEN), Institute for Environment, Health and Safety, Mol, Belgium
| | - Kevin Tabury
- Expert Group for Molecular and Cellular Biology, Radiobiology Unit, Belgian Nuclear Research Centre (SCK•CEN), Institute for Environment, Health and Safety, Mol, Belgium
| | - Vincent Grégoire
- Radiation Oncology Department, Center for Molecular Imaging, Radiotherapy and Oncology, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Université Catholique de Louvain (UCL), Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Sarah Baatout
- Expert Group for Molecular and Cellular Biology, Radiobiology Unit, Belgian Nuclear Research Centre (SCK•CEN), Institute for Environment, Health and Safety, Mol, Belgium
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Harrabi SB, Adeberg S, Winter M, Haberer T, Debus J, Weber KJ. S-phase-specific radiosensitization by gemcitabine for therapeutic carbon ion exposure in vitro. JOURNAL OF RADIATION RESEARCH 2016; 57:110-114. [PMID: 26747201 PMCID: PMC4795954 DOI: 10.1093/jrr/rrv097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2015] [Revised: 08/27/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Densely ionizing charged particle irradiation offers physical as well as biological advantages compared with photon irradiation. Radiobiological data for the combination of such particle irradiation (i.e. therapeutic carbon ions) with commonly used chemotherapeutics are still limited. Recent in vitro results indicate a general prevalence of additive cytotoxic effects in combined treatments, but an extension of established multimodal treatment regimens with photons to the inclusion of particle therapy needs to evaluate possible peculiarities of using high linear energy transfer (LET) radiation. The present study investigates the effect of combined radiochemotherapy using gemcitabine and high-LET irradiation with therapeutic carbon ions. In particular, the earlier observation of S-phase specific radiosensitization with photon irradiation should be evaluated with carbon ions. In the absence of the drug gemcitabine, carbon ion irradiation produced the typical survival behavior seen with X-rays-increased relative biological efficiency, and depletion of the survival curve's shoulder. By means of serum deprivation and subsequent replenishment, ∼70% S-phase content of the cell population was achieved, and such preparations showed radioresistance in both treatment arms-,photon and carbon ion irradiation. Combined modality treatment with gemcitabine caused significant reduction of clonogenic survival especially for the S-phase cells. WIDR cells exhibited S-phase-specific radioresistance with high-LET irradiation, although this was less pronounced than for X-ray exposure. The combined treatment with therapeutic carbon ions and gemcitabine caused the resistance phenomenon to disappear phenotypically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Semi B Harrabi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 400, Heidelberg 69120, Germany Heidelberg Ion Therapy Center (HIT), Im Neuenheimer Feld 450, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Sebastian Adeberg
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 400, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Marcus Winter
- Heidelberg Ion Therapy Center (HIT), Im Neuenheimer Feld 450, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Thomas Haberer
- Heidelberg Ion Therapy Center (HIT), Im Neuenheimer Feld 450, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Jürgen Debus
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 400, Heidelberg 69120, Germany Heidelberg Ion Therapy Center (HIT), Im Neuenheimer Feld 450, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Klaus-Josef Weber
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 400, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
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Riquier H, Abel D, Wera AC, Heuskin AC, Genard G, Lucas S, Michiels C. Effects of Alpha Particle and Proton Beam Irradiation as Putative Cross-Talk between A549 Cancer Cells and the Endothelial Cells in a Co-Culture System. Cancers (Basel) 2015; 7:481-502. [PMID: 25794049 PMCID: PMC4381270 DOI: 10.3390/cancers7010481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2014] [Accepted: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: High-LET ion irradiation is being more and more often used to control tumors in patients. Given that tumors are now considered as complex organs composed of multiple cell types that can influence radiosensitivity, we investigated the effects of proton and alpha particle irradiation on the possible radioprotective cross-talk between cancer and endothelial cells. Materials and Methods: We designed new irradiation chambers that allow co-culture study of cells irradiated with a particle beam. A549 lung carcinoma cells and endothelial cells (EC) were exposed to 1.5 Gy of proton beam or 1 and 2 Gy of alpha particles. Cell responses were studied by clonogenic assays and cell cycle was analyzed by flow cytometry. Gene expression studies were performed using Taqman low density array and by RT-qPCR. Results: A549 cells and EC displayed similar survival fraction and they had similar cell cycle distribution when irradiated alone or in co-culture. Both types of irradiation induced the overexpression of genes involved in cell growth, inflammation and angiogenesis. Conclusions: We set up new irradiation chamber in which two cell types were irradiated together with a particle beam. We could not show that tumor cells and endothelial cells were able to protect each other from particle irradiation. Gene expression changes were observed after particle irradiation that could suggest a possible radioprotective inter-cellular communication between the two cell types but further investigations are needed to confirm these results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Riquier
- URBC-NARILIS, University of Namur, 61 rue de Bruxelles, Namur 5000, Belgium.
| | - Denis Abel
- URBC-NARILIS, University of Namur, 61 rue de Bruxelles, Namur 5000, Belgium.
| | | | | | - Géraldine Genard
- URBC-NARILIS, University of Namur, 61 rue de Bruxelles, Namur 5000, Belgium.
| | - Stéphane Lucas
- LARN-PMR, NARILIS, University of Namur, Namur 5000, Belgium.
| | - Carine Michiels
- URBC-NARILIS, University of Namur, 61 rue de Bruxelles, Namur 5000, Belgium.
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Sato T, Hamada N. Model assembly for estimating cell surviving fraction for both targeted and nontargeted effects based on microdosimetric probability densities. PLoS One 2014; 9:e114056. [PMID: 25426641 PMCID: PMC4245256 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0114056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2014] [Accepted: 11/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
We here propose a new model assembly for estimating the surviving fraction of cells irradiated with various types of ionizing radiation, considering both targeted and nontargeted effects in the same framework. The probability densities of specific energies in two scales, which are the cell nucleus and its substructure called a domain, were employed as the physical index for characterizing the radiation fields. In the model assembly, our previously established double stochastic microdosimetric kinetic (DSMK) model was used to express the targeted effect, whereas a newly developed model was used to express the nontargeted effect. The radioresistance caused by overexpression of anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2 known to frequently occur in human cancer was also considered by introducing the concept of the adaptive response in the DSMK model. The accuracy of the model assembly was examined by comparing the computationally and experimentally determined surviving fraction of Bcl-2 cells (Bcl-2 overexpressing HeLa cells) and Neo cells (neomycin resistant gene-expressing HeLa cells) irradiated with microbeam or broadbeam of energetic heavy ions, as well as the WI-38 normal human fibroblasts irradiated with X-ray microbeam. The model assembly reproduced very well the experimentally determined surviving fraction over a wide range of dose and linear energy transfer (LET) values. Our newly established model assembly will be worth being incorporated into treatment planning systems for heavy-ion therapy, brachytherapy, and boron neutron capture therapy, given critical roles of the frequent Bcl-2 overexpression and the nontargeted effect in estimating therapeutic outcomes and harmful effects of such advanced therapeutic modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuhiko Sato
- Research Group for Radiation Protection, Nuclear Science and Engineering Center, Japan Atomic Energy Agency (JAEA), Tokai, Ibaraki, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Nobuyuki Hamada
- Radiation Safety Research Center, Nuclear Technology Research Laboratory, Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry (CRIEPI), Komae, Tokyo, Japan
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Hamada N. What are the intracellular targets and intratissue target cells for radiation effects? Radiat Res 2013; 181:9-20. [PMID: 24369848 DOI: 10.1667/rr13505.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Exactly a century after Röntgen's discovery of X rays, I entered a university to major in radiological sciences. At that time, I felt that, despite extensive use and indispensable roles of ionizing radiation in medicine and industry, many fascinating questions have yet to be answered concerning its biological mechanisms of action, and thus I decided to get into the field of radiation research. Fifteen years have passed since I started radiobiological studies in 1998, during which time various basic tenets I initially learned in my late teens and early twenties have been challenged by recent observations. Of these, this brief overview particularly focuses on the following five different albeit non mutually exclusive questions: (i) "Is nuclear DNA the only intracellular target for radiation effects?"; (ii) "What is the significance of delayed cell death in clonogenic survival?"; (iii) "Does an irradiated cell become a cancer cell?"; (iv) "Are cataracts tissue reactions?"; and (v) "Why is high-LET radiation biologically effective?".
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuyuki Hamada
- Radiation Safety Research Center, Nuclear Technology Research Laboratory, Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry (CRIEPI), Tokyo, Japan
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Liu HT, Lu CL. Effect of silencing Bcl-2 expression by small interfering RNA on radiosensitivity of gastric cancer BGC823 cells. ASIAN PAC J TROP MED 2013; 6:49-52. [PMID: 23317885 DOI: 10.1016/s1995-7645(12)60199-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2012] [Revised: 11/15/2012] [Accepted: 12/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore the influence of silencing Bcl-2 expression by small interfering RNA (siRNA) on Bcl-2 protein expression, cell apoptosis rate and radiosensitivity of gastric cancer BGC823 cells. METHODS siRNA segment for Bcl-2 gene was designed and synthesized, then was induced into gastric cancer BGC 823 cells by liposome transfection. Bcl-2 protein expression was detected by Western Blotting. After X radiation, flow cytometry and clone forming assay were used to determine the effects of RNA interference on BGC823 cell apoptosis rate and radiosensitivity. RESULT After the transfection of Bcl-2 siRNA, the positive expression rate of Bcl-2 protein in BGC823 cells was (35.45±2.35)%. Compared with the control group and negative siRNA transfection group, the rate was significantly decreased (P<0.01). The apoptosis rate of BGC823-RNAi cell was (10.81±0.91)%, which was significantly higher than the control group and negative siRNA transfection group (P<0.01). After 48h X radiation, the apoptosis rate of BGC823-RNAi was (28.91±1.40)%, which was significantly higher than the control group and the group without radiation (P<0.01). During clone forming assay D(0), D(q) and SF(2) values in Bcl-2 siRNA1 transfection group were all lower than those in the control group. The radiosensitivity ratio was 1.28 (the ratio of D(0)) and 1.60 (the ratio of D(q)). CONCLUSIONS Specific siRNA of Bcl-2 gene can effectively inhibit the expression of Bcl-2 gene, enhance the radiosensitivity and apoptosis of gastric cancer BGC823 cells, having good clinical application perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Tao Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Zhengzhou People's Hospital, Zhengzhou 450001, China
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Blakely EA. Lauriston S. Taylor Lecture on radiation protection and measurements: what makes particle radiation so effective? HEALTH PHYSICS 2012; 103:508-28. [PMID: 23032880 PMCID: PMC3507469 DOI: 10.1097/hp.0b013e31826a5b85] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The scientific basis for the physical and biological effectiveness of particle radiations has emerged from many decades of meticulous basic research. A diverse array of biologically relevant consequences at the molecular, cellular, tissue, and organism level have been reported, but what are the key processes and mechanisms that make particle radiation so effective, and what competing processes define dose dependences? Recent studies have shown that individual genotypes control radiation-regulated genes and pathways in response to radiations of varying ionization density. The fact that densely ionizing radiations can affect different gene families than sparsely ionizing radiations, and that the effects are dose- and time-dependent, has opened up new areas of future research. The complex microenvironment of the stroma and the significant contributions of the immune response have added to our understanding of tissue-specific differences across the linear energy transfer (LET) spectrum. The importance of targeted versus nontargeted effects remains a thorny but elusive and important contributor to chronic low dose radiation effects of variable LET that still needs further research. The induction of cancer is also LET-dependent, suggesting different mechanisms of action across the gradient of ionization density. The focus of this 35th Lauriston S. Taylor Lecture is to chronicle the step-by-step acquisition of experimental clues that have refined our understanding of what makes particle radiation so effective, with emphasis on the example of radiation effects on the crystalline lens of the human eye.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleanor A Blakely
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, One Cyclotron Road, MS 977, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
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Tanaka A, Nakatani Y, Hamada N, Jinno-Oue A, Shimizu N, Wada S, Funayama T, Mori T, Islam S, Hoque SA, Shinagawa M, Ohtsuki T, Kobayashi Y, Hoshino H. Ionising irradiation alters the dynamics of human long interspersed nuclear elements 1 (LINE1) retrotransposon. Mutagenesis 2012; 27:599-607. [DOI: 10.1093/mutage/ges025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Genome-wide microarray investigation of molecular targets and signaling networks in response to high-LET neutron in in vivo-mimic spheroid of human carcinoma. Mol Cell Toxicol 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s13273-012-0002-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Hamada N, Imaoka T, Masunaga SI, Ogata T, Okayasu R, Takahashi A, Kato TA, Kobayashi Y, Ohnishi T, Ono K, Shimada Y, Teshima T. Recent advances in the biology of heavy-ion cancer therapy. JOURNAL OF RADIATION RESEARCH 2010; 51:365-383. [PMID: 20679739 DOI: 10.1269/jrr.09137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Superb biological effectiveness and dose conformity represent a rationale for heavy-ion therapy, which has thus far achieved good cancer controllability while sparing critical normal organs. Immediately after irradiation, heavy ions produce dense ionization along their trajectories, cause irreparable clustered DNA damage, and alter cellular ultrastructure. These ions, as a consequence, inactivate cells more effectively with less cell-cycle and oxygen dependence than conventional photons. The modes of heavy ion-induced cell death/inactivation include apoptosis, necrosis, autophagy, premature senescence, accelerated differentiation, delayed reproductive death of progeny cells, and bystander cell death. This paper briefly reviews the current knowledge of the biological aspects of heavy-ion therapy, with emphasis on the authors' recent findings. The topics include (i) repair mechanisms of heavy ion-induced DNA damage, (ii) superior effects of heavy ions on radioresistant tumor cells (intratumor quiescent cell population, TP53-mutated and BCL2-overexpressing tumors), (iii) novel capacity of heavy ions in suppressing cancer metastasis and neoangiogenesis, and (iv) potential of heavy ions to induce secondary (especially breast) cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuyuki Hamada
- Radiation Safety Research Center, Nuclear Technology Research Laboratory, Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry, Komae, Tokyo, Japan.
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Harada K, Nonaka T, Hamada N, Sakurai H, Hasegawa M, Funayama T, Kakizaki T, Kobayashi Y, Nakano T. Heavy-ion-induced bystander killing of human lung cancer cells: role of gap junctional intercellular communication. Cancer Sci 2009; 100:684-8. [PMID: 19469013 PMCID: PMC11159273 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2009.01093.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2008] [Revised: 11/28/2008] [Accepted: 12/18/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to clarify the mechanisms of cell death induced by heavy-ion irradiation focusing on the bystander effect in human lung cancer A549 cells. In microbeam irradiation, each of 1, 5, and 25 cells under confluent cell conditions was irradiated with 1, 5, or 10 particles of carbon ions (220 MeV), and then the surviving fraction of the population was measured by a clonogenic assay in order to investigate the bystander effect of heavy-ions. In this experiment, the limited number of cells (0.0001-0.002%, 5-25 cells) under confluent cell conditions irradiated with 5 or 10 carbon ions resulted in an exaggerated 8-14% increase in cell death by clonogenic assay. However, these overshooting responses were not observed under exponentially growing cell conditions. Furthermore, these responses were inhibited in cells treated with an inhibitor of gap junctional intercellular communication (GJIC), whereas they were markedly enhanced by the addition of a stimulator of GJIC. The present results suggest that bystander cell killing by heavy-ions was induced mainly by direct cell-to-cell communication, such as GJIC, which might play important roles in bystander responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosaku Harada
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan.
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Hamada N. The Bystander Response to Heavy-Ion Radiation: Intercellular Signaling Between Irradiated and Non-Irradiated Cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.2187/bss.23.195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Hamada N. Recent insights into the biological action of heavy-ion radiation. JOURNAL OF RADIATION RESEARCH 2009; 50:1-9. [PMID: 18838844 DOI: 10.1269/jrr.08070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Biological effectiveness varies with the linear energy transfer (LET) of ionizing radiation. During cancer therapy or long-term interplanetary manned explorations, humans are exposed to high-LET energetic heavy ions that inactivate cells more effectively than low-LET photons like X-rays and gamma-rays. Recent biological studies have illustrated that heavy ions overcome tumor radioresistance caused by Bcl-2 overexpression, p53 mutations and intratumor hypoxia, and possess antiangiogenic and antimetastatic potential. Compared with heavy ions alone, the combination with chemical agents (a Bcl-2 inhibitor HA14-1, an anticancer drug docetaxel, and a halogenated pyrimidine analogue 5-iodo-2'-deoxyuridine) or hyperthermia further enhances tumor cell killing. Beer, its certain constituents, or melatonin ameliorate heavy ion-induced damage to normal cells. In addition to effects in cells directly targeted with heavy ions, there is mounting evidence for nontargeted biological effects in cells that have not themselves been directly irradiated. The bystander effect of heavy ions manifests itself as the loss of clonogenic potential, a transient apoptotic response, delayed p53 phosphorylation, alterations in gene expression profiles, and the elevated frequency of gene mutations, micronuclei and chromosome aberrations, which arise in nonirradiated cells having received signals from irradiated cells. Proposed mediating mechanisms involve gap junctional intercellular communication, reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide. This paper reviews briefly the current knowledge of the biological effects of heavy-ion irradiation with a focus on recent findings regarding its potential benefits for therapeutic use as well as on the bystander effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuyuki Hamada
- Department of Quantum Biology, Division of Bioregulatory Medicine, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma, Japan.
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Differential activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases following high and low LET radiation in murine macrophage cell line. Mol Cell Biochem 2008; 324:85-91. [PMID: 19112558 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-008-9987-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2008] [Accepted: 12/10/2008] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein kinases have been shown to respond to various stimuli including cytokines, mitogens and gamma irradiation, leading to cell proliferation, differentiation, or death. The duration of their activation determines the specificity of response to each stimulus in various cells. In this study, the crucial intracellular kinases, ERK, JNK, and p38 kinase involved in cell survival, death, or damage and repair were examined for their activity in RAW 264.7 cells at various time points after irradiation with 2 Gy doses of proton ions or X-rays. This is the first report that shows that the MAPK signaling induced after heavy ion or X-ray exposure is not the same. Unlike gamma irradiation, there was prolonged but marginal activation of prosurvival ERK pathway and significant activation of proapoptotic p38 pathway in response to high LET radiation.
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Hamada N, Kataoka K, Sora S, Hara T, Omura-Minamisawa M, Funayama T, Sakashita T, Nakano T, Kobayashi Y. The small-molecule Bcl-2 inhibitor HA14-1 sensitizes cervical cancer cells, but not normal fibroblasts, to heavy-ion radiation. Radiother Oncol 2008; 89:227-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radonc.2008.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2008] [Revised: 06/23/2008] [Accepted: 08/14/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Expression profiles are different in carbon ion-irradiated normal human fibroblasts and their bystander cells. Mutat Res 2008; 642:57-67. [PMID: 18538798 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2008.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2007] [Revised: 04/04/2008] [Accepted: 04/16/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Evidence has accumulated that ionizing radiation induces biological effects in non-irradiated bystander cells having received signals from directly irradiated cells; however, energetic heavy ion-induced bystander response is incompletely characterized. Here we performed microarray analysis of irradiated and bystander fibroblasts in confluent cultures. To see the effects in bystander cells, each of 1, 5 and 25 sites was targeted with 10 particles of carbon ions (18.3 MeV/u, 103 keV/microm) using microbeams, where particles traversed 0.00026, 0.0013 and 0.0066% of cells, respectively. diated cells, cultures were exposed to 10% survival dose (D), 0.1D and 0.01D of corresponding broadbeams (108 keV/microm). Irrespective of the target numbers (1, 5 or 25 sites) and the time (2 or 6h postirradiation), similar expression changes were observed in bystander cells. Among 874 probes that showed more than 1.5-fold changes in bystander cells, 25% were upregulated and the remainder downregulated. These included genes related to cell communication (PIK3C2A, GNA13, FN1, ANXA1 and IL1RAP), stress response (RAD23B, ATF4 and EIF2AK4) and cell cycle (MYCN, RBBP4 and NEUROG1). Pathway analysis revealed serial bystander activation of G protein/PI-3 kinase pathways. Instead, genes related to cell cycle or death (CDKN1A, GADD45A, NOTCH1 and BCL2L1), and cell communication (IL1B, TCF7 and ID1) were upregulated in irradiated cells, but not in bystander cells. Our results indicate different expression profiles in irradiated and bystander cells, and imply that intercellular signaling between irradiated and bystander cells activate intracellular signaling, leading to the transcriptional stress response in bystander cells.
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Hamada N, Ni M, Funayama T, Sakashita T, Sora S, Nakano T, Kobayashi Y. A LET-Dependent Decrease in the Apoptotic Response of Normal Human Fibroblast Cultures to Isosurvival Doses of γ-Rays and Energetic Heavy Ions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.2187/bss.22.41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Hamada N, Hara T, Omura-Minamisawa M, Ni M, Funayama T, Sakashita T, Sora S, Nakano T, Kobayashi Y. Heavy-Ion Microbeam Irradiation Induces Bystander Killing of Human Cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.2187/bss.22.46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Sora S, Hamada N, Hara T, Funayama T, Sakashita T, Yokota Y, Nakano T, Kobayashi Y. Exposure of Normal Human Fibroblasts to Heavy-Ion Radiation Promotes Their Morphological Differentiation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.2187/bss.22.54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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