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Fei C, Zhen X, Shiqiang Z, Jun P. Frontier knowledge and future directions of programmed cell death in clear cell renal cell carcinoma. Cell Death Discov 2024; 10:113. [PMID: 38443363 PMCID: PMC10914743 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-024-01880-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 02/17/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) is one of the most common renal malignancies of the urinary system. Patient outcomes are relatively poor due to the lack of early diagnostic markers and resistance to existing treatment options. Programmed cell death, also known as apoptosis, is a highly regulated and orchestrated form of cell death that occurs ubiquitously throughout various physiological processes. It plays a crucial role in maintaining homeostasis and the balance of cellular activities. The combination of immune checkpoint inhibitors plus targeted therapies is the first-line therapy to advanced RCC. Immune checkpoint inhibitors(ICIs) targeted CTLA-4 and PD-1 have been demonstrated to prompt tumor cell death by immunogenic cell death. Literatures on the rationale of VEGFR inhibitors and mTOR inhibitors to suppress RCC also implicate autophagic, apoptosis and ferroptosis. Accordingly, investigations of cell death modes have important implications for the improvement of existing treatment modalities and the proposal of new therapies for RCC. At present, the novel modes of cell death in renal cancer include ferroptosis, immunogenic cell death, apoptosis, pyroptosis, necroptosis, parthanatos, netotic cell death, cuproptosis, lysosomal-dependent cell death, autophagy-dependent cell death and mpt-driven necrosis, all of which belong to programmed cell death. In this review, we briefly describe the classification of cell death, and discuss the interactions and development between ccRCC and these novel forms of cell death, with a focus on ferroptosis, immunogenic cell death, and apoptosis, in an effort to present the theoretical underpinnings and research possibilities for the diagnosis and targeted treatment of ccRCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cao Fei
- Department of Urology, Pelvic Floor Disorders Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518107, China
- Scientific Research Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518107, China
| | - Xu Zhen
- Department of Urology, Pelvic Floor Disorders Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518107, China
- Scientific Research Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518107, China
| | - Zhang Shiqiang
- Department of Urology, Pelvic Floor Disorders Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518107, China.
| | - Pang Jun
- Department of Urology, Pelvic Floor Disorders Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518107, China.
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Tiwari M, Srivastava P, Abbas S, Jegatheesan J, Ranjan A, Sharma S, Maurya VP, Saxena AK, Sharma LK. Emerging Role of Autophagy in Governing Cellular Dormancy, Metabolic Functions, and Therapeutic Responses of Cancer Stem Cells. Cells 2024; 13:447. [PMID: 38474411 DOI: 10.3390/cells13050447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Tumors are composed of heterogeneous populations of dysregulated cells that grow in specialized niches that support their growth and maintain their properties. Tumor heterogeneity and metastasis are among the major hindrances that exist while treating cancer patients, leading to poor clinical outcomes. Although the factors that determine tumor complexity remain largely unknown, several genotypic and phenotypic changes, including DNA mutations and metabolic reprograming provide cancer cells with a survival advantage over host cells and resistance to therapeutics. Furthermore, the presence of a specific population of cells within the tumor mass, commonly known as cancer stem cells (CSCs), is thought to initiate tumor formation, maintenance, resistance, and recurrence. Therefore, these CSCs have been investigated in detail recently as potential targets to treat cancer and prevent recurrence. Understanding the molecular mechanisms involved in CSC proliferation, self-renewal, and dormancy may provide important clues for developing effective therapeutic strategies. Autophagy, a catabolic process, has long been recognized to regulate various physiological and pathological processes. In addition to regulating cancer cells, recent studies have identified a critical role for autophagy in regulating CSC functions. Autophagy is activated under various adverse conditions and promotes cellular maintenance, survival, and even cell death. Thus, it is intriguing to address whether autophagy promotes or inhibits CSC functions and whether autophagy modulation can be used to regulate CSC functions, either alone or in combination. This review describes the roles of autophagy in the regulation of metabolic functions, proliferation and quiescence of CSCs, and its role during therapeutic stress. The review further highlights the autophagy-associated pathways that could be used to regulate CSCs. Overall, the present review will help to rationalize various translational approaches that involve autophagy-mediated modulation of CSCs in controlling cancer progression, metastasis, and recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meenakshi Tiwari
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Science, Patna 801507, India
| | - Pransu Srivastava
- Department of Molecular Medicine & Biotechnology, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Science, Lucknow 226014, India
| | - Sabiya Abbas
- Department of Molecular Medicine & Biotechnology, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Science, Lucknow 226014, India
| | - Janani Jegatheesan
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Science, Patna 801507, India
| | - Ashish Ranjan
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Science, Patna 801507, India
| | - Sadhana Sharma
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Science, Patna 801507, India
| | - Ved Prakash Maurya
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow 226014, India
| | - Ajit Kumar Saxena
- Department of Pathology/Lab Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Science, Patna 801507, India
| | - Lokendra Kumar Sharma
- Department of Molecular Medicine & Biotechnology, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Science, Lucknow 226014, India
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Hill RM, Fok M, Grundy G, Parsons JL, Rocha S. The role of autophagy in hypoxia-induced radioresistance. Radiother Oncol 2023; 189:109951. [PMID: 37838322 PMCID: PMC11046710 DOI: 10.1016/j.radonc.2023.109951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/16/2023]
Abstract
Radiotherapy is a widely used treatment modality against cancer, and although survival rates are increasing, radioresistant properties of tumours remain a significant barrier for curative treatment. Tumour hypoxia is one of the main contributors to radioresistance and is common in most solid tumours. Hypoxia is responsible for many molecular changes within the cell which helps tumours to survive under such challenging conditions. These hypoxia-induced molecular changes are predominantly coordinated by the hypoxia inducible factor (HIF) and have been linked with the ability to confer resistance to radiation-induced cell death. To overcome this obstacle research has been directed towards autophagy, a cellular process involved in self degradation and recycling of macromolecules, as HIF plays a large role in its coordination under hypoxic conditions. The role that autophagy has following radiotherapy treatment is conflicted with evidence of both cytoprotective and cytotoxic effects. This literature review aims to explore the intricate relationship between radiotherapy, hypoxia, and autophagy in the context of cancer treatment. It provides valuable insights into the potential of targeting autophagy as a therapeutic strategy to improve the response of hypoxic tumours to radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhianna Mae Hill
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, University of Liverpool, L7 8TX, UK
| | - Matthew Fok
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, University of Liverpool, L7 8TX, UK
| | - Gabrielle Grundy
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, University of Liverpool, L7 8TX, UK
| | - Jason Luke Parsons
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Sonia Rocha
- Department of Biochemistry and Systems Biology, University of Liverpool, L69 7ZB, UK.
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Rodriguez-Berriguete G, Ranzani M, Prevo R, Puliyadi R, Machado N, Bolland HR, Millar V, Ebner D, Boursier M, Cerutti A, Cicconi A, Galbiati A, Grande D, Grinkevich V, Majithiya JB, Piscitello D, Rajendra E, Stockley ML, Boulton SJ, Hammond EM, Heald RA, Smith GC, Robinson HM, Higgins GS. Small-Molecule Polθ Inhibitors Provide Safe and Effective Tumor Radiosensitization in Preclinical Models. Clin Cancer Res 2023; 29:1631-1642. [PMID: 36689546 PMCID: PMC10102842 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-22-2977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE DNA polymerase theta (Polθ, encoded by the POLQ gene) is a DNA repair enzyme critical for microhomology mediated end joining (MMEJ). Polθ has limited expression in normal tissues but is frequently overexpressed in cancer cells and, therefore, represents an ideal target for tumor-specific radiosensitization. In this study we evaluate whether targeting Polθ with novel small-molecule inhibitors is a feasible strategy to improve the efficacy of radiotherapy. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We characterized the response to Polθ inhibition in combination with ionizing radiation in different cancer cell models in vitro and in vivo. RESULTS Here, we show that ART558 and ART899, two novel and specific allosteric inhibitors of the Polθ DNA polymerase domain, potently radiosensitize tumor cells, particularly when combined with fractionated radiation. Importantly, noncancerous cells were not radiosensitized by Polθ inhibition. Mechanistically, we show that the radiosensitization caused by Polθ inhibition is most effective in replicating cells and is due to impaired DNA damage repair. We also show that radiosensitization is still effective under hypoxia, suggesting that these inhibitors may help overcome hypoxia-induced radioresistance. In addition, we describe for the first time ART899 and characterize it as a potent and specific Polθ inhibitor with improved metabolic stability. In vivo, the combination of Polθ inhibition using ART899 with fractionated radiation is well tolerated and results in a significant reduction in tumor growth compared with radiation alone. CONCLUSIONS These results pave the way for future clinical trials of Polθ inhibitors in combination with radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marco Ranzani
- Artios Pharma, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Remko Prevo
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Rathi Puliyadi
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Nicole Machado
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Hannah R. Bolland
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Val Millar
- Target Discovery Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel Ebner
- Target Discovery Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Marie Boursier
- Artios Pharma, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Aurora Cerutti
- Artios Pharma, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Diego Grande
- Artios Pharma, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Vera Grinkevich
- Artios Pharma, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Eeson Rajendra
- Artios Pharma, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - Simon J. Boulton
- Artios Pharma, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ester M. Hammond
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Robert A. Heald
- Artios Pharma, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Geoff S. Higgins
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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Aparicio IM, Rojo-Domínguez P, Castillejo-Rufo A, Peña FJ, Tapia JA. The Autophagy Marker LC3 Is Processed during the Sperm Capacitation and the Acrosome Reaction and Translocates to the Acrosome Where It Colocalizes with the Acrosomal Membranes in Horse Spermatozoa. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24020937. [PMID: 36674454 PMCID: PMC9862423 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24020937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 12/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite its importance in somatic cells and during spermatogenesis, little is known about the role that autophagy may play in ejaculated spermatozoa. Our aim was to investigate whether the molecular components of autophagy, such as microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 (LC3), are activated in stallion spermatozoa during the capacitation and acrosome reaction and if this activation could modulate these biological processes. To analyze the autophagy turnover, LC3I and LC3II proteins were assessed by western blotting, and the ratio between both proteins (LC3II/LC3I) was calculated. In somatic cells, this ratio indicates that autophagy has been activated and similar LC3 processing has been described in mammalian spermatozoa. The subcellular localization of autophagy-related proteins was assessed by immunofluorescence with specific antibodies that recognized Atg16, Beclin-1, and LC3. The colocalization of acrosomal membranes (PNA) and LC3 was studied by confocal microcopy, and the acrosome reacted cells were quantified by flow cytometry. The incubation of stallion sperm in capacitating conditions (BWW; 3 h) significantly increased LC3 processing. This increment was three to four times higher after the induction of the acrosome reaction in these cells. LC3 was mainly expressed in the head in mature ejaculated sperm showing a clear redistribution from the post-acrosomal region to the acrosome upon the incubation of sperm in capacitating conditions (BWW, 3 h). After the induction of the acrosome reaction, LC3 colocalized with the acrosome or the apical plasmalemma membranes in the head of the stallion spermatozoa. The inhibition or activation of autophagy-related pathways in the presence of autophagy activators (STF-62247) or inhibitors (E-64d, chloroquine) significantly increased LC3 processing and increased the percent of acrosome reacted cells, whereas 3-methyladenine almost completely inhibited LC3 processing and the acrosome reaction. In conclusion, we found that sperm capacitation and acrosome reaction could be regulated by autophagy components in sperm cells ex vivo by processes that might be independent of the intraluminal pH of the acrosome and dependent of LC3 lipidation. It can be speculated that, in stallion sperm, a form of noncanonical autophagy utilizes some components of autophagy machinery to facilitate the acrosome reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ines M. Aparicio
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Molecular Pathology Biomarkers (BICOMCEL), University of Extremadura, 10003 Cáceres, Spain
| | - Patricia Rojo-Domínguez
- Laboratory of Spermatology, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, University of Extremadura, 10003 Cáceres, Spain
| | - Alba Castillejo-Rufo
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Molecular Pathology Biomarkers (BICOMCEL), University of Extremadura, 10003 Cáceres, Spain
| | - Fernando J. Peña
- Laboratory of Spermatology, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, University of Extremadura, 10003 Cáceres, Spain
| | - Jose A. Tapia
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Molecular Pathology Biomarkers (BICOMCEL), University of Extremadura, 10003 Cáceres, Spain
- Correspondence:
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Roy A, Bera S, Saso L, Dwarakanath BS. Role of autophagy in tumor response to radiation: Implications for improving radiotherapy. Front Oncol 2022; 12:957373. [PMID: 36172166 PMCID: PMC9510974 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.957373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is an evolutionary conserved, lysosome-involved cellular process that facilitates the recycling of damaged macromolecules, cellular structures, and organelles, thereby generating precursors for macromolecular biosynthesis through the salvage pathway. It plays an important role in mediating biological responses toward various stress, including those caused by ionizing radiation at the cellular, tissue, and systemic levels thereby implying an instrumental role in shaping the tumor responses to radiotherapy. While a successful execution of autophagy appears to facilitate cell survival, abortive or interruptions in the completion of autophagy drive cell death in a context-dependent manner. Pre-clinical studies establishing its ubiquitous role in cells and tissues, and the systemic response to focal irradiation of tumors have prompted the initiation of clinical trials using pharmacologic modifiers of autophagy for enhancing the efficacy of radiotherapy. However, the outcome from the Phase I/II trials in many human malignancies has so far been equivocal. Such observations have not only precluded the advancement of these autophagy modifiers in the Phase III trial but have also raised concerns regarding their introduction as an adjuvant to radiotherapy. This warrants a thorough understanding of the biology of the cancer cells, including its spatio-temporal context, as well as its microenvironment all of which might be the crucial factors that determine the success of an autophagy modifier as an anticancer agent. This review captures the current understanding of the interplay between radiation induced autophagy and the biological responses to radiation damage as well as provides insight into the potentials and limitations of targeting autophagy for improving the radiotherapy of tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amrita Roy
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Academy Degree College (Autonomous), Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
- *Correspondence: Amrita Roy, ; ; Soumen Bera, ; ; Bilikere S. Dwarakanath, ;
| | - Soumen Bera
- B. S. Abdur Rahman Crescent Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, India
- Department of Pathology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
- *Correspondence: Amrita Roy, ; ; Soumen Bera, ; ; Bilikere S. Dwarakanath, ;
| | - Luciano Saso
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology "Vittorio Erspamer", Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Bilikere S. Dwarakanath
- Central Research Facility, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research Institute, Chennai, India
- *Correspondence: Amrita Roy, ; ; Soumen Bera, ; ; Bilikere S. Dwarakanath, ;
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Hypoxia-Induced Cancer Cell Responses Driving Radioresistance of Hypoxic Tumors: Approaches to Targeting and Radiosensitizing. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13051102. [PMID: 33806538 PMCID: PMC7961562 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13051102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 02/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Some regions of aggressive malignancies experience hypoxia due to inadequate blood supply. Cancer cells adapting to hypoxic conditions somehow become more resistant to radiation exposure and this decreases the efficacy of radiotherapy toward hypoxic tumors. The present review article helps clarify two intriguing points: why hypoxia-adapted cancer cells turn out radioresistant and how they can be rendered more radiosensitive. The critical molecular targets associated with intratumoral hypoxia and various approaches are here discussed which may be used for sensitizing hypoxic tumors to radiotherapy. Abstract Within aggressive malignancies, there usually are the “hypoxic zones”—poorly vascularized regions where tumor cells undergo oxygen deficiency through inadequate blood supply. Besides, hypoxia may arise in tumors as a result of antiangiogenic therapy or transarterial embolization. Adapting to hypoxia, tumor cells acquire a hypoxia-resistant phenotype with the characteristic alterations in signaling, gene expression and metabolism. Both the lack of oxygen by itself and the hypoxia-responsive phenotypic modulations render tumor cells more radioresistant, so that hypoxic tumors are a serious challenge for radiotherapy. An understanding of causes of the radioresistance of hypoxic tumors would help to develop novel ways for overcoming this challenge. Molecular targets for and various approaches to radiosensitizing hypoxic tumors are considered in the present review. It is here analyzed how the hypoxia-induced cellular responses involving hypoxia-inducible factor-1, heat shock transcription factor 1, heat shock proteins, glucose-regulated proteins, epigenetic regulators, autophagy, energy metabolism reprogramming, epithelial–mesenchymal transition and exosome generation contribute to the radioresistance of hypoxic tumors or may be inhibited for attenuating this radioresistance. The pretreatments with a multitarget inhibition of the cancer cell adaptation to hypoxia seem to be a promising approach to sensitizing hypoxic carcinomas, gliomas, lymphomas, sarcomas to radiotherapy and, also, liver tumors to radioembolization.
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He YH, Tian G. Autophagy as a Vital Therapy Target for Renal Cell Carcinoma. Front Pharmacol 2021; 11:518225. [PMID: 33643028 PMCID: PMC7902926 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.518225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a process that degrades and recycles superfluous organelles or damaged cellular contents. It has been found to have dual functions in renal cell carcinoma (RCC). Many autophagy-related proteins are regarded as prognostic markers of RCC. Researchers have attempted to explore synthetic and phytochemical drugs for RCC therapy that target autophagy. In this review, we highlight the importance of autophagy in RCC and potential treatments related to autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Hua He
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Guo Tian
- Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Intervention Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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Radovanović M, Džamić Z. Autophagy and renal cell carcinoma: What do we know so far? MEDICINSKI PODMLADAK 2021. [DOI: 10.5937/mp72-31557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is the most common type of kidney tumor in adults, accounting for approximately 90% of kidney malignances, occurring usually between the ages of 60 and 70. The 5-year overall survival rate for all RCC types is 49%. Since RCCs are resistant to numeorus different radio and chemotherapeutics that act via apoptosis induction, the development of new approaches to RCC treatment is still in the focus of modern urology. In particular, in recent years, autophagy in RCC has been widely studied as a mechanism of cell extinction through which tumor cells can overcome resistance to apoptosis activation therapy. Autophagy is often referred to as a double-edged sword because it can be a process that allows cells of cancer to survive and, on the other hand and under other conditions, it can be a cell dying mechanism, independent or closely related to other cell death modalities, like apoptosis and necrosis. The central role in the tempering of the process of autophagy, in general, belongs to the mTOR complex (mammalian target of rapamycin), which integrates numerous signals that affect autophagy, such as growth factors, nutrients, various stressors and the energy status of the cell. In RCC, the most important is PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway, since activation of this signaling leads to survival of tumor cells through mTOR activation and thus, autophagy inhibition. Up to now, it was found that autophagy markers such as Beclin-1 and LC3-II can be considered as prognostic markers for RCC since the high level of Beclin-1 was detected in tissues and cells of RCC (A498 and ACHN cell lines) and that tumor cell mobility is promoted by the up-regulated expression of LC3. Therefore, a progress in RCC therapy can be expected from the development and synthesis of specific compounds targeting autophagy, as well as the therapy based on their combination.
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Bouhamdani N, Comeau D, Coholan A, Cormier K, Turcotte S. Targeting lysosome function causes selective cytotoxicity in VHL-inactivated renal cell carcinomas. Carcinogenesis 2020; 41:828-840. [PMID: 31556451 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgz161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2019] [Revised: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The inactivation of the tumor suppressor gene, von Hippel-Lindau (VHL), has been identified as the earliest event in renal cell carcinoma (RCC) development. The loss of heterogeneity by chromosome 3p deletion followed by inactivating mutations on the second VHL copy are events present in close to 90% of patients. Our study illustrates a lysosomal vulnerability in VHL-inactivated RCC in vitro. By investigating the mechanism of action of the previously identified STF-62247, a small bioactive compound known for its selective cytotoxic properties towards VHL-defective models, we present the promising approach of targeting truncal-driven VHL inactivation through lysosome disruption. Furthermore, by analyzing the open platform for exploring cancer genomic data (cbioportal), we uncover the high alteration frequency of essential lysosomal and autophagic genes in sequenced biopsies from clear cell RCC patient primary tumors. By investigating lysosome physiology, we also identify VHL-inactivated cells' inability to maintain their lysosomes at the perinuclear localization in response to STF-62247-induced stress and accumulate cytoplasmic inclusion bodies in response to an inefficient lysosomal degradative capacity. Finally, by testing other known lysosomal-disrupting agents (LDAs), we show that these are selectively cytotoxic to cells lacking VHL functions. Our study builds a strong platform that could specifically link genetic clonal ccRCC evolution to lysosomal and trafficking vulnerabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Bouhamdani
- Chemistry and Biochemistry Department, Université de Moncton, Moncton, New-Brunswick, Canada.,Atlantic Cancer Research Institute, Moncton, New-Brunswick, Canada
| | - Dominique Comeau
- Department of Biology, Université de Moncton, Moncton, New-Brunswick, Canada
| | - Alexandre Coholan
- Chemistry and Biochemistry Department, Université de Moncton, Moncton, New-Brunswick, Canada.,Atlantic Cancer Research Institute, Moncton, New-Brunswick, Canada
| | - Kevin Cormier
- Chemistry and Biochemistry Department, Université de Moncton, Moncton, New-Brunswick, Canada.,Atlantic Cancer Research Institute, Moncton, New-Brunswick, Canada
| | - Sandra Turcotte
- Chemistry and Biochemistry Department, Université de Moncton, Moncton, New-Brunswick, Canada.,Atlantic Cancer Research Institute, Moncton, New-Brunswick, Canada
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Jin Q, Lin C, Zhu X, Cao Y, Guo C, Wang L. 125I seeds irradiation inhibits tumor growth and induces apoptosis by Ki-67, P21, survivin, livin and caspase-9 expression in lung carcinoma xenografts. Radiat Oncol 2020; 15:238. [PMID: 33059701 PMCID: PMC7559445 DOI: 10.1186/s13014-020-01682-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lung cancer is a fatal disease and a serious health problem worldwide. Patients are usually diagnosed at an advanced stage, and the effectiveness of chemotherapy for such patients is very limited. Iodine 125 seed (125I) irradiation can be used as an important adjuvant treatment for lung carcinoma. The purpose of this study was to examine the role of irradiation by 125I seeds in human lung cancer xenograft model and to determine the underlying mechanisms involved, with a focus on apoptosis. METHODS 40 mice with A549 lung adenocarcinoma xenografts were randomly divided into 4 groups: control group (n = 10), sham seed (0 mCi) implant group (n = 10), 125I seed (0.6 mCi) implant group (n = 10) and 125I seed (0.8 mCi) implant group (n = 10), respectively. The body weight and tumor volume, were recorded every 4 days until the end of the study. Apoptotic cells were checked by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay and activities of caspase-3 and caspase-8 enzyme were tested. Expression of P21, survivin, livin, caspase-9 and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (Ki-67) was detected with immunohistochemical staining. RESULTS The results of TUNEL staining assays showed that 125I seed irradiation suppresses the growth of lung cancer xenografts in nude mice and induced apoptosis. The activity of caspase-3 and caspase-8 was significantly higher. The expression levels Ki67, survivin and livin were substantially downregulated, while P21 and caspase-9 protein expression were significantly increased following 125I seed irradiation. This study revealed that 125I seed irradiation could significantly change apoptosis-related protein in human lung cancer xenografts. CONCLUSIONS Overall, our study demonstrates that radiation exposure by 125I seeds could be a new treatment option for lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Jin
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The 903th Hospital of PLA Joint Logistics Support Force, Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310013, China
| | - Cunzhi Lin
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266003, Shandong Province, China
| | - Xinhong Zhu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao, 266071, Shandong Province, China
| | - Yiwei Cao
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266003, Shandong Province, China
| | - Caihong Guo
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266003, Shandong Province, China
| | - Lijun Wang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266003, Shandong Province, China.
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Khan M, Zhao Z, Arooj S, Liao G. Impact of Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors (TKIs) Combined With Radiation Therapy for the Management of Brain Metastases From Renal Cell Carcinoma. Front Oncol 2020; 10:1246. [PMID: 32793497 PMCID: PMC7390930 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.01246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Targeted therapy has transformed the outcome for patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma. Their efficacy and safety have also been demonstrated in brain metastatic RCC. Preclinical evidence suggests synergism of radiation and tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Consequently, several studies have compared their efficacy in the treatment of RCC brain metastases to the era of brain management with surgery/radiation only. Objectives: We seek to systematically review and meta-analyze the results of those studies that involved comparative intervention groups of brain management; TKIs, and never used TKIs. Methods and Materials: Online databases (PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane library, and ClinicalTrials.gov) were searched for comparative studies. Overall survival as the primary outcome of interest, and local brain control, distant control, and adverse events as secondary outcomes of interest were recorded for meta-analysis. Hazard ratios were pooled together using Review Manager 5.3. Fixed effects or random effects model were adopted according to the level of heterogeneity. Subgroup analysis included studies that involved SRS as the local treatment of management. Results: Overall 7 studies (n = 897) were included for meta-analysis. TKI use was associated with better survival (HR 0.60 [0.52, 0.69], p < 0.00001) and local brain control (HR 0.34 [0.11, 0.98], p = 0.05). SRS subgroup also revealed significantly better survival (HR 0.61 [0.44, 0.83], p = 0.002) and local brain control (HR 0.19 [0.08, 0.45], p = 0.0002). Distant brain control (HR 0.95 [0.67, 1.35], p = 0.79) and brain progression free survival were unaffected (HR 0.94 [0.56, 1.56], p = 0.80). Only one study (n = 376) reported significantly greater 12-months cumulative incidence of radiation necrosis with TKI use within 30 days of SRS (10.9 vs. 6.4%, p = 0.04). Conclusions: TKIs use in combination with SRS is safe and effective for treating RCC brain metastases. Larger randomized controlled trials are warranted to validate the results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Khan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shenzhen People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China.,Department of Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Zhihong Zhao
- Department of Nephrology, Shenzhen People's Hospital, Second Clinical Medicine Centre, Jinan University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Sumbal Arooj
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Sialkot, Sialkot, Pakistan
| | - Guixiang Liao
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shenzhen People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
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13
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Jones TM, Carew JS, Nawrocki ST. Therapeutic Targeting of Autophagy for Renal Cell Carcinoma Therapy. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E1185. [PMID: 32392870 PMCID: PMC7281213 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12051185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 05/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Kidney cancer is the 7th most prevalent form of cancer in the United States with the vast majority of cases being classified as renal cell carcinoma (RCC). Multiple targeted therapies have been developed to treat RCC, but efficacy and resistance remain a challenge. In recent years, the modulation of autophagy has been shown to augment the cytotoxicity of approved RCC therapeutics and overcome drug resistance. Inhibition of autophagy blocks a key nutrient recycling process that cancer cells utilize for cell survival following periods of stress including chemotherapeutic treatment. Classic autophagy inhibitors such as chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine have been introduced into phase I/II clinical trials, while more experimental compounds are moving forward in preclinical development. Here we examine the current state and future directions of targeting autophagy to improve the efficacy of RCC therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Steffan T. Nawrocki
- Division of Translational and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine and The University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA; (T.M.J.); (J.S.C.)
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14
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Kinzler MN, Zielke S, Kardo S, Meyer N, Kögel D, van Wijk SJL, Fulda S. STF-62247 and pimozide induce autophagy and autophagic cell death in mouse embryonic fibroblasts. Sci Rep 2020; 10:687. [PMID: 31959760 PMCID: PMC6971264 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-56990-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Induction of autophagy can have beneficial effects in several human diseases, e.g. cancer and neurodegenerative diseases (ND). Here, we therefore evaluated the potential of two novel autophagy-inducing compounds, i.e. STF-62247 and pimozide, to stimulate autophagy as well as autophagic cell death (ACD) using mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) as a cellular model. Importantly, both STF-62247 and pimozide triggered several hallmarks of autophagy in MEFs, i.e. enhanced levels of LC3B-II protein, its accumulation at distinct cytosolic sites and increase of the autophagic flux. Intriguingly, autophagy induction by STF-62247 and pimozide resulted in cell death that was significantly reduced in ATG5- or ATG7-deficient MEFs. Consistent with ACD induction, pharmacological inhibitors of apoptosis, necroptosis or ferroptosis failed to protect MEFs from STF-62247- or pimozide-triggered cell death. Interestingly, at subtoxic concentrations, pimozide stimulated fragmentation of the mitochondrial network, degradation of mitochondrial proteins (i.e. mitofusin-2 and cytochrome c oxidase IV (COXIV)) as well as a decrease of the mitochondrial mass, indicative of autophagic degradation of mitochondria by pimozide. In conclusion, this study provides novel insights into the induction of selective autophagy as well as ACD by STF-62247 and pimozide in MEFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian N Kinzler
- Institute for Experimental Cancer Research in Pediatrics, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Komturstr. 3a, 60528, Frankfurt, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Svenja Zielke
- Institute for Experimental Cancer Research in Pediatrics, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Komturstr. 3a, 60528, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Simon Kardo
- Institute for Experimental Cancer Research in Pediatrics, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Komturstr. 3a, 60528, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Nina Meyer
- Experimental Neurosurgery, Goethe-University Hospital, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Donat Kögel
- Experimental Neurosurgery, Goethe-University Hospital, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Sjoerd J L van Wijk
- Institute for Experimental Cancer Research in Pediatrics, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Komturstr. 3a, 60528, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Simone Fulda
- Institute for Experimental Cancer Research in Pediatrics, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Komturstr. 3a, 60528, Frankfurt, Germany.
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany.
- German Cancer Research Centre (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.
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15
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Göttgens EL, Bussink J, Leszczynska KB, Peters H, Span PN, Hammond EM. Inhibition of CDK4/CDK6 Enhances Radiosensitivity of HPV Negative Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinomas. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2019; 105:548-558. [PMID: 31271827 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2019.06.2531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Revised: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Human papillomavirus negative (HPV-ve) head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) has a poor prognosis compared with HPV+ve HNSCCs. Expression of p16 in HPV+ve HNSCC is thought to mediate radiosensitivity via inhibition of cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) 4/6. We used a clinically approved CDK4/CDK6 inhibitor, palbociclib, and assessed its effect on radiosensitivity in HNSCC. METHODS AND MATERIALS The effect of palbociclib on radiosensitivity was determined in HPV-ve and HPV+ve HNSCC cell lines using colony survival assays, immunofluorescent staining of repair proteins, homologous recombination assays, cell cycle, and metaphase spread analyses. RESULTS Only HPV-ve HNSCC cells were radiosensitized by palbociclib, which also occurred at hypoxic levels associated with radioresistance. Palbociclib led to decreased induction of BRCA1 and RAD51 after irradiation. Homologous recombination was diminished and repair of radiation-induced DNA damage was delayed in the presence of palbociclib, leading to increased chromosomal damage. Failure to repair radiation-induced damage led to cell death as a result of mitotic catastrophe. CONCLUSIONS Here, we highlight a therapeutic strategy to improve the radiosensitivity of HPV-ve HNSCC, a patient group that has an unmet and urgent need for improved radiation therapy efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva-Leonne Göttgens
- Radiotherapy and OncoImmunology Laboratory, Department of Radiation Oncology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; CRUK/MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Johan Bussink
- Radiotherapy and OncoImmunology Laboratory, Department of Radiation Oncology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Katarzyna B Leszczynska
- CRUK/MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Hans Peters
- Radiotherapy and OncoImmunology Laboratory, Department of Radiation Oncology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Paul N Span
- Radiotherapy and OncoImmunology Laboratory, Department of Radiation Oncology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Ester M Hammond
- CRUK/MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.
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16
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Lai Y, Zeng T, Liang X, Wu W, Zhong F, Wu W. Cell death-related molecules and biomarkers for renal cell carcinoma targeted therapy. Cancer Cell Int 2019; 19:221. [PMID: 31462894 PMCID: PMC6708252 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-019-0939-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is not sensitive to conventional radio- and chemotherapies and is at least partially resistant to impairments in cell death-related signaling pathways. The hallmarks of RCC formation include diverse signaling pathways, such as maintenance of proliferation, cell death resistance, angiogenesis induction, immune destruction avoidance, and DNA repair. RCC diagnosed during the early stage has the possibility of cure with surgery. For metastatic RCC (mRCC), molecular targeted therapy, especially antiangiogenic therapy (e.g., tyrosine kinase inhibitors, TKIs, such as sunitinib), is one of the main partially effective therapeutics. Various forms of cell death that may be associated with the resistance to targeted therapy because of the crosstalk between targeted therapy and cell death resistance pathways were originally defined and differentiated into apoptosis, necroptosis, pyroptosis, ferroptosis and autophagic cell death based on cellular morphology. Particularly, as a new form of cell death, T cell-induced cell death by immune checkpoint inhibitors expands the treatment options beyond the current targeted therapy. Here, we provide an overview of cell death-related molecules and biomarkers for the progression, prognosis and treatment of mRCC by targeted therapy, with a focus on apoptosis and T cell-induced cell death, as well as other forms of cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongchang Lai
- Department of Urology, Minimally Invasive Surgery Center, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Urology, Guangzhou Urology Research Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Kangda Road 1#, Haizhu District, Guangzhou, 510230 Guangdong China
| | - Tao Zeng
- Department of Urology, Minimally Invasive Surgery Center, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Urology, Guangzhou Urology Research Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Kangda Road 1#, Haizhu District, Guangzhou, 510230 Guangdong China
| | - Xiongfa Liang
- Department of Urology, Minimally Invasive Surgery Center, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Urology, Guangzhou Urology Research Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Kangda Road 1#, Haizhu District, Guangzhou, 510230 Guangdong China
| | - Weizou Wu
- Department of Urology, Minimally Invasive Surgery Center, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Urology, Guangzhou Urology Research Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Kangda Road 1#, Haizhu District, Guangzhou, 510230 Guangdong China
| | - Fangling Zhong
- Department of Urology, Minimally Invasive Surgery Center, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Urology, Guangzhou Urology Research Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Kangda Road 1#, Haizhu District, Guangzhou, 510230 Guangdong China
| | - Wenqi Wu
- Department of Urology, Minimally Invasive Surgery Center, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Urology, Guangzhou Urology Research Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Kangda Road 1#, Haizhu District, Guangzhou, 510230 Guangdong China
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17
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Radiotherapy for Brain Metastases From Renal Cell Carcinoma in the Targeted Therapy Era: The University of Rochester Experience. Am J Clin Oncol 2017; 40:439-443. [PMID: 25730604 DOI: 10.1097/coc.0000000000000186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Radiotherapy remains the standard approach for brain metastases from renal cell carcinoma (RCC). Kinase inhibitors (KI) have become standard of care for metastatic RCC. They also increase the radiosensitivity of various tumor types in preclinical models. Data are lacking regarding the effect of KIs among RCC patients undergoing radiotherapy for brain metastases. We report our experience of radiotherapy for brain metastatic RCC in the era of targeted therapy and analyzed effects of concurrent KI therapy. METHODS We retrospectively analyzed 25 consecutive patients who received radiotherapy for brain metastases from RCC with whole-brain radiotherapy (WBRT), stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS), or both. Kaplan-Meier rates of overall survival (OS) and brain progression-free survival (BPFS) were calculated and univariate analyses performed. RESULTS Lower diagnosis-specific graded prognostic assessment (DS-GPA) score and multiple intracranial metastases were associated with decreased OS and BPFS on univariate analysis; DS-GPA is also a prognostic factor on multivariate analysis. There was no significant difference in OS or BPFS for SRS compared with WBRT or WBRT and SRS combined. The concurrent use of KI was not associated with any change in OS or BPFS. CONCLUSIONS This hypothesis-generating analysis suggests among patients with brain metastatic RCC treated with the most current therapies, those selected to undergo SRS did not experience significantly different survival or control outcomes than those selected to undergo WBRT. From our experience to date, limited in patient numbers, there seems to be neither harm nor benefit in using concurrent KI therapy during radiotherapy. Given that most patients progress systemically, we would recommend considering KI use during brain radiotherapy in these patients.
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18
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Xin Y, Jiang F, Yang C, Yan Q, Guo W, Huang Q, Zhang L, Jiang G. Role of autophagy in regulating the radiosensitivity of tumor cells. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2017; 143:2147-2157. [DOI: 10.1007/s00432-017-2487-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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19
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Role of Radiotherapy in the Treatment of Renal Cell Cancer: Updated and Critical Review. TUMORI JOURNAL 2017; 103:504-510. [DOI: 10.5301/tj.5000640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Purpose The growing incidence of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) raises many questions about the management of these patients. The late clinical presentation, the presence of locally advanced or metastatic disease at diagnosis, the difficulty of radical surgical excision, and radioresistance make it one of the more challenging tumors to treat. The primary objective of this article is to propose an updated and critical review of the role of radiotherapy (RT) in the treatment of RCC. Methods This literature review is based on data from meta-analyses and randomized, prospective, and retrospective studies. We collected reports from 1970 to the present about preoperative RT, postoperative RT, stereotactic body RT, radiosurgery, and intraoperative RT in locally advanced renal cancer and in metastatic diseases. Results We emphasize the progress made in RT technology that allowed the creation of a more personalized and focused treatment with a minimum rate of complications. Conclusions In the coming years, new studies will be published to confirm and increase the indications for use of RT.
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20
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Leszczynska KB, Dobrynin G, Leslie RE, Ient J, Boumelha AJ, Senra JM, Hawkins MA, Maughan T, Mukherjee S, Hammond EM. Preclinical testing of an Atr inhibitor demonstrates improved response to standard therapies for esophageal cancer. Radiother Oncol 2016; 121:232-238. [PMID: 27839769 PMCID: PMC5154234 DOI: 10.1016/j.radonc.2016.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2016] [Revised: 09/22/2016] [Accepted: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Esophageal cancer has a persistently low 5-year survival rate and has recently been classified as a cancer of unmet need by Cancer Research UK. Consequently, new approaches to therapy are urgently required. Here, we tested the hypothesis that an ATR inhibitor, VX-970, used in combination with standard therapies for esophageal cancer could improve treatment outcome. MATERIAL AND METHODS Using esophageal cancer cell lines we evaluated the efficacy of combining VX-970 with cisplatin and carboplatin in vitro and with radiation in vitro and in vivo. Radiation experiments were also carried out in hypoxic conditions to mimic the tumor microenvironment. RESULTS Combining VX-970 with cisplatin, carboplatin and radiation increased tumor cell kill in vitro. A significant tumor growth delay was observed when VX-970 was combined with radiotherapy in vivo. CONCLUSIONS VX-970 is an effective chemo/radiosensitizer which could be readily integrated in the current treatment paradigm to improve the treatment response in esophageal cancer and we plan to test it prospectively in the forthcoming phase I dose escalation safety study combining the ATR inhibitor VX-970 with chemoradiotherapy in esophageal cancer (EudraCT number: 2015-003965-27).
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna B Leszczynska
- Cancer Research UK and Medical Research Council Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, The University of Oxford, UK
| | - Greg Dobrynin
- Cancer Research UK and Medical Research Council Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, The University of Oxford, UK
| | - Rhea E Leslie
- Cancer Research UK and Medical Research Council Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, The University of Oxford, UK
| | - Jonathan Ient
- Cancer Research UK and Medical Research Council Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, The University of Oxford, UK
| | - Adam J Boumelha
- Cancer Research UK and Medical Research Council Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, The University of Oxford, UK
| | - Joana M Senra
- Cancer Research UK and Medical Research Council Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, The University of Oxford, UK
| | - Maria A Hawkins
- Cancer Research UK and Medical Research Council Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, The University of Oxford, UK
| | - Tim Maughan
- Cancer Research UK and Medical Research Council Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, The University of Oxford, UK
| | - Somnath Mukherjee
- Cancer Research UK and Medical Research Council Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, The University of Oxford, UK
| | - Ester M Hammond
- Cancer Research UK and Medical Research Council Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, The University of Oxford, UK.
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21
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Liu S, Wang X, Lu J, Han L, Zhang Y, Liu Z, Ding S, Liu Z, Bi D, Niu Z. Ubenimex enhances the radiosensitivity of renal cell carcinoma cells by inducing autophagic cell death. Oncol Lett 2016; 12:3403-3410. [PMID: 27900012 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2016.5036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 06/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is resistant to standard radiotherapy. Ubenimex, an aminopeptidase N inhibitor, is widely used as an adjunct therapy after surgery to enhance the function of immunocompetent cells and confer antitumor effects. Our previous study demonstrated that ubenimex induces autophagic cell death in RCC cells. Recently, the molecular mechanism of autophagy induction has been associated with radiosensitivity in RCC cells. In the present study, the ability of ubenimex to enhance RCC cell sensitivity to radiation via the induction of autophagic cell death was determined, and the mechanism of action of this effect was investigated. The 786-O and OS-RC-2 human RCC cell lines were treated with 0.5 mg/ml ubenimex and different doses of irradiation (IR). The cell viability was measured using a colony-formation assay and flow cytometry. Acridine orange (AO)-ethidium bromide (EB) staining was assessed by fluorescence microscopy as an indicator of autophagic cell death. Protein expression was assessed by western blotting. Autophagosomes were evaluated using transmission electron microscopy. RCC cells were used to evaluate the sensitivity to radiation using clonogenic survival and lactate dehydrogenase assays. Furthermore, these parameters were also tested at physiological oxygen levels. The AO-EB staining and flow cytometry of the OS-RC-2 cells indicated that the combined treatment significantly enhanced autophagic cell death compared with ubenimex or IR alone. Therefore, treatment with ubenimex did not significantly alter cell cycle progression but increased cell death when combined with radiation. An Akt agonist could significantly weaken this effect, indicating that ubenimex may act as an Akt inhibitor. Furthermore, the western blot analysis indicated that the combined treatment inhibited the Akt signaling pathway compared with ubenimex treatment or IR alone. Ubenimex may enhance RCC cell sensitivity to radiation by inducing cell autophagy. This induction changes the role of autophagy from protective to lethal in vitro, and this switch is associated with the inhibition of the Akt signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Liu
- Department of Urology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoqing Wang
- Department of Urology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, P.R. China
| | - Jiaju Lu
- Department of Urology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, P.R. China
| | - Liping Han
- Department of Neurology, Shandong Police Hospital, Jinan, Shandong 250021, P.R. China
| | - Yongfei Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250000, P.R. China
| | - Zheng Liu
- Department of Urology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, P.R. China
| | - Sentai Ding
- Department of Urology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, P.R. China
| | - Zhao Liu
- Department of Urology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, P.R. China
| | - Dongbin Bi
- Department of Urology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, P.R. China
| | - Zhihong Niu
- Department of Urology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, P.R. China
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22
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Zhao Q, Wang Z, Wang Z, Wu L, Zhang W. Aspirin may inhibit angiogenesis and induce autophagy by inhibiting mTOR signaling pathway in murine hepatocarcinoma and sarcoma models. Oncol Lett 2016; 12:2804-2810. [PMID: 27698862 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2016.5017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 06/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Aspirin is known to have inhibitory effects on growth development in various types of tumor. In previous studies, it was observed to inhibit angiogenesis by downregulating the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF-A). In the present study, murine H22 hepatocarcinoma and S180 sarcoma models were used to ascertain whether aspirin could inhibit angiogenesis and promote autophagy in tumors. Tumor-bearing mice were randomly divided into four groups with 10 mice per group: i) no treatment; ii) low-dose aspirin (100 mg/kg); iii) high-dose aspirin (400 mg/kg); iv) everolimus group (4 mg/kg). The effects of high-dose aspirin were validated through preliminary experiments. The drug treatment was administered every day for 14 days. The tumor size was measured every other day and then the tumor growth curve was plotted, and the tumor inhibitory rates were calculated. The expression levels of phosphorylated mammalian target of rapamycin (p-mTOR), hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α), VEGF-A, UNC-51-like kinase-1 (ULK1) and microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3A (LC3A) were detected by immunohistochemistry and western blot analysis, respectively. We observed that tumor growth delay was achieved in both H22 hepatocarcinoma and S180 sarcoma models following treatment with aspirin. The tumor growth inhibition rates induced by low and high-dose aspirin and everolimus were 19.6, 33.6 and 53.7% (P<0.05) in H22 hepatocarcinoma, and 25.7, 40.6 and 48.7% (P<0.05) in S180 sarcoma. The immunohistochemistry and western blot analysis data from the models revealed that the expression of p-mTOR, HIF-1α and VEGF-A was decreased, while the expression of ULK1 and LC3A was increased following treatment with aspirin and everolimus. The changes were more apparent in the high-dose aspirin and everolimus groups (P<0.01). The inhibitory action of aspirin and everolimus on tumor angiogenesis may be through inhibiting the expression of p-mTOR, HIF-1α and VEGF-A. Alternatively, aspirin may induce autophagy by inhibiting the mTOR signaling target and then increasing ULK1 and LC3A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianqian Zhao
- Key Laboratory for Modern Medicine and Technology of Shandong, Institute of Basic Medicine, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong 250062, P.R. China; School of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Jinan, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong 250062, P.R. China
| | - Zhaopeng Wang
- Key Laboratory for Modern Medicine and Technology of Shandong, Institute of Basic Medicine, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong 250062, P.R. China
| | - Zhaoxia Wang
- Key Laboratory for Modern Medicine and Technology of Shandong, Institute of Basic Medicine, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong 250062, P.R. China
| | - Licun Wu
- Latner Thoracic Surgery Research Laboratories and Division of Thoracic Surgery, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Weidong Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Modern Medicine and Technology of Shandong, Institute of Basic Medicine, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong 250062, P.R. China
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23
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Yin L, Liu S, Li C, Ding S, Bi D, Niu Z, Han L, Li W, Gao D, Liu Z, Lu J. CYLD downregulates Livin and synergistically improves gemcitabine chemosensitivity and decreases migratory/invasive potential in bladder cancer: the effect is autophagy-associated. Tumour Biol 2016; 37:12731-12742. [PMID: 27448305 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-016-5157-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Although GC (gemcitabine and cisplatin) chemotherapy remains an effective method for treating bladder cancer (BCa), chemoresistance is a major obstacle in chemotherapy. In this study, we determined whether gemcitabine resistance correlates with migratory/invasive potential in BCa and whether this relationship is regulated by the cylindromatosis (CYLD)-Livin module. First, we independently investigated the correlation of CYLD/Livin and gemcitabine resistance with the potential for tumor migration and invasiveness. Second, we found that co-transfected CYLD and Livin dramatically improved sensitivity to gemcitabine chemotherapy and decreased migration/invasion potential. Next, we determined that CYLD may regulate Livin by the NF-κB-dependent pathway. We also found that CYLD overexpression and Livin knockdown might improve gemcitabine chemosensitivity by decreasing autophagy and increasing apoptosis in BCa cells. Finally, the effects of CYLD-Livin on tumor growth in vivo were evaluated. Our study demonstrates that CYLD-Livin might represent a potential therapeutic for chemoresistant BCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Yin
- Department of Urology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jingwu Road, No 324, Jinan, 250021, Shandong, China
| | - Shuai Liu
- Department of Urology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jingwu Road, No 324, Jinan, 250021, Shandong, China
| | - Chensheng Li
- Department of Digestive Diseases, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, 250021, China
| | - Sentai Ding
- Department of Urology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jingwu Road, No 324, Jinan, 250021, Shandong, China
| | - Dongbin Bi
- Department of Urology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jingwu Road, No 324, Jinan, 250021, Shandong, China
| | - Zhihong Niu
- Department of Urology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jingwu Road, No 324, Jinan, 250021, Shandong, China
| | - Liping Han
- Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, 250014, China
| | - Wenjia Li
- Shandong University, Jinan, 250000, China
| | - Dexuan Gao
- Department of Urology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jingwu Road, No 324, Jinan, 250021, Shandong, China
| | - Zheng Liu
- Department of Urology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jingwu Road, No 324, Jinan, 250021, Shandong, China
| | - Jiaju Lu
- Department of Urology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jingwu Road, No 324, Jinan, 250021, Shandong, China.
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Abstract
Many common renal insults such as ischemia and toxic injury primarily target the tubular epithelial cells, especially the highly metabolically active proximal tubular segment. Tubular epithelial cells are particularly dependent on autophagy to maintain homeostasis and respond to stressors. The pattern of autophagy in the kidney has a unique spatial and chronologic signature. Recent evidence has shown that there is complex cross-talk between autophagy and various cell death pathways. This review specifically discusses the interplay between autophagy and cell death in the renal tubular epithelia. It is imperative to review this topic because recent discoveries have improved our mechanistic understanding of the autophagic process and have highlighted its broad clinical applications, making autophagy a major target for drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Havasi
- Department of Nephrology, Boston University Medical Center, Boston, MA.
| | - Zheng Dong
- Department of Nephrology, Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China; Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia and Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA
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Ondrej M, Cechakova L, Durisova K, Pejchal J, Tichy A. To live or let die: Unclear task of autophagy in the radiosensitization battle. Radiother Oncol 2016; 119:265-75. [PMID: 26993419 DOI: 10.1016/j.radonc.2016.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Revised: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Radiation-induced autophagy is believed to represent a radioprotective mechanism of cancer cells. Thus, its inhibition should support radiation treatment and increase its efficacy. On the other hand, there is evidence that radiation alone or in combination with various chemical agents can induce autophagy that results into increased cell death, especially within transformed apoptosis-resistant cells. In this paper, besides description of autophagic process and its relation to cancer and radiotherapy, we compared two contradictory radiosensitization approaches that employ inhibition and induction of autophagy. In spite of the classical concept based on cytoprotective model, there is a plethora of recently developed inducers of autophagy, which indicates the future trend in radiosensitization via modulation of autophagy. Because contemporary literature is conflicting and inconsistent in this respect, we reviewed the recent studies focused on enhancement of sensitivity of cancer cells toward radiation in regard to autophagy, revealing some striking discrepancies. The deeper the knowledge, the more complex this situation is. To interpret results of various studies correctly one has to take into account the methodology of autophagy assessment and also the fact that radiosensitization might be mediated by other than intrinsic mechanisms related to autophagy. Notwithstanding, targeting autophagy remains an attractive anti-tumor strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Ondrej
- Department of Radiobiology, Faculty of Military Health Sciences in Hradec Kralove, University of Defense in Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Cechakova
- Department of Radiobiology, Faculty of Military Health Sciences in Hradec Kralove, University of Defense in Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Kamila Durisova
- Department of Radiobiology, Faculty of Military Health Sciences in Hradec Kralove, University of Defense in Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jaroslav Pejchal
- Department of Radiobiology, Faculty of Military Health Sciences in Hradec Kralove, University of Defense in Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ales Tichy
- Department of Radiobiology, Faculty of Military Health Sciences in Hradec Kralove, University of Defense in Brno, Czech Republic; Centre of Biomedical Research, University Hospital, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
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26
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The autophagy-related protein LC3 is processed in stallion spermatozoa during short-and long-term storage and the related stressful conditions. Animal 2016; 10:1182-91. [PMID: 26932581 DOI: 10.1017/s1751731116000240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Use of cooled and frozen semen is becoming increasingly prevalent in the equine industry. However, these procedures cause harmful effects in the sperm cell resulting in reduced cell lifespan and fertility rates. Apoptosis and necrosis-related events are increased during semen cryopreservation. However, a third type of cell death, named autophagy, has not been studied during equine semen storage. Light chain (LC)3 protein is a key component of the autophagy pathway. Under autophagy activation, LC3-I is lipidated and converted to LC3-II. The ratio of LC3-II/LC3-I is widely used as a marker of autophagy activation. The main objective of this study was to investigate whether LC3 is processed during cooling, freezing and the stressful conditions associated with these technologies. A secondary objective was to determine if LC3 processing can be modulated and if that may improve the quality of cryopreserved semen. LC3 processing was studied by Western blot with a specific antibody that recognized both LC3-I and LC3-II. Viability was assessed by flow cytometry. Modulation of LC3-I to LC3-II was studied with known autophagy activators (STF-62247 and rapamycin) or inhibitors (chloroquine and 3-MA) used in somatic cells. The results showed that conversion of LC3-I to LC3-II increased significantly during cooling at 4°C, freezing/thawing and each of the stressful conditions tested (UV radiation, oxidative stress, osmotic stress and changes in temperature). STF-62247 and rapamycin increased the LC3-II/LC3-I ratio and decreased the viability of equine sperm, whereas chloroquine and 3-MA inhibited LC3 processing and maintained the percentage of viable cells after 2 h of incubation at 37°C. Finally, refrigeration at 4°C for 96 h and freezing at -196°C in the presence of chloroquine and 3-MA resulted in higher percentages of viable cells. In conclusion, results showed that an 'autophagy-like' mechanism may be involved in the regulation of sperm viability during equine semen cryopreservation. Modulation of autophagy during these reproductive technologies may result in an improvement of semen quality and therefore in higher fertility rates.
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Brincks EL, Kucaba TA, James BR, Murphy KA, Schwertfeger KL, Sangwan V, Banerjee S, Saluja AK, Griffith TS. Triptolide enhances the tumoricidal activity of TRAIL against renal cell carcinoma. FEBS J 2015; 282:4747-4765. [PMID: 26426449 DOI: 10.1111/febs.13532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2015] [Revised: 08/19/2015] [Accepted: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is resistant to traditional cancer therapies, and metastatic RCC (mRCC) is incurable. The shortcomings in current therapeutic options for patients with mRCC provide the rationale for the development of novel treatment protocols. Tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) has proven to be a potent inducer of tumor cell death in vitro and in vivo, and a number of TRAIL death receptor agonists (recombinant TRAIL or TRAIL death receptor-specific mAb) have been developed and tested clinically. Unfortunately the clinical efficacy of TRAIL has been underwhelming and is likely due to a number of possible mechanisms that render tumors resistant to TRAIL, prompting the search for drugs that increase tumor cell susceptibility to TRAIL. The objective of this study was to determine the effectiveness of combining the diterpene triepoxide triptolide, or its water-soluble prodrug, Minnelide, with TRAIL receptor agonists against RCC in vitro or in vivo, respectively. TRAIL-induced apoptotic death of human RCC cells was increased in the presence of triptolide. The triptolide-induced sensitization was accompanied by increased TRAIL-R2 (DR5) and decreased heat shock protein 70 expression. In vivo treatment of mice bearing orthotopic RCC (Renca) tumors showed the combination of Minnelide and agonistic anti-DR5 mAb significantly decreased tumor burden and increased animal survival compared to either therapy alone. Our data suggest triptolide/Minnelide sensitizes RCC cells to TRAIL-induced apoptosis through altered TRAIL death receptor and heat shock protein expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik L Brincks
- Department of Urology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Tamara A Kucaba
- Department of Urology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Britnie R James
- Department of Urology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | | | - Kathryn L Schwertfeger
- Department of Lab Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455.,Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology Graduate Program, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455.,Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Veena Sangwan
- Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Sulagna Banerjee
- Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Ashok K Saluja
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455.,Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Thomas S Griffith
- Department of Urology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455.,Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology Graduate Program, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455.,Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455.,Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
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28
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Anbalagan S, Biasoli D, Leszczynska KB, Mukherjee S, Hammond EM. In Vitro Radiosensitization of Esophageal Cancer Cells with the Aminopeptidase Inhibitor CHR-2797. Radiat Res 2015; 184:259-65. [PMID: 26291737 DOI: 10.1667/rr14150.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
With the increased incidence of esophageal cancer, chemoradiotherapy continues to play an important role in the management of this disease. Developing potent radiosensitizers is therefore critical for improving outcomes. The use of drugs that have already undergone clinical testing is an appealing approach once the side effects and tolerated doses are established. Here, we demonstrate that the aminopeptidase inhibitor, CHR-2797/tosedostat, increases the radiosensitivity of esophageal cancer cell lines (FLO-1 and OE21) in vitro in both normoxic and physiologically relevant low oxygen conditions. To our knowledge, the effective combination of CHR-2797 with radiation exposure has not been reported previously in any cancer cell type. The mechanism of increased radiosensitivity was not dependent on the induction of DNA damage or DNA repair kinetics. Our data support the need for further preclinical testing of CHR-2797 in combination with radiotherapy for the treatment of esophageal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selvakumar Anbalagan
- CR-UK/MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, United Kingdom
| | - Deborah Biasoli
- CR-UK/MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, United Kingdom
| | - Katarzyna B Leszczynska
- CR-UK/MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, United Kingdom
| | - Somnath Mukherjee
- CR-UK/MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, United Kingdom
| | - Ester M Hammond
- CR-UK/MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, United Kingdom
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29
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Zhang Q, Si S, Schoen S, Jin XB, Chen J, Wu G. Folliculin Deficient Renal Cancer Cells Show Higher Radiosensitivity through Autophagic Cell Death. J Urol 2014; 191:1880-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.juro.2014.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qi Zhang
- Minimally Invasive Urology Center, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, People's Republic of China
- Department of Urology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York
| | - Shuhui Si
- Department of Urology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York
| | - Sue Schoen
- Department of Urology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York
| | - Xun-Bo Jin
- Minimally Invasive Urology Center, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jindong Chen
- Department of Urology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York
| | - Guan Wu
- Department of Urology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York
- Department of Pathology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York
- Wilmot Cancer Center, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York
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30
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Jin X, Liu Y, Ye F, Liu X, Furusawa Y, Wu Q, Li F, Zheng X, Dai Z, Li Q. Role of autophagy in high linear energy transfer radiation-induced cytotoxicity to tumor cells. Cancer Sci 2014; 105:770-8. [PMID: 24731006 PMCID: PMC4317928 DOI: 10.1111/cas.12422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2014] [Revised: 04/09/2014] [Accepted: 04/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Heavy-ion radiotherapy has a potential advantage over conventional radiotherapy due to improved dose distribution and a higher biological effectiveness in cancer therapy. However, there is a little information currently available on the cellular and molecular basis for heavy-ion irradiation-induced cell death. Autophagy, as a novel important target to improve anticancer therapy, has recently attracted considerable attention. In this study, the effect of autophagy induced by high linear energy transfer (LET) carbon ions was examined in various tumor cell lines. To our knowledge, our study is the first to reveal that high-LET carbon ions could induce autophagy in various tumor cells effectively, and the autophagic level in the irradiated cells increased in a dose- and LET-dependent manner. The ability of carbon ions to inhibit the activation of the PI3K/Akt pathway rose with increasing their LET. Moreover, modulation of autophagy in tumor cells could modify their sensitivity to high-LET radiation, and inhibiting autophagy accelerated apoptotic cell death, resulting in an increase in radiosensitivity. Our data imply that targeting autophagy might enhance the effectiveness of heavy-ion radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodong Jin
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Heavy Ion Radiation Biology and Medicine, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China
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31
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Wang Z, Han W, Sui X, Fang Y, Pan H. Autophagy: A novel therapeutic target for hepatocarcinoma (Review). Oncol Lett 2014; 7:1345-1351. [PMID: 24765136 PMCID: PMC3997714 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2014.1916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2014] [Accepted: 01/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a highly conserved intracellular degradation process and plays an important role in hepatocarcinogenesis. Available data show that autophagy is involved in anti-hepatocarcinoma (HCC) therapies. Autophagy regulation involves a novel target for overcoming therapeutic resistance and sensitizing HCC to currently therapeutic methods. This is a systematic review on the interface of autophagy and the development of HCC and outlining the role of autophagy in current anti-HCC approaches. Understanding the significance of autophagy in anti-HCC therapy may offer a novel therapeutic target for improving anti-cancer efficacy and prolong survival for HCC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhanggui Wang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310016, P.R. China
| | - Weidong Han
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310016, P.R. China
| | - Xinbing Sui
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310016, P.R. China
| | - Yong Fang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310016, P.R. China
| | - Hongming Pan
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310016, P.R. China
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32
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Yang Z, Xu Y, Xu L, Maccauro G, Rossi B, Chen Y, Li H, Zhang J, Sun H, Yang Y, Xu D, Liu X. Regulation of autophagy via PERK-eIF2α effectively relieve the radiation myelitis induced by iodine-125. PLoS One 2013; 8:e76819. [PMID: 24223705 PMCID: PMC3818370 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0076819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Accepted: 08/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiation myelitis is the most serious complication in clinical radiotherapy for spinal metastases. We previously showed that 125I brachytherapy induced apoptosis of spinal cord neurons accompanied by autophagy. In this study, we further investigated the mechanism by which 125I radiation triggered autophagy in neural cells. We found that autophagy induced by 125I radiation was involved in endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and mainly dependent on PERK-eIF2α pathway. The expressions of LC3II, ATG12 and PI3K were significantly suppressed in PERK knockout neural cells. Meanwhile, the expressions of phosphorylated-Akt s473 and caspase3/8 all significantly increased in neural cells transfected with a PERK siRNA and which enhanced apoptosis of neurons after 125I radiation. The results were consistent with that by MTT and Annexin-FITC/PT staining. In annimal model of banna pigs with radiation myelitis caused by 125I brachytherapy, we have successfully decreased PERK expression by intrathecal administration of the lentivirus vector. The apoptosis rate was significantly higher than that in control group and which deteriorated radiation myelitis of banna pigs. Thus, autophagy caused by 125I radiation was mainly as an attempt of cell survival at an early stage, but it would be a self-destructive process and promoted the process of apoptosis and necrosis radiated by 125I for more than 72 hours. The study would be useful and helpful to maximize efficiency of radiation therapy in clinical therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuozhang Yang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Kunming General Hospital of Chengdu Military Command, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, P. R. China
- Department of Orthopaedic Oncology, Agostino Gemelli Hospital, Catholic University of Rome, Largo Francesco Vito 1, Rome, Italy
- * E-mail:
| | - Yongqing Xu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Kunming General Hospital of Chengdu Military Command, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, P. R. China
| | - Lei Xu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Kunming General Hospital of Chengdu Military Command, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, P. R. China
| | - Giulio Maccauro
- Department of Orthopaedic Oncology, Agostino Gemelli Hospital, Catholic University of Rome, Largo Francesco Vito 1, Rome, Italy
| | - Barbara Rossi
- Department of Orthopaedic Oncology, Agostino Gemelli Hospital, Catholic University of Rome, Largo Francesco Vito 1, Rome, Italy
| | - Yanjin Chen
- Department of Orthopaedics, Kunming General Hospital of Chengdu Military Command, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, P. R. China
| | - Hongjun Li
- Institute of Medical Biology, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Kunming, Yunnan, P. R. China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Kunming General Hospital of Chengdu Military Command, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, P. R. China
| | - Hongpu Sun
- Department of Orthopaedics, Kunming General Hospital of Chengdu Military Command, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, P. R. China
| | - Yihao Yang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Kunming General Hospital of Chengdu Military Command, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, P. R. China
| | - Da Xu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Kunming General Hospital of Chengdu Military Command, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, P. R. China
| | - Xuefeng Liu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Kunming General Hospital of Chengdu Military Command, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, P. R. China
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Baumann M, Bodis S, Dikomey E, van der Kogel A, Overgaard J, Rodemann HP, Wouters B. Molecular radiation biology/oncology at its best: Cutting edge research presented at the 13th International Wolfsberg Meeting on Molecular Radiation Biology/Oncology. Radiother Oncol 2013; 108:357-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radonc.2013.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2013] [Accepted: 10/02/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Pandey S, Chandravati. Autophagy in cervical cancer: an emerging therapeutic target. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2012; 13:4867-71. [PMID: 23244072 DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2012.13.10.4867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Cervical cancer is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in women worldwide. Although the human papillomavirus (HPV) is considered the major causative agent of cervical cancer, yet the viral infection alone is not sufficient for cancer progression. The etiopathogenesis of cervical cancer is indeed complex; a precise understanding of the complex cellular/molecular mechanisms underlying the initiation, progression and/ or prevention of the uterine cervix is therefore essential. Autophagy is emerging as an important biological mechanism in targeting human cancers, including cervical cancer. Furthermore, autophagy, a process of cytoplasm and cellular organelle degradation in lysosomes, has been implicated in homeostasis. Autophagic flux may vary depending on the cell/tissue type, thereby altering cell fate under stress conditions leading to cell survival and/or cell death. Autophagy may in turn govern tumor metastasis and subsequent carcinogenesis. Inflammation is a known hallmark of cancer. Vascular insufficiency in tumors, including cervical tissue, leads to depletion of glucose and/or oxygen perturbing the osmotic milieu causing extracellular acidosis in the tumor microenvironment that may eventually result in autophagy. Thus, targeted manipulation of complex autophagic signaling may prove to be an innovative strategy in identification of clinically relevant biomarkers in cervical cancer in the near future.
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Bischoff P, Josset E, Dumont FJ. Novel pharmacological modulators of autophagy and therapeutic prospects. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2012; 22:1053-79. [PMID: 22860892 DOI: 10.1517/13543776.2012.715148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Autophagy is an intracellular process of self-digestion involving the lysosomal degradation of cytoplasmic organelles and macromolecules. It occurs at low basal levels to perform housekeeping functions and is dramatically augmented upon nutrient depletion or exposure to other stresses, thus maintaining cellular homeostasis and energy balance and providing cytoprotective responses to adverse conditions. Mounting evidence that autophagy malfunction contributes to the pathogenesis of diverse human diseases has stimulated efforts to identify pharmacological agents that modulate autophagy in potentially beneficial ways. Here, we review the progresses accomplished toward this goal in recent years, as reflected by the patent literature. AREAS COVERED Patent applications published from 2008 to mid-2012 that pertain to the pharmacological modulation of autophagy are reviewed and their potential therapeutic utilities are discussed. EXPERT OPINION Of 40 patents related to autophagy, 21 claim novel enhancers or inhibitors of autophagy. One of the most promising applications of these compounds concerns cancer therapy, a few of them being already considered for clinical evaluation. Further work is, however, needed to identify compounds that target unique molecular effectors/regulators of autophagy to selectively modulate its various stages in different tissues and to design therapeutic interventions applicable to a broad variety of dysfunctional autophagy-associated disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Bischoff
- Université de Strasbourg, Centre Régional de Lutte contre le Cancer Paul Strauss, 3 rue de la Porte de l'Hôpital, Strasbourg, France
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