Treatment adherence in concurrent chemoradiation in patients with locally advanced non-small cell lung carcinoma: Results of daily intravenous prehydration

Protective effect of food derived nutrients on cisplatin nephrotoxicity and its mechanism

Platinum-based metal complexes, especially cisplatin (cis-diamminedichloroplatinum II, CDDP), possess strong anticancer properties and a broad anticancer spectrum. However, the clinical application of CDDP has been limited by its side effects including nephrotoxicity, ototoxicity, and neurotoxicity. Furthermore, the therapeutic effects of current clinical protocols are imperfect. Accordingly, it is essential to identify key targets and effective clinical protocols to restrict CDDP-induced nephrotoxicity. Herein, we first analyzed the relevant molecular mechanisms during the process of CDDP-induced nephrotoxicity including oxidative stress, apoptosis, and inflammation. Evidence from current studies was collected and potential targets and clinical protocols are summarized. The evidence indicates an efficacious role of nutrition-based substances in CDDP-induced renal injury.

Practical implications to contemplate when considering radical therapy for stage III non-small-cell lung cancer

The type of patients with stage III non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) selected for concurrent chemoradiotherapy (cCRT) varies between and within countries, with higher-volume centres treating patients with more co-morbidities and higher-stage disease. However, in spite of these disease characteristics, these patients have improved overall survival, suggesting that there are additional approaches that should be optimised and potentially standardised. This paper aims to review the current knowledge and best practices surrounding treatment for patients eligible for cCRT. Initially, this includes timely acquisition of the full diagnostic workup for the multidisciplinary team to comprehensively assess a patient for treatment, as well as imaging scans, patient history, lung function and genetic tests. Such information can provide prognostic information on how a patient will tolerate their cCRT regimen, and to perhaps limit the use of additional supportive care, such as steroids, which could impact on further treatments, such as immunotherapy. Furthermore, knowledge of the safety profile of individual double-platinum chemotherapy regimens and the technological advances in radiotherapy could aid in optimising patients for cCRT treatment, improving its efficacy whilst minimising its toxicities. Finally, providing patients with preparatory and ongoing support with input from dieticians, palliative care professionals, respiratory and care-of-the-elderly physicians during treatment may also help in more effective treatment delivery, allowing patients to achieve the maximum potential from their treatments.

Comparison of Myelotoxicity and Nephrotoxicity Between Daily Low-Dose Cisplatin With Concurrent Radiation and Cyclic High-Dose Cisplatin in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Patients

Aim

Antineoplastic effect of cisplatin, the first line treatment in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), is hindered by its nephrotoxicity and myelotoxicity. Both low-dose and high-dose regimens are used in the management of NSCLC. The aim of this study is to assess the risk on myelotoxicity and nephrotoxicity from the daily low-dose cisplatin (DLD) treatment as compared to cyclic high-dose cisplatin (CHD).

Methods

A retrospective cohort study was conducted. NSCLC patients treated with cisplatin between 2011 and 2018 in the Amsterdam UMC or Antoni van Leeuwenhoek cancer hospital were studied. Myelotoxicity and nephrotoxicity were defined based on common terminology criteria (CTCAE v4.03) and categorized as ≥grade 1 and ≥grade 2. Modified Poisson regression and Cox proportional hazards model were used to estimate relative risks and cumulative hazard respectively.

Results

Of the 115 NSCLC patients receiving DLD (N=62) and CHD (N=53), 60% had ≥grade 1 anemia, 33.9% leukopenia, 31.3% neutropenia, 27.8% thrombocytopenia, 32.2% acute nephrotoxicity with combined definition (Cr-electrolyte nephrotoxicity), and 58.3% chronic nephrotoxicity. The DLD group was older, had an earlier cancer stage, had more comorbidities, and had higher baseline albumin levels. In the DLD group less ≥grade 2 toxicities were reported compared to the CHD group except for Cr-electrolyte nephrotoxicity. However, there was a stronger association in the DLD group with ≥grade 1 leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, and Cr-electrolyte nephrotoxicity. The DLD group developed significantly more ≥grade 1 leukopenia [adjusted relative risk (adjRR)=1.83, 95% CI 1.02-3.27], thrombocytopenia (adjRR=3.43, 95% CI 1.64-7.15), and ≥grade 2 Cr-electrolyte nephrotoxicity (adjRR=3.02, 95% CI 1.20-7.56). The DLD group had a lower adjusted cumulative hazard for developing ≥grade 2 myelotoxicity and chronic nephrotoxicity but not for Cr-electrolyte nephrotoxicity [adjusted hazard ratio (adjHR)=3.90, 95% CI 1.35-11.23]. In contrast, DLD showed protective effect to ≥grade 2 nephrotoxicity when definition was restricted to the traditional creatinine-based definition (adjRR=0.07, 95% CI 0.01-0.86; adjHR=0.05, 95% CI 0.01-0.56).

Conclusions

Overall, the DLD regimen was safer than the CHD regimen when assessing the risk of ≥grade 2 myelotoxicity and nephrotoxicity. However, this might not be the case in patients with a higher risk of electrolyte abnormalities.

Difference in decline in renal function due to cisplatin after a short or long hydration scheme in non-small-cell lung cancer: A retrospective cohort study (HYCIS-XL)

WHAT IS KNOWN AND OBJECTIVE

Nephrotoxicity is a frequently occurring side effect of cisplatin, which may be reduced by applying ample hydration. The aim of this study was to determine whether there is a difference in decline in renal function due to cisplatin between a short hydration (SH) and long hydration scheme (LH).

METHODS

A retrospective, observational, cohort study was conducted in two hospitals. Patients in one hospital received an SH scheme (SH group), whereas patients in the other hospital received an LH scheme (LH group). Other aspects of treatment and hydration were comparable between both patient groups. Consecutive patients (≥18 years) treated for non-small-cell lung cancer with cisplatin-pemetrexed with ≥1 cisplatin dose were included. Patients were excluded when serum creatinine at baseline was <40 μmol/L. Primary outcome was the difference in estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) between baseline and after the last cisplatin cycle for the SH and LH patients, regardless of the number of administered cisplatin courses.

RESULTS

Fifty patients were included in the SH and LH group. There were no significant differences in baseline characteristics between the two groups. None of the patients had renal failure at baseline. After two cisplatin cycles, the median differences between the baseline eGFR and the eGFR after the last cisplatin dose were 1 (-6 to 5) and -9 (-22 to -2) mL/min/1.73 m² (interquartile range) for the SH and LH group, respectively (P = .000). Less patients completed the four cycles in the LH group (16%) compared to the SH group (64%), mainly because more LH patients were switched to another treatment and due to nephrotoxicity. However, the difference in eGFR remained statistically significant (P = .027).

WHAT IS NEW AND CONCLUSION

In this retrospective study, the SH scheme resulted in less decrease in renal function compared with the LH scheme, with a significant and clinically relevant difference. Additionally, more LH patients had to stop this effective treatment prematurely due to nephrotoxicity. Therefore, a short hydration scheme provides adequate and safe hydration, with a lower risk of nephrotoxic side effects and therefore better outcomes for patients and a reduction of healthcare costs.

Overcoming toxicity-challenges in chemoradiation for non-small cell lung cancer

Concurrent chemoradiation (CCRT) is the treatment of choice for locally advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) with a modest survival benefit over sequential chemoradiation or radiotherapy (SCRT) alone. However, this benefit is at the cost of increasing acute toxicity such as esophagitis. Previous analysis revealed several predictive parameters in dose-volume and patient characteristics which helped us to identify those patients at risk for severe esophagus toxicity. As a result, supportive care interventions including individualized patient information, dietary guidance, adequate medication, hydration and tubefeeding could be initiated. This paper discusses the challenges in overcoming chemoradiation induced acute esophageal toxicity (AET).

Cisplatin vs. carboplatin-based chemoradiotherapy in patients >65 years of age with stage III non-small cell lung cancer

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE

Combined chemoradiotherapy (CRT) is considered the standard care for unresectable stage III non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). There have been limited data comparing outcomes of carboplatin vs. cisplatin-based CRT, particularly in elderly.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

From the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results-Medicare registry, we identified 1878 patients >65 years of age with unresected stage III NSCLC that received concurrent CRT between 2002 and 2009. We fitted a propensity score model predicting use of cisplatin-based therapy and compared adjusted overall and lung-cancer specific survival of carboplatin- vs. cisplatin-treated patients. Rates of severe toxicity requiring hospital admission were compared in propensity score adjusted analyses.

RESULTS

Overall 1552 (83%) received carboplatin (77% in combination with paclitaxel) and 17% cisplatin (67% in combination with etoposide). Adjusted cox models showed similar overall (hazard ratio [HR]: 0.98; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.86-1.12) and lung cancer-specific (HR: 0.99; 95% CI: 0.84-1.17) survival among patients treated with carboplatin vs. cisplatin. Adjusted rates of neutropenia (odds ratio [OR]: 0.35; 95% CI: 0.21-0.61), anemia (OR: 0.67; 95% CI: 0.51-0.89), and thrombocytopenia (OR: 0.51; 95% CI: 0.31-0.85) were lower among carboplatin-treated patients; other toxicities were not different between groups.

CONCLUSION

Carboplatin-based CRT is associated with similar long-term survival but lower rates of toxicity. These findings suggest carboplatin may be the most appropriate chemotherapeutic agent for elderly stage III patients.