1
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Elmi M, Dass JH, Dass CR. Current treatments for oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma and the move towards molecular therapy. J Pharm Pharmacol 2024:rgae107. [PMID: 39137149 DOI: 10.1093/jpp/rgae107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 07/25/2024] [Indexed: 08/15/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES In this review, we discuss oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC) treatment options with a focus on the molecular mechanisms of OPSCC in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) and head and neck cancers (HNCs). Treatment can be radical intent (aim for cure) or palliative intent (aim for disease control and symptom management). OPSCC is a prominent subset of HNSCCs in Australia and the Western World. METHOD We looked at the current conventional treatment options with an overview of recent advances and future endeavours. KEY FINDINGS We identified that radiotherapy is the primary management for OPSCC in most countries, including the USA, UK, NZ, and Australia. In contrast, surgery is only considered for superficial OPSCC or neck surgery. If surgery is incomplete, then definitive management still requires radiotherapy. CONCLUSION Molecular therapy is largely at the preclinical stage, with cetuximab, nivolumab, pembrolizumab, Lenvatinib, and bevacizumab being tested clinically currently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitra Elmi
- Curtin Medical School, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Joshua H Dass
- Curtin Medical School, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Crispin R Dass
- Curtin Medical School, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Perth, WA, Australia
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2
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Kristensen MH, Sørensen MK, Tramm T, Alsner J, Sørensen BS, Maare C, Johansen J, Primdahl H, Bratland Å, Kristensen CA, Andersen M, Lilja-Fischer JK, Holm AIS, Samsøe E, Hansen CR, Zukauskaite R, Overgaard J, Eriksen JG. Tumor volume and cancer stem cell expression as prognostic markers for high-dose loco-regional failure in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma - A DAHANCA 19 study. Radiother Oncol 2024; 193:110149. [PMID: 38341096 DOI: 10.1016/j.radonc.2024.110149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Reliable and accessible biomarkers for patients with Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma (HNSCC) are warranted for biologically driven radiotherapy (RT). This study aimed to investigate the prognostic value of putative cancer stem cell (CSC) markers, hypoxia, and tumor volume using loco-regional high-dose failure (HDF) as endpoint. MATERIALS AND METHODS Tumor tissue was retrieved from patients treated with primary chemo-(C-)RT and nimorazole for HNSCC in the Danish Head and Neck Cancer Study Group (DAHANCA) 19 study. Tumor volume, hypoxic classification, and expression of CSC markers CD44, SLC3A2, and MET were analyzed. For patients with eligible data on all parameters (n = 340), the risk of HDF following primary chemo-(C-)RT were analyzed by these biomarkers as a whole and stratified for p16-positive oropharynx (p16 + OPSCC) vs p16-negative (p16-) tumors (oral cavity, p16- oropharynx, hypopharynx and larynx). RESULTS Higher risk of HDF was seen for patients with larger primary and nodal volume (>25 cm3, Hazard Ratio (HR): 3.00 [95 % CI: 1.73-5.18]), high SLC3A2 (HR: 2.99 [1.28-6.99]), CD44 (>30 % positive, HR: 2.29 [1.05-5.00]), and p16- tumors (HR: 2.53 [1.05-6.11]). p16- tumors had a higher CSC marker expression than p16 + OPSCC. The factors associated with the highest risk of HDF were larger volume (HR: 3.29 [1.79-6.04]) for p16- tumors (n = 178) and high SLC3A2 (HR: 6.19 [1.58-24.23]) for p16 + OPSCC (n = 162). CONCLUSION Tumor volume, p16, and CSC markers are potential biomarkers for HDF for patients with HNSCC treated with (C-)RT. Lower expression of CSC in p16 + OPSCC may contribute to better tumor control.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mia Kristina Sørensen
- Department of Experimental Clinical Oncology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark; Department of Pathology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Trine Tramm
- Department of Experimental Clinical Oncology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark; Department of Pathology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Jan Alsner
- Department of Experimental Clinical Oncology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Brita Singers Sørensen
- Department of Experimental Clinical Oncology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark; Danish Centre for Particle Therapy, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | - Jørgen Johansen
- Department of Oncology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Hanne Primdahl
- Department of Oncology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Åse Bratland
- Department of Oncology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Maria Andersen
- Department of Oncology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Jacob Kinggaard Lilja-Fischer
- Department of Experimental Clinical Oncology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark; Department of Otolaryngology - Head & Neck Surgery, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark
| | | | - Eva Samsøe
- Zealand University Hospital, Department of Oncology, Næstved, Denmark
| | - Christian Rønn Hansen
- Danish Centre for Particle Therapy, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark; Odense University Hospital, Laboratory of Radiation Physics, Odense, Denmark; University of Southern Denmark, Department of Clinical Research, Odense, Denmark
| | - Ruta Zukauskaite
- Department of Oncology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Jens Overgaard
- Department of Experimental Clinical Oncology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Jesper Grau Eriksen
- Department of Experimental Clinical Oncology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
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3
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Marcu LG, Dell’Oro M, Bezak E. Opportunities in Cancer Therapies: Deciphering the Role of Cancer Stem Cells in Tumour Repopulation. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:17258. [PMID: 38139085 PMCID: PMC10744048 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242417258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumour repopulation during treatment is a well acknowledged yet still challenging aspect of cancer management. The latest research results show clear evidence towards the existence of cancer stem cells (CSCs) that are responsible for tumour repopulation, dissemination, and distant metastases in most solid cancers. Cancer stem cell quiescence and the loss of asymmetrical division are two powerful mechanisms behind repopulation. Another important aspect in the context of cancer stem cells is cell plasticity, which was shown to be triggered during fractionated radiotherapy, leading to cell dedifferentiation and thus reactivation of stem-like properties. Repopulation during treatment is not limited to radiotherapy, as there is clinical proof for repopulation mechanisms to be activated through other conventional treatment techniques, such as chemotherapy. The dynamic nature of stem-like cancer cells often elicits resistance to treatment by escaping drug-induced cell death. The aims of this scoping review are (1) to describe the main mechanisms used by cancer stem cells to initiate tumour repopulation during therapy; (2) to present clinical evidence for tumour repopulation during radio- and chemotherapy; (3) to illustrate current trends in the identification of CSCs using specific imaging techniques; and (4) to highlight novel technologies that show potential in the eradication of CSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loredana G. Marcu
- UniSA Allied Health & Human Performance, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia;
- Faculty of Informatics and Science, University of Oradea, 410087 Oradea, Romania
| | - Mikaela Dell’Oro
- Australian Centre for Quantitative Imaging, School of Medicine, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia;
| | - Eva Bezak
- UniSA Allied Health & Human Performance, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia;
- Faculty of Chemistry & Physics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
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4
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Faghihkhorasani A, Dalvand A, Derafsh E, Tavakoli F, Younis NK, Yasamineh S, Gholizadeh O, Shokri P. The role of oncolytic virotherapy and viral oncogenes in the cancer stem cells: a review of virus in cancer stem cells. Cancer Cell Int 2023; 23:250. [PMID: 37880659 PMCID: PMC10599042 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-023-03099-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer Stem Cells (CSCs) are the main "seeds" for the initiation, growth, metastasis, and recurrence of tumors. According to many studies, several viral infections, including the human papillomaviruses, hepatitis B virus, Epstein-Barr virus, and hepatitis C virus, promote the aggressiveness of cancer by encouraging the development of CSC features. Therefore, a better method for the targeted elimination of CSCs and knowledge of their regulatory mechanisms in human carcinogenesis may lead to the development of a future tool for the management and treatment of cancer. Oncolytic viruses (OVs), which include the herpes virus, adenovirus, vaccinia, and reovirus, are also a new class of cancer therapeutics that have favorable properties such as selective replication in tumor cells, delivery of numerous eukaryotic transgene payloads, induction of immunogenic cell death and promotion of antitumor immunity, as well as a tolerable safety profile that essentially differs from that of other cancer therapeutics. The effects of viral infection on the development of CSCs and the suppression of CSCs by OV therapy were examined in this paper. The purpose of this review is to investigate the dual role of viruses in CSCs (oncolytic virotherapy and viral oncogenes).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alaleh Dalvand
- Tehran Medical Branch, Islamic Azad University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ehsan Derafsh
- Department of Basic Medical Science, Windsor University School of Medicine, Brighton's Estate, Cayton, St. Kitts And Nevis
| | - Farnaz Tavakoli
- Nephrology and Transplantation Ward, Shariati Hospital Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Saman Yasamineh
- Young Researchers and Elite Club, Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Pooria Shokri
- Department of Medical Science, Faculty of Medical Science, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran.
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5
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Marcu LG, Moghaddasi L, Bezak E. Cannot Target What Cannot Be Seen: Molecular Imaging of Cancer Stem Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24021524. [PMID: 36675033 PMCID: PMC9864237 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Revised: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem cells are known to play a key role in tumour development, proliferation, and metastases. Their unique properties confer resistance to therapy, often leading to treatment failure. It is believed that research into the identification, targeting, and eradication of these cells can revolutionise oncological treatment. Based on the principle that what cannot be seen, cannot be targeted, a primary step in cancer management is the identification of these cells. The current review aims to encompass the state-of-the-art functional imaging techniques that enable the identification of cancer stem cells via various pathways and mechanisms. The paper presents in vivo molecular techniques that are currently available or await clinical implementation. Challenges and future prospects are highlighted to open new research avenues in cancer stem cell imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loredana G. Marcu
- Faculty of Informatics and Science, University of Oradea, 1 Universitatii Str., 410087 Oradea, Romania
- Cancer Research Institute, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia
- Correspondence:
| | - Leyla Moghaddasi
- Northern Sydney Cancer Centre, Royal North Shore Hospital, St. Leonards, NSW 2065, Australia
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Eva Bezak
- Cancer Research Institute, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
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6
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Yang Y, Feng L, Wang R, Ma H, He S, Fang J. Integrated analysis of lncRNA-associated ceRNA network in p16-positive and p16-negative head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Medicine (Baltimore) 2022; 101:e26120. [PMID: 35984201 PMCID: PMC9388012 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000026120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Determination of human papillomavirus (HPV) status has become clinically relevant for head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) patients. p16 immunohistochemistry is one of the recommended methods for classifying HPV status. However, long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) and related competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) networks linked to different p16-status HNSCC are still absent. In the present study, The Cancer Genome Atlas database provided RNA profiles as well as clinical information from 26 p16-positive HNSCC samples, 71 p16-negative HNSCC samples, and 44 adjacent normal control samples. Differentially expressed RNAs (DERNAs) between HNSCC samples and normal samples were identified by limma package in R. Functional enrichment analysis of differentially expressed mRNAs was performed using Clusterprofiler package in R. Survival analysis of DERNAs was carried out by survival package in R. The ceRNA network was constructed using GDCRNATools package in R. A total of 102 lncRNAs, 196 microRNAs (miRNAs), and 2282 mRNAs were identified as p16-positive-specific DERNAs. There were 90 lncRNAs, 153 miRNAs, and 2038 mRNAs were identified as p16-negative-specific DERNAs. Functional enrichment analysis revealed that the differentially expressed mRNAs in the p16-positive and the p16-negative group were mainly enriched in the "DNA replication" and "extracellular matrix -receptor interaction" pathway, respectively. Among the top 25 DERNAs, there were 1 key lncRNA, 1 key miRNA, and 1 key messenger RNA in the p16-positive group and 2 key lncRNAs, 1 key miRNA, and 2 key mRNAs in the p16-negative group were significantly related to the overall survival. Then the ceRNA network in the p16-positive and p16-negative group was constructed. There were 5 lncRNAs, 16 miRNAs, and 66 mRNAs included in the p16-positive group ceRNA network and 1 lncRNA, 4 miRNAs, and 28 mRNAs included in the p16-negative group ceRNA network. Among the RNAs in the ceRNA network, 5 mRNAs were significantly related to the overall survival. Taken together, we revealed the differential RNA expression profiling and the differential ceRNA network in the p16-positive and p16-negative group of HNSCC. Our findings provided a novel insight into this HPV-related cancer and potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets for HNSCC based on p16 status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Yang
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery (Ministry of Education of China), Beijing Institute of Otolaryngology, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ling Feng
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery (Ministry of Education of China), Beijing Institute of Otolaryngology, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ru Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery (Ministry of Education of China), Beijing Institute of Otolaryngology, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongzhi Ma
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery (Ministry of Education of China), Beijing Institute of Otolaryngology, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Shizhi He
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery (Ministry of Education of China), Beijing Institute of Otolaryngology, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jugao Fang
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery (Ministry of Education of China), Beijing Institute of Otolaryngology, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Head and Neck Molecular Diagnostic Pathology, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- *Correspondence: Jugao Fang, Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing TongRen Hospital, Capital Medical University, NO.1 Dongjiaominxiang Street, Dongcheng District, Beijing 100730, People's Republic of China (e-mail: )
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7
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Zhou X, Wang X. Radioimmunotherapy in HPV-Associated Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10081990. [PMID: 36009537 PMCID: PMC9405566 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10081990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
HPV-associated head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is a cancer entity with unique biological and clinical characteristics that requires more personalized treatment strategies. As the backbone of conventional therapeutics, radiation is now harnessed to synergize with immunotherapy in multiple malignancies. Accumulating preclinical and clinical data have suggested the potential of radioimmunotherapy in eliciting local and systemic anti-tumor response via direct killing of tumor cells and immunogenic cell death. However, this effect remains uncertain in HPV-associated HNSCC. Owing to its intrinsic radiosensitivity and distinct tumor microenvironment, HPV-associated HNSCC may represent a good candidate for radioimmunotherapy. In this review, we provide a detailed illustration of the biology, the genomic features, and immune landscapes of HPV-associated HNSCC that support the synergism between radiation and immune agents. The interaction between radiotherapy and immunotherapy is described. We also highlight the present evidence as well as ongoing trials using different combination strategies in the recurrent/metastatic or definitive settings. In addition, we have summarized the challenges and outlook for future trial design, with special emphasis on radiotherapy optimization and novel therapeutic options to incorporate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhou
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xiaoshen Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Eye & ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
- Correspondence:
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8
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Precision Medicine in Head and Neck Cancers: Genomic and Preclinical Approaches. J Pers Med 2022; 12:jpm12060854. [PMID: 35743639 PMCID: PMC9224778 DOI: 10.3390/jpm12060854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Head and neck cancers (HNCs) represent the sixth most widespread malignancy worldwide. Surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapeutic and immunotherapeutic drugs represent the main clinical approaches for HNC patients. Moreover, HNCs are characterised by an elevated mutational load; however, specific genetic mutations or biomarkers have not yet been found. In this scenario, personalised medicine is showing its efficacy. To study the reliability and the effects of personalised treatments, preclinical research can take advantage of next-generation sequencing and innovative technologies that have been developed to obtain genomic and multi-omic profiles to drive personalised treatments. The crosstalk between malignant and healthy components, as well as interactions with extracellular matrices, are important features which are responsible for treatment failure. Preclinical research has constantly implemented in vitro and in vivo models to mimic the natural tumour microenvironment. Among them, 3D systems have been developed to reproduce the tumour mass architecture, such as biomimetic scaffolds and organoids. In addition, in vivo models have been changed over the last decades to overcome problems such as animal management complexity and time-consuming experiments. In this review, we will explore the new approaches aimed to improve preclinical tools to study and apply precision medicine as a therapeutic option for patients affected by HNCs.
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9
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Chen CN, Wang JC, Chen YT, Yang TL. Exploration of the niche effect on tumor satellite budding of head and neck cancer with biomimicking modeling. Biomaterials 2022; 285:121471. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2022.121471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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10
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Routila J, Qiao X, Weltner J, Rantala JK, Carpén T, Hagström J, Mäkitie A, Leivo I, Ruuskanen M, Söderlund J, Rintala M, Hietanen S, Irjala H, Minn H, Westermarck J, Ventelä S. Cisplatin overcomes radiotherapy resistance in OCT4-expressing head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Oral Oncol 2022; 127:105772. [PMID: 35245886 DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2022.105772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Cisplatin is combined with radiotherapy for advanced head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). While providing a beneficial effect on survival, it also causes side effects and thus is an important target when considering treatment de-escalation. Currently, there are no biomarkers to predict its patient-selective therapeutic utility. In this study, we examined the role of the stem cell factor OCT4 as a potential biomarker to help clinicians stratify HNSCC patients between radiotherapy and chemoradiotherapy. MATERIALS AND METHODS OCT4 immunohistochemical staining of a population-validated tissue microarray (PV-TMA) (n = 166) representative of a standard HNSCC patients was carried out, and 5-year survival was analyzed. The results were validated using ex vivo drug sensitivity analysis of HNSCC tumor samples, and further cross-validated in independent oropharyngeal (n = 118), nasopharyngeal (n = 170), and vulvar carcinoma (n = 95) clinical datasets. In vitro, genetically modified, patient-derived HNSCC cells were used. RESULTS OCT4 expression in HNSCC tumors was associated with radioresistance. However, combination therapy with cisplatin was found to overcome thisradioresistance in OCT4-expressing HNSCC tumors. The results were validated by using several independent patient cohorts. Furthermore, CRISPRa-based OCT4 overexpression in the HNSCC cell line resulted in apoptosis resistance, and cisplatin was found to downregulate OCT4 protein expression in vitro. Ex vivo drug sensitivity analysis of HNSCC tumors confirmed the association between OCT4 expression and cisplatin sensitivity. CONCLUSION This study introduces OCT4 immunohistochemistry as a simple and cost-effective diagnostic approach for clinical practice to identify HNSCC patients benefitting from radiosensitization by cisplatin using either full or reduced dosing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Routila
- Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland; Department for Otorhinolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Kiinamyllynkatu 4-8, 20521 Turku, Finland
| | - Xi Qiao
- Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Jere Weltner
- Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-14186 Stockholm, Sweden and Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Karolinska Universitetssjukhuset, SE-14186 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Juha K Rantala
- MISVIK Biology Ltd, Karjakatu 35 B, 20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Timo Carpén
- Department for Otorhinolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, P.O.Box 263, FI-00029 HUS Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jaana Hagström
- Department of Oral Pathology and Radiology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Antti Mäkitie
- Department for Otorhinolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, P.O.Box 263, FI-00029 HUS Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ilmo Leivo
- Department of Oral Pathology and Radiology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland; Institute of Biomedicine, Pathology, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10 D, 20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Miia Ruuskanen
- Department for Otorhinolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Kiinamyllynkatu 4-8, 20521 Turku, Finland
| | - Jenni Söderlund
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Marjut Rintala
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Sakari Hietanen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland; FICAN West Cancer Centre, Turku, Finland
| | - Heikki Irjala
- Department for Otorhinolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Kiinamyllynkatu 4-8, 20521 Turku, Finland
| | - Heikki Minn
- FICAN West Cancer Centre, Turku, Finland; Department of Oncology and Radiotherapy, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Jukka Westermarck
- Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland; Biomedical Institute, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, 20520 Turku, Finland; FICAN West Cancer Centre, Turku, Finland
| | - Sami Ventelä
- Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland; Department for Otorhinolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Kiinamyllynkatu 4-8, 20521 Turku, Finland; FICAN West Cancer Centre, Turku, Finland.
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11
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Bridger JM, Pereira RT, Pina C, Tosi S, Lewis A. Alterations to Genome Organisation in Stem Cells, Their Differentiation and Associated Diseases. Results Probl Cell Differ 2022; 70:71-102. [PMID: 36348105 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-06573-6_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The organisation of the genome in its home, the cell nucleus, is reliant on a number of different aspects to establish, maintain and alter its functional non-random positioning. The genome is dispersed throughout a cell nucleus in specific chromosome territories which are further divided into topologically associated domains (TADs), where regions of the genome from different and the same chromosomes come together. This organisation is both controlled by DNA and chromatin epigenetic modification and the association of the genome with nuclear structures such as the nuclear lamina, the nucleolus and nuclear bodies and speckles. Indeed, sequences that are associated with the first two structures mentioned are termed lamina-associated domains (LADs) and nucleolar-associated domains (NADs), respectively. The modifications and nuclear structures that regulate genome function are altered through a cell's life from stem cell to differentiated cell through to reversible quiescence and irreversible senescence, and hence impacting on genome organisation, altering it to silence specific genes and permit others to be expressed in a controlled way in different cell types and cell cycle statuses. The structures and enzymes and thus the organisation of the genome can also be deleteriously affected, leading to disease and/or premature ageing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna M Bridger
- Division of Biosciences, Department of Life Sciences, Centre for Genome Engineering and Maintenance (cenGEM), College of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, UK.
| | - Rita Torres Pereira
- Division of Biosciences, Department of Life Sciences, Centre for Genome Engineering and Maintenance (cenGEM), College of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, UK
| | - Cristina Pina
- Division of Biosciences, Department of Life Sciences, Centre for Genome Engineering and Maintenance (cenGEM), College of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, UK
| | - Sabrina Tosi
- Division of Biosciences, Department of Life Sciences, Centre for Genome Engineering and Maintenance (cenGEM), College of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, UK
| | - Annabelle Lewis
- Division of Biosciences, Department of Life Sciences, Centre for Genome Engineering and Maintenance (cenGEM), College of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, UK
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12
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Abstract
Viral infection is an indisputable causal factor for nearly 17% of all human cancers. However, the diversity and complexity of oncogenic mechanisms raises new questions as to the mechanistic role of viruses in cancer. Classical viral oncogenes have been identified for all tumor-associated viruses. These oncogenes can have multiple oncogenic activities that may or may not be utilized in a particular tumor cell. In addition, stochastic events, like viral mutation and integration, as well as heritable host susceptibilities and immune deficiencies are also implicated in tumorigenesis. A more contemporary view of tumor biology highlights the importance of evolutionary forces that select for phenotypes better adapted to a complex and changing environment. Given the challenges of prioritizing singular mechanistic causes, it may be necessary to integrate concepts from evolutionary theory and systems biology to better understand viral cancer-driving forces. Here, we propose that viral infection provides a biological “entropy” that increases genetic variation and phenotypic plasticity, accelerating the main driving forces of cancer cell evolution. Viruses can also influence the evolutionary selection criteria by altering the tumor microenvironment and immune signaling. Utilizing concepts from cancer cell evolution, population genetics, thermodynamics, and systems biology may provide new perspectives on viral oncogenesis and identify novel therapeutic strategies for treating viruses and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Italo Tempera
- Program in Gene Expression and Regulation, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Paul M Lieberman
- Program in Gene Expression and Regulation, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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13
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Shenouda S, Kulkarni K, Abuetabh Y, Sergi C. Cancer Stem Cells and their Management in Cancer Therapy. Recent Pat Anticancer Drug Discov 2021; 15:212-227. [PMID: 32660407 DOI: 10.2174/1574892815666200713145931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the last decade, the proposed Cancer Stem Cell (CSC) hypothesis has steadily changed the way cancer treatment is approached. CSCs may be the source of the heterogeneous non-tumorigenic cell population included in a neoplasm. Intratumor and intertumoral heterogeneity is a well-known phenomenon that massively entangles the diagnosis and treatment of cancer. The literature seems to suggest that heterogeneity develops progressively within tumor-initiating stem cells. CSCs harbor genetic and/or epigenetic alterations that allow them to differentiate into multiple tumor cell types sequentially. OBJECTIVE The CSC hypothesis, cellular therapy, and the most recent patents on CSCs were reviewed. METHODS PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar were screened for this information. Also, an analysis of the most recent data targeting CSCs in pediatric cancer developed at two Canadian institutions is provided. The genes involved with the activation of CSCs and the drugs used to antagonize them are also highlighted. RESULTS It is underlined that (1) CSCs possess stem cell-like properties, including the ability for self-renewal; (2) CSCs can start carcinogenesis and are responsible for tumor recurrence after treatment; (3) Although some limitations have been raised, which may oppose the CSC hypothesis, cancer progression and metastasis have been recognized to be caused by CSCs. CONCLUSION The significant roles of cell therapy may include an auto-transplant with high-dose treatment, an improvement of the immune function, creation of chimeric antigen receptor T cells, and the recruitment of NK cell-based immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzan Shenouda
- Department of Lab. Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Ketan Kulkarni
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Yasser Abuetabh
- Department of Lab. Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Consolato Sergi
- Department of Lab. Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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14
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Dong H, Shu X, Xu Q, Zhu C, Kaufmann AM, Zheng ZM, Albers AE, Qian X. Current Status of Human Papillomavirus-Related Head and Neck Cancer: From Viral Genome to Patient Care. Virol Sin 2021; 36:1284-1302. [PMID: 34152564 PMCID: PMC8692589 DOI: 10.1007/s12250-021-00413-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection identified as a definitive human carcinogen is increasingly being recognized for its role in carcinogenesis of human cancers. Up to 38%–80% of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) in oropharyngeal location (OPSCC) and nearly all cervical cancers contain the HPV genome which is implicated in causing cancer through its oncoproteins E6 and E7. Given by the biologically distinct HPV-related OPSCC and a more favorable prognosis compared to HPV-negative tumors, clinical trials on de-escalation treatment strategies for these patients have been studied. It is therefore raised the questions for the patient stratification if treatment de-escalation is feasible. Moreover, understanding the crosstalk of HPV-mediated malignancy and immunity with clinical insights from the proportional response rate to immune checkpoint blockade treatments in patients with HNSCC is of importance to substantially improve the treatment efficacy. This review discusses the biology of HPV-related HNSCC as well as successful clinically findings with promising candidates in the pipeline for future directions. With the advent of various sequencing technologies, further biomolecules associated with HPV-related HNSCC progression are currently being identified to be used as potential biomarkers or targets for clinical decisions throughout the continuum of cancer care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoru Dong
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Institute of Basic Medicine and Cancer (IBMC), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, 310022, China
| | - Xinhua Shu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Institute of Basic Medicine and Cancer (IBMC), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, 310022, China
| | - Qiang Xu
- Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Institute of Basic Medicine and Cancer (IBMC), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, 310022, China
| | - Chen Zhu
- Department of Cancer Prevention, Cancer Hospital University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Institute of Basic Medicine and Cancer (IBMC), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, 310022, China
| | - Andreas M Kaufmann
- Clinic for Gynecology, Berlin Institute of Health, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität Zu Berlin, Berlin, 12203, Germany
| | - Zhi-Ming Zheng
- Tumor Virus RNA Biology Section, HIV Dynamics and Replication Program, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Andreas E Albers
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Berlin Institute of Health, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität Zu Berlin, Berlin, 13353, Germany
| | - Xu Qian
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Institute of Basic Medicine and Cancer (IBMC), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, 310022, China.
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15
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Radiotherapy-Resistant Breast Cancer Cells Enhance Tumor Progression by Enhancing Premetastatic Niche Formation through the HIF-1α-LOX Axis. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21218027. [PMID: 33126606 PMCID: PMC7663097 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21218027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) exist in solid tumors and contribute to therapeutic resistance and disease recurrence. Previously, we reported that radiotherapy-resistant (RT-R)-MDA-MB-231 cells from highly metastatic MDA-MB-231 cells produced more CSCs than any other RT-R-breast cancer cells and showed therapeutic resistance and enhanced invasiveness. Hypoxia inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) induced in the tumor microenvironment leads to the release of lysyl oxidase (LOX), which mediates collagen crosslinking at distant sites to facilitate environmental changes that allow cancer cells to easily metastasize. Therefore, in this study, we investigated whether RT-R-MDA-MB-231 cells induce greater HIF-1α expression, LOX secretion, and premetastatic niche formation than MDA-MB-231 cells do. RT-R-MDA-MB-231 cells increased HIF-1α expression and LOX secretion compared with MDA-MB-231 cells. Mice harboring RT-R-MDA-MB-231 cell xenografts showed enhanced tumor growth and higher expression of the CSC markers, CD44, Notch-4, and Oct3/4. In addition, mice injected with RT-R-MDA-MB-231 cells exhibited a higher level of HIF-1α in tumor tissue, increased secretion of LOX in plasma, higher induced levels of crosslinked collagen, and a higher population of CD11b+ BMDC recruitment around lung tissue, compared with those injected with MDA-MB-231 cells. These results suggest that RT-R-MDA-MB-231 cells contribute to tumor progression by enhancing premetastatic niche formation through the HIF-1α-LOX axis.
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16
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What the general dental practitioner needs to know about HPV-related oropharyngeal malignancy. Br Dent J 2020; 229:355-360. [PMID: 32978578 DOI: 10.1038/s41415-020-2113-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The rates of oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma have continued to rise secondary to the increasing prevalence of the human papillomavirus (HPV). HPV-related disease is typically found in younger patients who do not have the traditional risk factors for malignancy. General dental practitioners (GDPs) often examine patients regularly and may therefore have an opportunity to identify oropharyngeal malignancies at an early stage. However, many GDPs are unfamiliar with oropharyngeal anatomy, pathology and clinical examination. This review summarises the key points in identifying patients with oropharyngeal malignancy who necessitate urgent referral.
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17
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ROS-Mediated Therapeutic Strategy in Chemo-/Radiotherapy of Head and Neck Cancer. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2020; 2020:5047987. [PMID: 32774675 PMCID: PMC7396055 DOI: 10.1155/2020/5047987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Head and neck cancer is a highly genetic and metabolic heterogeneous collection of malignancies of the lip, oral cavity, salivary glands, pharynx, esophagus, paranasal sinuses, and larynx with five-year survival rates ranging from 12% to 93%. Patients with head and neck cancer typically present with advanced stage III, IVa, or IVb disease and are treated with comprehensive modality including chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and surgery. Despite advancements in treatment modality and technique, noisome recurrence, invasiveness, and resistance as well as posttreatment complications severely influence survival rate and quality of life. Thus, new therapeutic strategies are urgently needed that offer enhanced efficacy with less toxicity. ROS in cancer cells plays a vital role in regulating cell death, DNA repair, stemness maintenance, metabolic reprogramming, and tumor microenvironment, all of which have been implicated in resistance to chemo-/radiotherapy of head and neck cancer. Adjusting ROS generation and elimination to reverse the resistance of cancer cells without impairing normal cells show great hope in improving the therapeutic efficacy of chemo-/radiotherapy of head and neck cancer. In the current review, we discuss the pivotal and targetable redox-regulating system including superoxide dismutases (SODs), tripeptide glutathione (GSH), thioredoxin (Trxs), peroxiredoxins (PRXs), nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2/Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Nrf2/keap1), and mitochondria electron transporter chain (ETC) complexes and their roles in regulating ROS levels and their clinical significance implicated in chemo-/radiotherapy of head and neck cancer. We also summarize several old drugs (referred to as the non-anti-cancer drugs used in other diseases for a long time) and small molecular compounds as well as natural herbs which effectively modulate cellular ROS of head and neck cancer to synergize the efficacy of conventional chemo-/radiotherapy. Emerging interdisciplinary techniques including photodynamic, nanoparticle system, and Bio-Electro-Magnetic-Energy-Regulation (BEMER) therapy are promising measures to broaden the potency of ROS modulation for the benefit of chemo-/radiotherapy in head and neck cancer.
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18
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Jakob M, Sharaf K, Schirmer M, Leu M, Küffer S, Bertlich M, Ihler F, Haubner F, Canis M, Kitz J. Role of cancer stem cell markers ALDH1, BCL11B, BMI-1, and CD44 in the prognosis of advanced HNSCC. Strahlenther Onkol 2020; 197:231-245. [PMID: 32588101 PMCID: PMC7892527 DOI: 10.1007/s00066-020-01653-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are held accountable for the progress of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). In the presented study, the authors evaluated the prognostic value of CSC markers in two particular HNSCC cohorts. Methods This two cohort study consisted of 85 patients with advanced stage HNSCC, treated with primary radio(chemo)therapy (pRCT), and 95 patients with HNSCC, treated with surgery and partially adjuvant radio(chemo)therapy. Overall survival (OS), disease-free survival (DFS), and disease-specific survival (DSS) were assessed. Samples were assessed for the expression of different molecular stem cell markers (ALDH1, BCL11B, BMI‑1, and CD44). Results In the pRCT cohort, none of the baseline patient and tumor features exhibited a statistically significant relation with survival in either the cohort or the human papillomavirus (HPV)-stratified subcohorts. High expression of BMI‑1 significantly decreased OS and DFS, while high expression of CD44 decreased all modes of survival. Multivariate analysis showed significant prognostic influence for all tested CSC markers, with high BMI‑1 and CD44 decreasing survival (BMI-1: OS, DFS, DSS; CD44: OS, DFS) and high ALDH1 and BCL11B showing a beneficial effect on survival (ALDH1: OS, DFS; BCL11B: OS, DSS). In the surgical cohort, classical prognosticators such as HPV status, R1 resection, and nodal status in HPV-negative HNSCC played a significant role, but the tested CSC markers showed no significant effect on prognosis. Conclusion Although validation in independent cohorts is still needed, testing for CSC markers in patients with advanced or late stage HNSCC might be beneficial, especially if many comorbidities exist or disease is irresectable. The findings might guide the development and earlier use of targeted therapies in the future. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1007/s00066-020-01653-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Jakob
- Department of Otolaryngology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Marchioninistraße 15, 81377, Munich, Germany. .,Department of Otolaryngology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Kariem Sharaf
- Department of Otolaryngology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Marchioninistraße 15, 81377, Munich, Germany.
| | - Markus Schirmer
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Martin Leu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Stefan Küffer
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Mattis Bertlich
- Department of Otolaryngology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Marchioninistraße 15, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Friedrich Ihler
- Department of Otolaryngology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Marchioninistraße 15, 81377, Munich, Germany.,German Center of Vertigo and Dizziness, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Frank Haubner
- Department of Otolaryngology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Marchioninistraße 15, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Martin Canis
- Department of Otolaryngology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Marchioninistraße 15, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Julia Kitz
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
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19
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Zhou C, Fan N, Liu F, Fang N, Plum PS, Thieme R, Gockel I, Gromnitza S, Hillmer AM, Chon SH, Schlösser HA, Bruns CJ, Zhao Y. Linking Cancer Stem Cell Plasticity to Therapeutic Resistance-Mechanism and Novel Therapeutic Strategies in Esophageal Cancer. Cells 2020; 9:cells9061481. [PMID: 32560537 PMCID: PMC7349233 DOI: 10.3390/cells9061481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 06/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Esophageal cancer (EC) is an aggressive form of cancer, including squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) and adenocarcinoma (EAC) as two predominant histological subtypes. Accumulating evidence supports the existence of cancer stem cells (CSCs) able to initiate and maintain EAC or ESCC. In this review, we aim to collect the current evidence on CSCs in esophageal cancer, including the biomarkers/characterization strategies of CSCs, heterogeneity of CSCs, and the key signaling pathways (Wnt/β-catenin, Notch, Hedgehog, YAP, JAK/STAT3) in modulating CSCs during esophageal cancer progression. Exploring the molecular mechanisms of therapy resistance in EC highlights DNA damage response (DDR), metabolic reprogramming, epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT), and the role of the crosstalk of CSCs and their niche in the tumor progression. According to these molecular findings, potential therapeutic implications of targeting esophageal CSCs may provide novel strategies for the clinical management of esophageal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenghui Zhou
- Department of General, Visceral, Cancer and Transplantation Surgery, University Hospital Cologne, 50937 Cologne, Germany; (C.Z.); (N.F.); (F.L.); (P.S.P.); (S.-H.C.); (H.A.S.); (C.J.B.)
| | - Ningbo Fan
- Department of General, Visceral, Cancer and Transplantation Surgery, University Hospital Cologne, 50937 Cologne, Germany; (C.Z.); (N.F.); (F.L.); (P.S.P.); (S.-H.C.); (H.A.S.); (C.J.B.)
| | - Fanyu Liu
- Department of General, Visceral, Cancer and Transplantation Surgery, University Hospital Cologne, 50937 Cologne, Germany; (C.Z.); (N.F.); (F.L.); (P.S.P.); (S.-H.C.); (H.A.S.); (C.J.B.)
- Interfaculty Institute for Cell Biology, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 15, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Nan Fang
- Singleron Biotechnologies, Yaogu Avenue 11, Nanjing 210000, China;
| | - Patrick S. Plum
- Department of General, Visceral, Cancer and Transplantation Surgery, University Hospital Cologne, 50937 Cologne, Germany; (C.Z.); (N.F.); (F.L.); (P.S.P.); (S.-H.C.); (H.A.S.); (C.J.B.)
- Institute of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50937 Cologne, Germany; (S.G.); (A.M.H.)
| | - René Thieme
- Department of Visceral, Transplant, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, University Hospital of Leipzig, 4107 Leipzig, Germany; (R.T.); (I.G.)
| | - Ines Gockel
- Department of Visceral, Transplant, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, University Hospital of Leipzig, 4107 Leipzig, Germany; (R.T.); (I.G.)
| | - Sascha Gromnitza
- Institute of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50937 Cologne, Germany; (S.G.); (A.M.H.)
| | - Axel M. Hillmer
- Institute of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50937 Cologne, Germany; (S.G.); (A.M.H.)
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, 50937 Cologne, Germany
| | - Seung-Hun Chon
- Department of General, Visceral, Cancer and Transplantation Surgery, University Hospital Cologne, 50937 Cologne, Germany; (C.Z.); (N.F.); (F.L.); (P.S.P.); (S.-H.C.); (H.A.S.); (C.J.B.)
| | - Hans A. Schlösser
- Department of General, Visceral, Cancer and Transplantation Surgery, University Hospital Cologne, 50937 Cologne, Germany; (C.Z.); (N.F.); (F.L.); (P.S.P.); (S.-H.C.); (H.A.S.); (C.J.B.)
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, 50937 Cologne, Germany
| | - Christiane J. Bruns
- Department of General, Visceral, Cancer and Transplantation Surgery, University Hospital Cologne, 50937 Cologne, Germany; (C.Z.); (N.F.); (F.L.); (P.S.P.); (S.-H.C.); (H.A.S.); (C.J.B.)
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, 50937 Cologne, Germany
| | - Yue Zhao
- Department of General, Visceral, Cancer and Transplantation Surgery, University Hospital Cologne, 50937 Cologne, Germany; (C.Z.); (N.F.); (F.L.); (P.S.P.); (S.-H.C.); (H.A.S.); (C.J.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-221-4783-0601; Fax: +49-221-4783-0664
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20
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Zhang Y, An J, Liu M, Li N, Wang W, Yao H, Li N, Yang X, Sun Y, Xu N, Wu L. Efficient isolation, culture, purification, and stem cell expression profiles of primary tumor cells derived from uterine cervical squamous cell carcinoma. Am J Reprod Immunol 2020; 84:e13251. [PMID: 32315465 DOI: 10.1111/aji.13251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Revised: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
PROBLEM Since not too many human uterus cervical squamous cell carcinoma (CSCC) cell lines in existence, efficient isolation, culture, and purification protocols for primary CSCC cells were optimized as a tool for the study of uterus CSCC. METHOD OF STUDY The protocols for partial multiple enzymatic digestion and explant cell culture were combined and then the resulting mixed cell component cultures were purified by magnetic-activated cell sorting. Colony-forming assay was utilized for detection of cell carcinogenesis potential, and immunofluorescence was used to detect protein expression of CSCC. Finally, flow cytometry (FCM) was performed to analyze cancer stem cells (CSCs) phenotypic markers as well as programmed cell death ligand 1(PD-L 1). RESULTS Freshly isolated cells containing tumor cells and cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) efficiently proliferate to 85% confluence on a 6 cm petri dish in 5-7 days. Anti-epithelial cell adhesion molecule antibody (EpCAM) microbeads were used to successfully separate a homogeneous subpopulation of epithelial tumor cells. Both EpCAM+ and EpCAM- cell subpopulations were able to be passaged more than 30 times. Proportions of tumor cell populations expressed CSCs markers such as CD133, CD24, aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 (ALDH1), and CD44. The vimentin+ & EpCAM- population, defined with CAFs, could express CD146 mesenchymal stem cells marker. Meanwhile, PD-L 1 was identified in most subpopulation of CD44+ cells at low passage numbers. CONCLUSION Efficient isolation, culture, and purification protocols for primary CSCC cells were successfully built. Additionally, the profiling of CSCs cell markers might provide promising therapeutic targets and clinic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Zhang
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, National Cancer Center/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jusheng An
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, National Cancer Center/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Mei Liu
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology & State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer Center/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Ning Li
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, National Cancer Center/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Wenpeng Wang
- Department of colorectal oncology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Hongwen Yao
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, National Cancer Center/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Nan Li
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, National Cancer Center/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xi Yang
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, National Cancer Center/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yangchun Sun
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, National Cancer Center/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Ningzhi Xu
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology & State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer Center/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Lingying Wu
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, National Cancer Center/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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21
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Reid P, Staudacher AH, Marcu LG, Olver I, Moghaddasi L, Brown MP, Bezak E. Influence of the human papillomavirus on the radio-responsiveness of cancer stem cells in head and neck cancers. Sci Rep 2020; 10:2716. [PMID: 32066820 PMCID: PMC7026429 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-59654-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
A growing proportion of head and neck cancers (HNC) result from HPV infection. Between HNC aetiological groups (HPV positive and HPV negative) clinical evidence demonstrates significantly better treatment response among HPV positive cancers. Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are identified in HNC tumour populations as agents of treatment resistance and a target for tumour control. This study examines dynamic responses in populations of a CSC phenotype in HNC cell lines following X-irradiation at therapeutic levels, and comparing between HPV statuses. Variations in CSC density between HPV groups showed no correlation with better clinical outcomes seen in the HPV positive status. CSC populations in HPV positive cell lines ranged from 1.9 to 4.8%, and 2.6 to 9.9% for HPV negative. Following 4 Gy X- irradiation however, HPV negative cell lines demonstrated more frequent and significantly greater escalation in CSC proportions, being 3-fold that of the HPV positive group at 72 hours post irradiation. CSC proportions of tumour populations are not fixed but subject to change in response to radiation at therapeutic dose levels. These findings imply a potential effect of aetiology on radio-responsiveness in CSCs, illustrating that clonogen treatment response may be more informative of therapy outcomes than inherent population density alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Reid
- School of Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, 5001, Australia. .,Cancer Research Institute, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, 5001, Australia.
| | - Alexander H Staudacher
- Translational Oncology Laboratory, Centre for Cancer Biology, SA Pathology and University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia.,School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia
| | - Loredana G Marcu
- School of Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, 5001, Australia.,Faculty of Science, University of Oradea, Oradea, 410087, Romania
| | - Ian Olver
- Cancer Research Institute, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, 5001, Australia.,School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia
| | - Leyla Moghaddasi
- Department of Physics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia.,Department of Medical Physics, GenesisCare, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia
| | - Michael P Brown
- Translational Oncology Laboratory, Centre for Cancer Biology, SA Pathology and University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia.,School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia.,Cancer Clinical Trials Unit, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia
| | - Eva Bezak
- School of Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, 5001, Australia.,Cancer Research Institute, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, 5001, Australia.,Department of Physics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia
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22
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Marcu LG. Cancer stem cells as therapeutic targets of pancreatic cancer. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2020; 34:200-201. [PMID: 31944386 DOI: 10.1111/fcp.12536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Loredana G Marcu
- Faculty of Informatics & Science, University of Oradea, Oradea, 410087, Romania.,School of Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, 5001, Australia
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23
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Razi E, Radak M, Mahjoubin-Tehran M, Talebi S, Shafiee A, Hajighadimi S, Moradizarmehri S, Sharifi H, Mousavi N, Sarvizadeh M, Nejati M, Taghizadeh M, Ghasemi F. Cancer stem cells as therapeutic targets of pancreatic cancer. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2019; 34:202-212. [PMID: 31709581 DOI: 10.1111/fcp.12521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Revised: 11/02/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of stem cells and their potential abilities in self-renewal and differentiation has opened a new horizon in medicine. Scientists have found a small population of stem cells in some types of cancers with the same functions as normal stem cells. There are two models for tumor progression: clonal (stochastic) and cancer stem cell (CSCs) models. According to the first model, all transformed cells in the tumor have carcinogenic potential and are able to proliferate and produce the same cells. The latter model, which has received more attention recently, considers the role of CSCs in drug resistance and tumor metastasis. Following the model, researchers have found that targeting CSCs may be a promising way in cancer therapy. This review describes CSC characteristics in general, while also focusing on CSC properties in the context of pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ebrahim Razi
- The Advocate Center for Clinical Research, Ayatollah Yasrebi Hospital, Kashan, Iran
| | - Mehran Radak
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Maryam Mahjoubin-Tehran
- Student Research Committee, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Samaneh Talebi
- Division of Human Genetics, Immunology Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Alimohammad Shafiee
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Sarah Hajighadimi
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Sanaz Moradizarmehri
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Hossein Sharifi
- The Advocate Center for Clinical Research, Ayatollah Yasrebi Hospital, Kashan, Iran
| | - Nousin Mousavi
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Mostafa Sarvizadeh
- The Advocate Center for Clinical Research, Ayatollah Yasrebi Hospital, Kashan, Iran
| | - Majid Nejati
- Anatomical Sciences Research Center, Institute for Basic Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Mohsen Taghizadeh
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Institute for Basic Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Faezeh Ghasemi
- Blood Transfusion Research Center, High Institute for Research and Education in Transfusion Medicine, Tehran, Iran
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