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Pino F, Delgado JC, Carturan SM, Mantovani G, Polo M, Fabris D, Maggioni G, Quaranta A, Moretto S. Novel flexible and conformable composite neutron scintillator based on fully enriched lithium tetraborate. Sci Rep 2023; 13:4799. [PMID: 36959323 PMCID: PMC10036633 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-31675-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Thermal neutron detection is a key subject for nuclear physics research and also in a wide variety of applications from homeland security to nuclear medicine. In this work, it is proposed a novel flexible and conformable composite thermal neutron scintillator based on a fully enriched Lithium Tetraborate preparation ([Formula: see text]Li[Formula: see text]B[Formula: see text]O[Formula: see text]) combined with a phosphorescent inorganic scintillator powder (ZnS:Ag), and is then distributed into a polydimethylsiloxane matrix. The proposed scintillator shows a good neutron detection efficiency (max. [Formula: see text] 57% with respect to the commercial EJ-420), an average light output of [Formula: see text] 9000 ph/neutron-capture, a remarkable insensitivity to [Formula: see text]-rays (Gamma Rejection Ratio <10[Formula: see text]), and an extraordinary flexibility, so as to reach extremely small curvature radii, down to 1.5 mm, with no signs of cracking or tearing. Its characteristics make it suitable to be employed in scenarios where non-standard geometries are needed, for example, to optimize the detector performance and/or maximize the detection efficiency. Finally, the response of a hybrid detector made of a plastic scintillator, wrapped with the proposed scintillator, coupled to a silicon photomultiplier array is described, and the excellent discrimination between [Formula: see text]-rays, fast and thermal neutrons resulting from data processing is demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Pino
- Department of Physics and Astronomy "Galileo Galilei", University of Padova, Padua, Italy.
- Laboratori Nazionali di Legnaro, INFN, Legnaro, Italy.
| | - Jessica Carolina Delgado
- Department of Physics and Astronomy "Galileo Galilei", University of Padova, Padua, Italy
- Department of Physics and Earth Science, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Sara Maria Carturan
- Department of Physics and Astronomy "Galileo Galilei", University of Padova, Padua, Italy
- Laboratori Nazionali di Legnaro, INFN, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Giorgia Mantovani
- Department of Physics and Astronomy "Galileo Galilei", University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Matteo Polo
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Trento, Povo, Italy
- Padova Section, INFN, Padua, Italy
| | | | - Gianluigi Maggioni
- Department of Physics and Astronomy "Galileo Galilei", University of Padova, Padua, Italy
- Laboratori Nazionali di Legnaro, INFN, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Alberto Quaranta
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Trento, Povo, Italy
- TIFPA-Trento Institute for Fundamental Physics and Applications, INFN, Povo, Italy
| | - Sandra Moretto
- Department of Physics and Astronomy "Galileo Galilei", University of Padova, Padua, Italy
- Padova Section, INFN, Padua, Italy
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Xu Z, Qu G, Yan M, Shen S, Huang Y, Zhang X, Chen L, Liu X, Han J. Lower-Weight Landmine Detection Under Various Buried Conditions Based on PGNAA and Machine Learning. NUCL TECHNOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/00295450.2022.2076489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zixu Xu
- Sichuan University, Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Radiation Physics and Technology of the Ministry of Education, Chengdu, 610064, China
| | - Guofeng Qu
- Sichuan University, Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Radiation Physics and Technology of the Ministry of Education, Chengdu, 610064, China
- Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Helmholtz Institute, 55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - Min Yan
- Sichuan University, Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Radiation Physics and Technology of the Ministry of Education, Chengdu, 610064, China
| | - Su Shen
- Sichuan University, Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Radiation Physics and Technology of the Ministry of Education, Chengdu, 610064, China
| | - Yu Huang
- Sichuan University, Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Radiation Physics and Technology of the Ministry of Education, Chengdu, 610064, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Sichuan University, Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Radiation Physics and Technology of the Ministry of Education, Chengdu, 610064, China
| | - Lei Chen
- Sichuan University, Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Radiation Physics and Technology of the Ministry of Education, Chengdu, 610064, China
| | - Xingquan Liu
- Sichuan University, Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Radiation Physics and Technology of the Ministry of Education, Chengdu, 610064, China
| | - Jifeng Han
- Sichuan University, Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Radiation Physics and Technology of the Ministry of Education, Chengdu, 610064, China
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Colorimetric optical nanosensors for trace explosive detection using metal nanoparticles: advances, pitfalls, and future perspective. Emerg Top Life Sci 2021; 5:367-379. [PMID: 33960382 DOI: 10.1042/etls20200281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Warfare threats and acts of terror are challenging situations encountered by defense agencies across the globe and are of growing concern to the general public, and security-minded policy makers. Detecting ultra-low quantities of explosive compounds in remote locations or under harsh conditions for anti-terror purposes as well as the environmental monitoring of residual or discarded explosives in soil, remains a major challenge. The use of metal nanoparticles (NPs) for trace explosive detection has drawn considerable interest in recent years. For nano-based explosive sensor devices to meet real-life operational demands, analytical parameters such as, long-shelf life, stability under harsh conditions, ease-of-use, high sensitivity, excellent selectivity, and rapid signal response must be met. Generally, the analytical performance of colorimetric-based nanosensor systems is strongly dependent on the surface properties of the nanomaterial used in the colorimetric assay. The size and shape properties of metal NPs, surface functionalisation efficiency, and assay fabrication methods, are factors that influence the efficacy of colorimetric explosive nanosensor systems. This review reports on the design and analytical performances of colorimetric explosive sensor systems using metal NPs as optical signal transducers. The challenges of trace explosive detection, advances in metal NP colorimetric explosive design, limitations of each methods, and possible strategies to mitigate the problems are discussed.
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Black J, Wood-Thanan M, Maroni A, Sánchez E. Study of inertial electrostatic confinement fusion using a finite-volume scheme for the one-dimensional Vlasov equation. Phys Rev E 2021; 103:023212. [PMID: 33736071 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.103.023212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
While the majority of fusion energy research is focused on magnetic confinement, there have been several alternative confinement methods aimed at the development of smaller and less expensive reactors. A number of these alternative reactors are based on a spherically convergent beam of recirculating ions and include designs such as inertial electrostatic confinement (IEC), multigrid IEC, and the periodically oscillating plasma sphere concept. Here, a fully time-dependent GPU-based Vlasov solver was developed in order to study these spherically convergent devices. This code solves the Vlasov equation for a spherically symmetric system using a finite-volume method with a modified flux to account for electrode transparency. The solver accounts for secondary electron emission, interactions between the charged particles, and collisional effects such as ionization and charge exchange. This code was used to investigate a system similar to the ion-injected device described by Hirsch (see [R. L. Hirsch, J. Appl. Phys. 38, 4522 (1967)10.1063/1.1709162]), who had reported a neutron production rate for deuterium-deuterium reactions in the range of 10^{6}to10^{7} neutrons per second, which was attributed to the formation of a virtual electrode structure near the center of the chamber. Attempts to reproduce this experiment [B. J. Egle, Ph.D. thesis, 2010] yielded similar fusion rates, though the majority of the reactions were found not to occur near the center of the chamber. The results of this Vlasov solver, considering only beam-beam and beam-background fusion reactions, show that beam-background reactions would be dominant in such an ion-injected device. This result is consistent with work by Baxter and Stuart, who proposed a simplified steady-state Boltzmann model. However, the result of both models are inconsistent with the experimental results, which indicate a higher neutron production rate, and an inverse pressure scaling trend. It is shown that the higher experimental rates may be explained by beam-target fusion between the ion beam and deuterium embedded on the inner surface of the cathode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey Black
- Department of Physics, Portland State University, Portland, Oregon 97201, USA
| | | | - Aaron Maroni
- Department of Physics, Portland State University, Portland, Oregon 97201, USA
| | - Erik Sánchez
- Department of Physics, Portland State University, Portland, Oregon 97201, USA
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Hohenberger M, Meezan NB, Riedel WM, Kabadi N, Forrest CJ, Aghaian L, Cappelli MA, Farrell M, Glenzer SH, Heeter B, Heredia R, Landen OL, Mackinnon AJ, Petrasso R, Shuldberg CM, Treffert F, Hsing WW. Developing "inverted-corona" fusion targets as high-fluence neutron sources. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2021; 92:033544. [PMID: 33819995 DOI: 10.1063/5.0040877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We present experimental studies of inverted-corona targets as neutron sources at the OMEGA Laser Facility and the National Ignition Facility (NIF). Laser beams are directed onto the inner walls of a capsule via laser-entrance holes (LEHs), heating the target interior to fusion conditions. The fusion fuel is provided either as a wall liner, e.g., deuterated plastic (CD), or as a gas fill, e.g., D2 gas. Such targets are robust to low-mode drive asymmetries, allowing for single-sided laser drive. On OMEGA, 1.8-mm-diameter targets with either a 10-μm CD liner or up to 2 atm of D2-gas fill were driven with up to 18 kJ of laser energy in a 1-ns square pulse. Neutron yields of up to 1.5 × 1010 generally followed expected trends with fill pressure or laser energy, although the data imply some mix of the CH wall into the fusion fuel for either design. Comparable performance was observed with single-sided (1x LEH) or double-sided (2x LEH) drive. NIF experiments tested the platform at scaled up dimensions and energies, combining a 15-μm CD liner and a 3-atm D2-gas fill in a 4.5-mm diameter target, laser-driven with up to 330 kJ. Neutron yields up to 2.6 × 1012 were measured, exceeding the scaled yield expectation from the OMEGA data. The observed energy scaling on the NIF implies that the neutron production is gas dominated, suggesting a performance boost from using deuterium-tritium (DT) gas. We estimate that neutron yields exceeding 1014 should be readily achievable using a modest laser drive of ∼300 kJ with a DT fill.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Hohenberger
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - N B Meezan
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - W M Riedel
- Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - N Kabadi
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - C J Forrest
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14623, USA
| | - L Aghaian
- General Atomics, 3550 General Atomics Court, San Diego, California 92121, USA
| | - M A Cappelli
- Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - M Farrell
- General Atomics, 3550 General Atomics Court, San Diego, California 92121, USA
| | - S H Glenzer
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94309, USA
| | - B Heeter
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - R Heredia
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - O L Landen
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - A J Mackinnon
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - R Petrasso
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - C M Shuldberg
- General Atomics, 3550 General Atomics Court, San Diego, California 92121, USA
| | - F Treffert
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94309, USA
| | - W W Hsing
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
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To KC, Ben-Jaber S, Parkin IP. Recent Developments in the Field of Explosive Trace Detection. ACS NANO 2020; 14:10804-10833. [PMID: 32790331 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c01579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Explosive trace detection (ETD) technologies play a vital role in maintaining national security. ETD remains an active research area with many analytical techniques in operational use. This review details the latest advances in animal olfactory, ion mobility spectrometry (IMS), and Raman and colorimetric detection methods. Developments in optical, biological, electrochemical, mass, and thermal sensors are also covered in addition to the use of nanomaterials technology. Commercially available systems are presented as examples of current detection capabilities and as benchmarks for improvement. Attention is also drawn to recent collaborative projects involving government, academia, and industry to highlight the emergence of multimodal screening approaches and applications. The objective of the review is to provide a comprehensive overview of ETD by highlighting challenges in ETD and providing an understanding of the principles, advantages, and limitations of each technology and relating this to current systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ka Chuen To
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, Bloomsbury, London WC1H 0AJ, United Kingdom
| | - Sultan Ben-Jaber
- Department of Science and Forensics, King Fahad Security College, Riyadh 13232, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ivan P Parkin
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, Bloomsbury, London WC1H 0AJ, United Kingdom
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8
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Recognition of Pharmacological Bi-Heterocyclic Compounds by Using Terahertz Time Domain Spectroscopy and Chemometrics. SENSORS 2019; 19:s19153349. [PMID: 31366175 PMCID: PMC6696483 DOI: 10.3390/s19153349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2019] [Revised: 07/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we presented the concept and implementation of a fully functional system for the recognition of bi-heterocyclic compounds. We have conducted research into the application of machine learning methods to correctly recognize compounds based on THz spectra, and we have described the process of selecting optimal parameters for the kernel support vector machine (KSVM) with an additional `unknown' class. The chemical compounds used in the study contain a target molecule, used in pharmacy to combat inflammatory states formed in living organisms. Ready-made medical products with similar properties are commonly referred to as non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) once authorised on the pharmaceutical market. It was crucial to clearly determine whether the tested sample is a chemical compound known to researchers or is a completely new structure which should be additionally tested using other spectrometric methods. Our approach allows us to achieve 100% accuracy of the classification of the tested chemical compounds in the time of several milliseconds counted for 30 samples of the test set. It fits perfectly into the concept of rapid recognition of bi-heterocyclic compounds without the need to analyse the percentage composition of compound components, assuming that the sample is classified in a known group. The method allows us to minimize testing costs and significant reduction of the time of analysis.
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Cevallos-Robalino LE, García-Fernández GF, Lorente A, Gallego E, Vega-Carrillo HR, Guzmán-Garcia KA. Analysis by Monte Carlo of thermal neutron flux from a 241Am/ 9Be source for a system of trace analysis in materials. Appl Radiat Isot 2019; 151:19-24. [PMID: 31154075 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2019.04.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2018] [Revised: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Neutron techniques to characterize materials have a wide range of applications, one of the major developments being the identification of terrorist threats with chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear and explosives (CBRNE) materials. In this work, a thermal neutron irradiation system, using a241Am/9Be source of 111 GBq inside polyethylene cylindrical moderators, has been designed, built and tested. The geometry of moderator and the neutron source position were fixed trying to maximize the thermal neutrons flux emitted from the system. Therefore, the system is in fact a thermalized neutron source taking advantage of the backscattered neutrons, achieving thermal fluence rates of up to 5.3x102 cm-2 s-1, with dominantly thermal spectra. Samples can be placed there for several hours and thereafter be measured to identify their component elements by NAA (Neutron Activation Analysis). Through Monte Carlo techniques employing the MCNP6 code (Pelowitz et al., 2014), four different configurations with polyethylene cylinders were simulated to choose the most adequate geometry. The theoretical model was then replicated in the neutronics hall of the Neutron Measurements Laboratory of the Energy Engineering Department of Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (LMN-UPM), carrying out experimental measurements using a BF3 neutron detector. A high agreement between MCNP6 results and the experimental values measured was observed. Consequently, the system developed could be employed in future laboratory experiments, both for the identification of trace substances by NAA and for the calibration of neutron detection equipment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lenin E Cevallos-Robalino
- Departamento de Ingeniería Energética, ETSI Industriales, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, José Gutiérrez Abascal 2, 28006, Madrid, Spain; Grupo de Investigación En Sistemas de Control Y Robótica, GISCOR, Universidad Politécnica Salesiana, C. Robles 107 Chambers, 090108, Guayas, Guayaquil, Ecuador.
| | - Gonzalo F García-Fernández
- Departamento de Ingeniería Energética, ETSI Industriales, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, José Gutiérrez Abascal 2, 28006, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alfredo Lorente
- Departamento de Ingeniería Energética, ETSI Industriales, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, José Gutiérrez Abascal 2, 28006, Madrid, Spain
| | - Eduardo Gallego
- Departamento de Ingeniería Energética, ETSI Industriales, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, José Gutiérrez Abascal 2, 28006, Madrid, Spain
| | - Hector Rene Vega-Carrillo
- Unidad Académica de Estudios Nucleares, Universidad Autónoma de Zacatecas, C. Ciprés, 10, 98060, Zacatecas, Zac, Mexico
| | - Karen A Guzmán-Garcia
- Departamento de Ingeniería Energética, ETSI Industriales, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, José Gutiérrez Abascal 2, 28006, Madrid, Spain
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Košťál M, Matěj Z, Mravec F, Cvachovec F, Schulc M, Juříček V, Rypar V, Šoltés J, Losa E, Viererbl L. Testing of Scintillation Detectors in Quasi-Monoenergetic Neutron Spectra in a Silicon Filtered Neutron Beam at the LVR-15 Research Reactor. JOURNAL OF NUCLEAR ENGINEERING AND RADIATION SCIENCE 2019. [DOI: 10.1115/1.4043197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
With increasing needs of neutron detection in energy and homeland security sectors, there is an aim in the development of new suitable detection materials with possible n/g separation and also satisfactory resolution. This issue is connected with a well-defined neutron field. The neutron standards 252Cf(spontaneous fission) and 235U(nth fission) have smooth spectra; thus, the tests in these fields can be used for testing of neutron gamma pulse shape discrimination (PSD), but cannot reveal possible problems in the deconvolution. New neutron field which is formed from fission spectrum filtered by 1 m thick silicon block was developed in Research Center Rez. Due to the course of the silicon cross section, the well-distinguished neutron peaks occur in filtered neutron spectrum. In this field, various scintillation materials, HIDEX Aqualight, and EJ299-33A were tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Košťál
- Research Center Rez, Ltd., Husinec-Rez 250 68, Czech Republic e-mail:
| | - Zdeněk Matěj
- Faculty of Informatics, Masaryk University, Botanická 15, Brno 612 00, Czech Republic
| | - Filip Mravec
- Faculty of Informatics, Masaryk University, Botanická 15, Brno 612 00, Czech Republic
| | - František Cvachovec
- Department of Mathematics and Physics, University of Defence, Kounicova 65, Brno 612 00, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Schulc
- Research Center Rez, Ltd., Husinec-Rez 250 68, Czech Republic
| | | | - Vojtěch Rypar
- Research Center Rez, Ltd., Husinec-Rez 250 68, Czech Republic
| | - Jaroslav Šoltés
- Research Center Rez, Ltd., Husinec-Rez 250 68, Czech Republic
| | - Evžen Losa
- Research Center Rez, Ltd., Husinec-Rez 250 68, Czech Republic
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Scintillator screen development for fast neutron radiography and tomography and its application at the beamline of the 10 MW BNC research reactor. Appl Radiat Isot 2018; 140:215-223. [PMID: 30055506 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2018.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Revised: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Simple and inexpensive ZnS-based fast neutron imaging screens have been developed and their performance has been tested and compared to a commercially available one using the RAD beamline of the 10 MW research reactor of the Budapest Neutron Centre (BNC), Hungary. ZnS(Ag) and ZnS(Cu) powders have been mixed with optical epoxy, deaerated and casted into sheet form using an aluminum frame. The ZnS concentration and the screen thickness have been optimised using sample screen pieces. The in-house screens have been tested in camera-based neutron imaging detectors in a reactor beamline and compared with a commercially available polypropylene/ZnS(Cu) fast neutron imaging screen and with a BC400 plastic scintillator slab screen. It has been found that the in-house screen produces only about 60% of light intensity of the commercial polypropylene/ZnS screen, which is mainly due to the lower hydrogen density of the optical epoxy compared to polypropylene by the same amount. The BC400 performs inferior compared to any ZnS-based scintillator tested here. Fast neutron tomography has been performed with both the commercial and the in-house screens on the reactor beamline. A spatial resolution of around 1.6 mm has been achieved. Typically 10-15 min exposures were needed to obtain good quality radiographic images, whereas several hours of acquisition were needed to obtain the full tomographic set images. High quality imaging results have been obtained on large (150 mm in diameter) and dense objects (hydraulic couplings) proving the feasibility and utility of fast neutron imaging for such samples.
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14
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Bélanger-Champagne C, Vainionpää H, Peura P, Toivonen H, Eerola P, Dendooven P. Design of a novel instrument for active neutron interrogation of artillery shells. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0188959. [PMID: 29211773 PMCID: PMC5718418 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0188959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The most common explosives can be uniquely identified by measuring the elemental H/N ratio with a precision better than 10%. Monte Carlo simulations were used to design two variants of a new prompt gamma neutron activation instrument that can achieve this precision. The instrument features an intense pulsed neutron generator with precise timing. Measuring the hydrogen peak from the target explosive is especially challenging because the instrument itself contains hydrogen, which is needed for neutron moderation and shielding. By iterative design optimization, the fraction of the hydrogen peak counts coming from the explosive under interrogation increased from [Formula: see text]% to [Formula: see text]% (statistical only) for the benchmark design. In the optimized design variants, the hydrogen signal from a high-explosive shell can be measured to a statistics-only precision better than 1% in less than 30 minutes for an average neutron production yield of 109 n/s.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Pauli Peura
- Helsinki Institute of Physics, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Paula Eerola
- Helsinki Institute of Physics, Helsinki, Finland
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15
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Nabiev SS, Palkina LA. Modern technologies for detection and identification of explosive agents and devices. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY B 2017. [DOI: 10.1134/s1990793117050190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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16
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Preston RM, Tickner JR. Fast-Neutron Survey With Compact Plastic Scintillation Detectors. RADIATION PROTECTION DOSIMETRY 2017; 175:406-412. [PMID: 28100671 DOI: 10.1093/rpd/ncw364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
With the rise of the Silicon Photomultiplier (SiPM), it is now practical to build compact scintillation detectors well suited to portable use. A prototype survey meter for fast-neutrons and gamma-rays, based around an EJ-299-34 plastic scintillator with SiPM readout, has been developed and tested. A custom digital pulse processor was used to perform pulse shape discrimination on-the-fly. Ambient dose equivalent H*(10) was calculated by means of two energy-dependent 'G-functions'. The sensitivity was calculated to be between 0.10 and 0.22 cps/(µSv/hr) for fast-neutrons with energies above 2.5 MeV. The prototype was used to survey various laboratory radiation fields, with the readings compared with commercial survey meters. The high sensitivity and lightweight nature of this detector makes it promising for rapid survey of the mixed neutron/gamma-ray fields encountered in industry and homeland security.
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Lehnert AL, Kearfott KJ. Simplified Simulation of Fast Neutron Scattering for an Explosives Detection Application. NUCL SCI ENG 2017. [DOI: 10.13182/nse10-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. L. Lehnert
- University of Michigan, Department of Nuclear Engineering and Radiological Sciences 2355 Bonisteel Boulevard, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-2104
| | - K. J. Kearfott
- University of Michigan, Department of Nuclear Engineering and Radiological Sciences 2355 Bonisteel Boulevard, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-2104
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Whetstone ZD, Kearfott KJ. Use of Multiple Layers of Repeating Material to Effectively Collimate an Isotropic Neutron Source. NUCL TECHNOL 2017. [DOI: 10.13182/nt10-118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Z. D. Whetstone
- University of Michigan, Department of Nuclear Engineering and Radiological Sciences Radiological Health Engineering Laboratory, 2355 Bonisteel Boulevard 1943 Cooley Building, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-2104
| | - K. J. Kearfott
- University of Michigan, Department of Nuclear Engineering and Radiological Sciences Radiological Health Engineering Laboratory, 2355 Bonisteel Boulevard 1943 Cooley Building, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-2104
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19
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Lehnert AL, Kearfott KJ. The Detection of Explosive Materials: Review of Considerations and Methods. NUCL TECHNOL 2017. [DOI: 10.13182/nt10-a10940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Adrienne L. Lehnert
- University of Michigan, Department of Nuclear Engineering and Radiological Sciences2355 Bonisteel Boulevard, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-2104
| | - Kimberlee J. Kearfott
- University of Michigan, Department of Nuclear Engineering and Radiological Sciences2355 Bonisteel Boulevard, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-2104
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20
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Zboray R, Adams R, Kis Z. Fast neutron radiography and tomography at a 10MW research reactor beamline. Appl Radiat Isot 2016; 119:43-50. [PMID: 27842231 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2016.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Revised: 10/21/2016] [Accepted: 10/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Fast neutron imaging was performed using a beamline of the 10MW research reactor of the Budapest Neutron Centre, Hungary. A simple, low-cost 2D area detector has been used featuring a 8mm thick BC400 plastic scintillator converter screen and a CCD camera. A spatial resolution of around 1.3mm has been achieved. Typically 10min long exposures were needed to obtain reasonable quality radiographic images. For tomographic imaging typically several hours of acquisition were needed to obtain reasonable quality on non-symmetric and larger (e.g. 10×10×10cm3) objects. Due to the presence of a significant gamma background at the experimental position, massive (30cm thick) lead shielding and filtering was applied to the beam. The gamma contribution was mostly baseline independent of the object imaged and therefore could be subtracted, whereas the direct gamma contribution from the beam to the imaging detector signal is estimated to be less than 1%.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Zboray
- Paul Scherrer Institute, PSI Villigen CH-5232, Switzerland.
| | - R Adams
- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich, Sonnegstrasse 3, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Z Kis
- Hungarian Academy of Science, Centre for Energy Research, 29-33 Konkoly Thege Miklos street, 1121 Budapest, Hungary
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21
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Zhao JR, Zhang XP, Yuan DW, Li YT, Li DZ, Rhee YJ, Zhang Z, Li F, Zhu BJ, Li YF, Han B, Liu C, Ma Y, Li YF, Tao MZ, Li MH, Guo X, Huang XG, Fu SZ, Zhu JQ, Zhao G, Chen LM, Fu CB, Zhang J. A novel laser-collider used to produce monoenergetic 13.3 MeV (7)Li (d, n) neutrons. Sci Rep 2016; 6:27363. [PMID: 27250660 PMCID: PMC4889997 DOI: 10.1038/srep27363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutron energy is directly correlated with the energy of the incident ions in experiments involving laser-driven nuclear reactions. Using high-energy incident ions reduces the energy concentration of the generated neutrons. A novel "laser-collider" method was used at the Shenguang II laser facility to produce monoenergetic neutrons via (7)Li (d, n) nuclear reactions. The specially designed K-shaped target significantly increased the numbers of incident d and Li ions at the keV level. Ultimately, 13.3 MeV neutrons were obtained. Considering the time resolution of the neutron detector, we demonstrated that the produced neutrons were monoenergetic. Interferometry and a Multi hydro-dynamics simulation confirmed the monoenergetic nature of these neutrons.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Zhao
- Laboratory of Optical Physics, Institute of Physics, CAS, Beijing 100190, China
| | - X P Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Laser Plasmas (MOE) and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - D W Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Optical Astronomy, National Astronomical Observatories, CAS, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Y T Li
- Laboratory of Optical Physics, Institute of Physics, CAS, Beijing 100190, China
| | - D Z Li
- Institute of High Energy Physics, CAS, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Y J Rhee
- CoReLS, Institute for Basic Science, Gwangju 61005, Korea.,NDC, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, 34057, Korea
| | - Z Zhang
- Laboratory of Optical Physics, Institute of Physics, CAS, Beijing 100190, China
| | - F Li
- Laboratory of Optical Physics, Institute of Physics, CAS, Beijing 100190, China
| | - B J Zhu
- Laboratory of Optical Physics, Institute of Physics, CAS, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Yan F Li
- Laboratory of Optical Physics, Institute of Physics, CAS, Beijing 100190, China
| | - B Han
- Key Laboratory of Optical Astronomy, National Astronomical Observatories, CAS, Beijing 100012, China
| | - C Liu
- Department of Astronomy, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Y Ma
- Laboratory of Optical Physics, Institute of Physics, CAS, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Yi F Li
- Laboratory of Optical Physics, Institute of Physics, CAS, Beijing 100190, China
| | - M Z Tao
- Laboratory of Optical Physics, Institute of Physics, CAS, Beijing 100190, China
| | - M H Li
- Laboratory of Optical Physics, Institute of Physics, CAS, Beijing 100190, China
| | - X Guo
- Laboratory of Optical Physics, Institute of Physics, CAS, Beijing 100190, China
| | - X G Huang
- Shanghai Institute of Laser Plasma, Shanghai 201800, China
| | - S Z Fu
- Shanghai Institute of Laser Plasma, Shanghai 201800, China
| | - J Q Zhu
- National Laboratory on High Power Lasers and Physics, Shanghai 201800, China
| | - G Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Optical Astronomy, National Astronomical Observatories, CAS, Beijing 100012, China
| | - L M Chen
- Laboratory of Optical Physics, Institute of Physics, CAS, Beijing 100190, China.,Key Laboratory for Laser Plasmas (MOE) and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of IFSA, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - C B Fu
- Key Laboratory for Laser Plasmas (MOE) and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - J Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Laser Plasmas (MOE) and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of IFSA, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200240, China
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22
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23
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Hernández-Adame PL, Medina-Castro D, Rodriguez-Ibarra JL, Salas-Luevano MA, Vega-Carrillo HR. Design of an explosive detection system using Monte Carlo method. Appl Radiat Isot 2016; 117:27-31. [PMID: 27102306 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2016.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2015] [Revised: 04/03/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Regardless the motivation terrorism is the most important risk for the national security in many countries. Attacks with explosives are the most common method used by terrorists. Therefore several procedures to detect explosives are utilized; among these methods are the use of neutrons and photons. In this study the Monte Carlo method an explosive detection system using a 241AmBe neutron source was designed. In the design light water, paraffin, polyethylene, and graphite were used as moderators. In the work the explosive RDX was used and the induced gamma rays due to neutron capture in the explosive was estimated using NaI(Tl) and HPGe detectors. When light water is used as moderator and HPGe as the detector the system has the best performance allowing distinguishing between the explosive and urea. For the final design the Ambient dose equivalent for neutrons and photons were estimated along the radial and axial axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Luis Hernández-Adame
- Unidad Académica de Estudios Nucleares, Universidad Autonoma de Zacatecas, C. Ciprés, 10, 98068 Zacatecas, Zac., Mexico.
| | - Diego Medina-Castro
- Unidad Académica de Estudios Nucleares, Universidad Autonoma de Zacatecas, C. Ciprés, 10, 98068 Zacatecas, Zac., Mexico
| | | | - Miguel Angel Salas-Luevano
- Unidad Académica de Estudios Nucleares, Universidad Autonoma de Zacatecas, C. Ciprés, 10, 98068 Zacatecas, Zac., Mexico
| | - Hector Rene Vega-Carrillo
- Unidad Académica de Estudios Nucleares, Universidad Autonoma de Zacatecas, C. Ciprés, 10, 98068 Zacatecas, Zac., Mexico
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24
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Albright S, Seviour R. Radioisotopes produced by neutron irradiation of food. Appl Radiat Isot 2016; 110:224-229. [PMID: 26749562 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2015.12.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2015] [Revised: 11/29/2015] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The use of neutrons for cargo interrogation has the potential to drastically improve threat detection. Previous research has focussed on the production of (24)Na, based on the isotopes produced in pharmaceuticals and medical devices. For both the total activity and the ingestion dose we show that a variety of isotopes contribute and that (24)Na is only dominant under certain conditions. The composition of the foods has a strong influence on the resulting activity and ingestion dose suggesting that the pharmaceuticals and medical devices considered initially are not a viable analogue for foodstuffs. There is an energy dependence to the isotopes produced due to the cross-sections of different reactions varying with neutron energy. We show that this results in different isotopes dominating the ingestion dose at different energies, which has not been considered in the previous literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Albright
- West Building (W3/01), The University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, West Yorkshire, England HD1 3DH, United Kingdom.
| | - R Seviour
- West Building (W3/01), The University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, West Yorkshire, England HD1 3DH, United Kingdom.
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25
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Yip M, Saripan MI, Wells K, Bradley DA. Monte Carlo Simulations for the Detection of Buried Objects Using Single Sided Backscattered Radiation. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0135769. [PMID: 26348619 PMCID: PMC4562623 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0135769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2013] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Detection of buried improvised explosive devices (IEDs) is a delicate task, leading to a need to develop sensitive stand-off detection technology. The shape, composition and size of the IEDs can be expected to be revised over time in an effort to overcome increasingly sophisticated detection methods. As an example, for the most part, landmines are found through metal detection which has led to increasing use of non-ferrous materials such as wood or plastic containers for chemical based explosives being developed. Methodology Monte Carlo simulations have been undertaken considering three different commercially available detector materials (hyperpure-Ge (HPGe), lanthanum(III) bromide (LaBr) and thallium activated sodium iodide (NaI(Tl)), applied at a stand-off distance of 50 cm from the surface and burial depths of 0, 5 and 10 cm, with sand as the obfuscating medium. Target materials representing medium density wood and mild steel have been considered. Each detector has been modelled as a 10 cm thick cylinder with a 20 cm diameter. Principal Findings It appears that HPGe represents the most promising detector for this application. Although it was not the highest density material studied, its excellent energy resolving capability leads to the highest quality spectra from which detection decisions can be inferred. Conclusions The simulation work undertaken here suggests that a vehicle-born threat detection system could be envisaged using a single betatron and a series of detectors operating in parallel observing the space directly in front of the vehicle path. Furthermore, results show that non-ferrous materials such as wood can be effectively discerned in such remote-operated detection system, with the potential to apply a signature analysis template matching technique for real-time analysis of such data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Yip
- Centre for Vision, Speech and Signal Processing, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7XH, United Kingdom
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, GU2 7XH, United Kingdom
| | - M. Iqbal Saripan
- Department of Computer and Communication Systems Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), 43400 UPM, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Kevin Wells
- Centre for Vision, Speech and Signal Processing, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7XH, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - David A. Bradley
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, GU2 7XH, United Kingdom
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26
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Whetstone Z, Kearfott K. A method for using neutron elastic scatter to create a variable energy neutron beam from a nearly monoenergetic neutron source. Radiat Phys Chem Oxf Engl 1993 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2015.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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27
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Liu W, Li M, Gao K, Gu D. Experimental research on detecting explosives by pulsed fast thermal neutron analysis. JOURNAL OF NEUTRON RESEARCH 2015. [DOI: 10.3233/jnr-150020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Weibo Liu
- Department of Opto-Electronic Engineering, Binzhou University, Binzhou, China
- Opto-Electronic Information Engineering Research Center, Binzhou, China
| | - Mingjuan Li
- Flying College, Binzhou University, Binzhou, China
| | - Kun Gao
- Department of Opto-Electronic Engineering, Binzhou University, Binzhou, China
- Opto-Electronic Information Engineering Research Center, Binzhou, China
| | - Deshan Gu
- School of Physics, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
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28
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Zhao JR, Zhang XP, Yuan DW, Chen LM, Li YT, Fu CB, Rhee YJ, Li F, Zhu BJ, Li YF, Liao GQ, Zhang K, Han B, Liu C, Huang K, Ma Y, Li YF, Xiong J, Huang XG, Fu SZ, Zhu JQ, Zhao G, Zhang J. Neutron yield enhancement in laser-induced deuterium-deuterium fusion using a novel shaped target. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2015; 86:063505. [PMID: 26133837 DOI: 10.1063/1.4922912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Neutron yields have direct correlation with the energy of incident deuterons in experiments of laser deuterated target interaction [Roth et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 110, 044802 (2013) and Higginson et al., Phys. Plasmas 18, 100703 (2011)], while deuterated plasma density is also an important parameter. Experiments at the Shenguang II laser facility have produced neutrons with energy of 2.45 MeV using d (d, n) He reaction. Deuterated foil target and K-shaped target were employed to study the influence of plasma density on neutron yields. Neutron yield generated by K-shaped target (nearly 10(6)) was two times higher than by foil target because the K-shaped target results in higher density plasma. Interferometry and multi hydro-dynamics simulation confirmed the importance of plasma density for enhancement of neutron yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Zhao
- Laboratory of Optical Physics, Institute of Physics, CAS, Beijing 100190, China
| | - X P Zhang
- Institute of Nuclear and Particle Physics (INPAC), Department of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - D W Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Optical Astronomy, National Astronomical Observatories, CAS, Beijing 100012, China
| | - L M Chen
- Laboratory of Optical Physics, Institute of Physics, CAS, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Y T Li
- Laboratory of Optical Physics, Institute of Physics, CAS, Beijing 100190, China
| | - C B Fu
- Institute of Nuclear and Particle Physics (INPAC), Department of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Y J Rhee
- Nuclear Data Center, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institution, Daejon 305353, Korea
| | - F Li
- Laboratory of Optical Physics, Institute of Physics, CAS, Beijing 100190, China
| | - B J Zhu
- Laboratory of Optical Physics, Institute of Physics, CAS, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Yan F Li
- Laboratory of Optical Physics, Institute of Physics, CAS, Beijing 100190, China
| | - G Q Liao
- Laboratory of Optical Physics, Institute of Physics, CAS, Beijing 100190, China
| | - K Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Optical Astronomy, National Astronomical Observatories, CAS, Beijing 100012, China
| | - B Han
- Key Laboratory of Optical Astronomy, National Astronomical Observatories, CAS, Beijing 100012, China
| | - C Liu
- Department of Astronomy, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - K Huang
- Laboratory of Optical Physics, Institute of Physics, CAS, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Y Ma
- Laboratory of Optical Physics, Institute of Physics, CAS, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Yi F Li
- Laboratory of Optical Physics, Institute of Physics, CAS, Beijing 100190, China
| | - J Xiong
- Shanghai Institute of Laser Plasma, Shanghai 201800, China
| | - X G Huang
- Shanghai Institute of Laser Plasma, Shanghai 201800, China
| | - S Z Fu
- Shanghai Institute of Laser Plasma, Shanghai 201800, China
| | - J Q Zhu
- National Laboratory on High Power Lasers and Physics, Shanghai 201800, China
| | - G Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Optical Astronomy, National Astronomical Observatories, CAS, Beijing 100012, China
| | - J Zhang
- Laboratory for Laser Plasmas (Ministry of Education) and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
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29
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Akar Tarim U, Ozmutlu E, Gurler O, Yalcin S. A possibility for standoff bomb detection. Radiat Phys Chem Oxf Engl 1993 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2014.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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30
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Bergaoui K, Reguigui N, Gary CK, Brown C, Cremer JT, Vainionpaa JH, Piestrup MA. Monte Carlo simulation of explosive detection system based on a Deuterium-Deuterium (D-D) neutron generator. Appl Radiat Isot 2014; 94:118-124. [PMID: 25154568 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2014.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2014] [Revised: 07/16/2014] [Accepted: 07/18/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
An explosive detection system based on a Deuterium-Deuterium (D-D) neutron generator has been simulated using the Monte Carlo N-Particle Transport Code (MCNP5). Nuclear-based explosive detection methods can detect explosives by identifying their elemental components, especially nitrogen. Thermal neutron capture reactions have been used for detecting prompt gamma emission (10.82MeV) following radiative neutron capture by (14)N nuclei. The explosive detection system was built based on a fully high-voltage-shielded, axial D-D neutron generator with a radio frequency (RF) driven ion source and nominal yield of about 10(10) fast neutrons per second (E=2.5MeV). Polyethylene and paraffin were used as moderators with borated polyethylene and lead as neutron and gamma ray shielding, respectively. The shape and the thickness of the moderators and shields are optimized to produce the highest thermal neutron flux at the position of the explosive and the minimum total dose at the outer surfaces of the explosive detection system walls. In addition, simulation of the response functions of NaI, BGO, and LaBr3-based γ-ray detectors to different explosives is described.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Bergaoui
- Unité de recherche "Maîtrise et Développement des Techniques Nucléaires à Caractère Pacifique", National Center of Nuclear Sciences and Technologies, Technopole Sidi Thabet, BP 72-CP 2020, Tunisia.
| | - N Reguigui
- Unité de recherche "Maîtrise et Développement des Techniques Nucléaires à Caractère Pacifique", National Center of Nuclear Sciences and Technologies, Technopole Sidi Thabet, BP 72-CP 2020, Tunisia
| | - C K Gary
- Adelphi Technology Inc., 2003 East Bayshore Road, Redwood City, CA 94063, USA
| | - C Brown
- Adelphi Technology Inc., 2003 East Bayshore Road, Redwood City, CA 94063, USA
| | - J T Cremer
- Adelphi Technology Inc., 2003 East Bayshore Road, Redwood City, CA 94063, USA
| | - J H Vainionpaa
- Adelphi Technology Inc., 2003 East Bayshore Road, Redwood City, CA 94063, USA
| | - M A Piestrup
- Adelphi Technology Inc., 2003 East Bayshore Road, Redwood City, CA 94063, USA
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31
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Whetstone ZD, Kearfott KJ. A review of conventional explosives detection using active neutron interrogation. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-014-3260-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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32
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Fountain AW, Christesen SD, Moon RP, Guicheteau JA, Emmons ED. Recent advances and remaining challenges for the spectroscopic detection of explosive threats. APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY 2014; 68:795-811. [PMID: 25061781 DOI: 10.1366/14-07560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
In 2010, the U.S. Army initiated a program through the Edgewood Chemical Biological Center to identify viable spectroscopic signatures of explosives and initiate environmental persistence, fate, and transport studies for trace residues. These studies were ultimately designed to integrate these signatures into algorithms and experimentally evaluate sensor performance for explosives and precursor materials in existing chemical point and standoff detection systems. Accurate and validated optical cross sections and signatures are critical in benchmarking spectroscopic-based sensors. This program has provided important information for the scientists and engineers currently developing trace-detection solutions to the homemade explosive problem. With this information, the sensitivity of spectroscopic methods for explosives detection can now be quantitatively evaluated before the sensor is deployed and tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Augustus W Fountain
- Research and Technology Directorate, Edgewood Chemical Biological Center, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Aberdeen, Md 21010-5424 Usa
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33
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Long Y, Du X, Wang Y, Zhao J, Tai H, Tang X, Jiang Y. Hydrogen-bond acidic polymers coated SAW sensors for 2,4-dinitrotoluene detection. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra11525b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Two strong hydrogen-bond acidic (HBA) polymers DKAP and PLF, were coated onto 434 MHz surface acoustic wave (SAW) devices for rapid detection of an explosive compound, 2,4-dinitrotoluene (2,4-DNT).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin Long
- School of Optoelectronic Information
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices
- University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC)
- Cheng Du, PR China
| | - Xiaosong Du
- School of Optoelectronic Information
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices
- University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC)
- Cheng Du, PR China
| | - Yang Wang
- School of Optoelectronic Information
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices
- University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC)
- Cheng Du, PR China
| | - Jinzhu Zhao
- School of Optoelectronic Information
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices
- University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC)
- Cheng Du, PR China
| | - Huiling Tai
- School of Optoelectronic Information
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices
- University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC)
- Cheng Du, PR China
| | - Xianzhong Tang
- School of Optoelectronic Information
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices
- University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC)
- Cheng Du, PR China
| | - Yadong Jiang
- School of Optoelectronic Information
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices
- University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC)
- Cheng Du, PR China
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34
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Sudac D, Nad K, Obhodas J, Valkovic V. Monitoring of concrete structures by using the 14 MeV tagged neutron beams. RADIAT MEAS 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radmeas.2013.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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35
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Roth M, Jung D, Falk K, Guler N, Deppert O, Devlin M, Favalli A, Fernandez J, Gautier D, Geissel M, Haight R, Hamilton CE, Hegelich BM, Johnson RP, Merrill F, Schaumann G, Schoenberg K, Schollmeier M, Shimada T, Taddeucci T, Tybo JL, Wagner F, Wender SA, Wilde CH, Wurden GA. Bright laser-driven neutron source based on the relativistic transparency of solids. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2013; 110:044802. [PMID: 25166169 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.110.044802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2012] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Neutrons are unique particles to probe samples in many fields of research ranging from biology to material sciences to engineering and security applications. Access to bright, pulsed sources is currently limited to large accelerator facilities and there has been a growing need for compact sources over the recent years. Short pulse laser driven neutron sources could be a compact and relatively cheap way to produce neutrons with energies in excess of 10 MeV. For more than a decade experiments have tried to obtain neutron numbers sufficient for applications. Our recent experiments demonstrated an ion acceleration mechanism based on the concept of relativistic transparency. Using this new mechanism, we produced an intense beam of high energy (up to 170 MeV) deuterons directed into a Be converter to produce a forward peaked neutron flux with a record yield, on the order of 10(10) n/sr. We present results comparing the two acceleration mechanisms and the first short pulse laser generated neutron radiograph.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Roth
- Institut für Kernphysik, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Schloßgartenstrasse 9, D-64289 Darmstadt, Germany and Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - D Jung
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - K Falk
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - N Guler
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - O Deppert
- Institut für Kernphysik, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Schloßgartenstrasse 9, D-64289 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - M Devlin
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - A Favalli
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - J Fernandez
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - D Gautier
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - M Geissel
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - R Haight
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - C E Hamilton
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - B M Hegelich
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - R P Johnson
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - F Merrill
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - G Schaumann
- Institut für Kernphysik, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Schloßgartenstrasse 9, D-64289 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - K Schoenberg
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - M Schollmeier
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - T Shimada
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - T Taddeucci
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - J L Tybo
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - F Wagner
- Institut für Kernphysik, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Schloßgartenstrasse 9, D-64289 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - S A Wender
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - C H Wilde
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - G A Wurden
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
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Brewer RL, Dunn WL, Heider S, Matthew C, Yang X. The signature-based radiation-scanning approach to standoff detection of improvised explosive devices. Appl Radiat Isot 2011; 70:1181-5. [PMID: 22138023 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2011.11.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2011] [Revised: 11/14/2011] [Accepted: 11/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The signature-based radiation-scanning technique for detection of improvised explosive devices is described. The technique seeks to detect nitrogen-rich chemical explosives present in a target. The technology compares a set of "signatures" obtained from a test target to a collection of "templates", sets of signatures for a target that contain an explosive in a specific configuration. Interrogation of nitrogen-rich fertilizer samples, which serve as surrogates for explosives, is shown experimentally to be able to discriminate samples of 3.8L and larger.
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Affiliation(s)
- R L Brewer
- Department of Mechanical and Nuclear Engineering, Kansas State University, 3002 Rathbone Hall, Manhattan, KS 66506-5205, United States
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Sharma SK, Jakhar S, Shukla R, Shyam A, Rao C. Explosive detection system using pulsed 14MeV neutron source. FUSION ENGINEERING AND DESIGN 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fusengdes.2010.04.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Signature-based radiation scanning using radiation interrogation to detect explosives. Appl Radiat Isot 2010; 68:893-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2010.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Liu Y, Sowerby B, Tickner J. Comparison of neutron and high-energy X-ray dual-beam radiography for air cargo inspection. Appl Radiat Isot 2008; 66:463-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2007.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2007] [Revised: 10/15/2007] [Accepted: 10/16/2007] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Eberhardt JE, Rainey S, Stevens RJ, Sowerby BD, Tickner JR. Fast neutron radiography scanner for the detection of contraband in air cargo containers. Appl Radiat Isot 2005; 63:179-88. [PMID: 15963428 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2005.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2005] [Revised: 04/18/2005] [Accepted: 04/18/2005] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
There is a growing need to rapidly scan bulk air cargo for contraband such as illicit drugs and explosives. The Commonwealth Science and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) have been working with Australian Customs Service to develop a scanner capable of directly scanning airfreight containers in 1--2 minutes without unpacking. The scanner combines fast neutron and gamma-ray radiography to provide high-resolution images that include information on material composition. A full-scale prototype scanner has been successfully tested in the laboratory and a commercial-scale scanner is due to be installed at Brisbane airport in 2005.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Eberhardt
- CSIRO Minerals, Private Mail Bag 5, Menai, NSW 2234, Australia
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