1
|
Tao A, Wang J, Luo B, Liu B, Wang Z, Chen X, Zou T, Chen J, You J. Research progress on cottonseed meal as a protein source in pig nutrition: An updated review. ANIMAL NUTRITION (ZHONGGUO XU MU SHOU YI XUE HUI) 2024; 18:220-233. [PMID: 39281049 PMCID: PMC11402386 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2024.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 02/24/2024] [Accepted: 03/30/2024] [Indexed: 09/18/2024]
Abstract
At a global level, the supply of protein sources is insufficient to support the current magnitude of pig production. Moreover, given the exorbitant expense of conventional protein feed options like soybean meal and fish meal, it becomes imperative to promptly explore alternative sources of protein feed for the sustainable advancement of the pig industry. Cottonseed meal, a by-product from the extraction of cottonseed oil, exhibits significant potential as a protein source for pig feed owing to its high protein content, high yield, low cost, well-balanced amino acid composition, and sufficient accessibility. However, cottonseed meal possesses several anti-nutritional factors, especially gossypol, which adversely affect growth and reproductive performance, resulting in the limited utilization of cottonseed meal in pig feed. To maximize the benefits of cottonseed meal and promote its application in pig production, it is imperative to acquire comprehensive knowledge regarding its nutritional value and current utilization. In this review, we initially presented a summary of the nutritional values of cottonseed meal, primary anti-nutritional factors, and effective approaches for improving its utilization as a protein source feed. Subsequently, we comprehensively summarized the latest research progress of cottonseed meal application in pig nutrition over the past decade. The outcome of this review serves as a theoretical foundation and practical guidance for the research and application of cottonseed meal in pig nutrition and promotes the reduction of soybean meal utilization in the pig industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- An Tao
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
- Jiangxi Province Key Innovation Center of Integration in Production and Education for High-Quality and Safe Livestock and Poultry, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Jiahao Wang
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
- Jiangxi Province Key Innovation Center of Integration in Production and Education for High-Quality and Safe Livestock and Poultry, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Bin Luo
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
- Jiangxi Province Key Innovation Center of Integration in Production and Education for High-Quality and Safe Livestock and Poultry, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Bowen Liu
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
- Jiangxi Province Key Innovation Center of Integration in Production and Education for High-Quality and Safe Livestock and Poultry, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Zirui Wang
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
- Jiangxi Province Key Innovation Center of Integration in Production and Education for High-Quality and Safe Livestock and Poultry, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Xingping Chen
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
- Jiangxi Province Key Innovation Center of Integration in Production and Education for High-Quality and Safe Livestock and Poultry, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Tiande Zou
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
- Jiangxi Province Key Innovation Center of Integration in Production and Education for High-Quality and Safe Livestock and Poultry, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Jun Chen
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
- Jiangxi Province Key Innovation Center of Integration in Production and Education for High-Quality and Safe Livestock and Poultry, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Jinming You
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
- Jiangxi Province Key Innovation Center of Integration in Production and Education for High-Quality and Safe Livestock and Poultry, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Comparing the effects of gamma ray and alkaline treatments of sodium hydroxide and calcium oxide on chemical composition, ruminal degradation kinetics and crystallinity degree of soybean straw. Appl Radiat Isot 2023; 191:110524. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2022.110524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 06/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
3
|
|
4
|
Gamma ray irradiation improves feather meal as a fish meal alternate in largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides diet. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2020.114647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
|
5
|
Zhang X, Wang L, Lu H, Zong Z, Chen Z, Li Y, Luo X, Li Y. Preservation of hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative damage in HepG-2 cells by rice protein hydrolysates pretreated with electron beams. Sci Rep 2020; 10:8415. [PMID: 32439943 PMCID: PMC7242389 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-64814-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In this paper, electron beam irradiated rice protein hydrolysates (ERPHs) were assessed for their ability to prevent hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative stress in human HepG-2 cells. The related mechanism was also studied by analyzing the structural changes. Cytotoxicity experiments showed that rice protein hydrolysates pretreated with electron beam irradiation (EBI) were not toxic to cells if appropriate concentrations were applied. Cell viability markedly increased when the cells were treated with ERPHs before H2O2 induction. Furthermore, the ERPHs effectively suppressed H2O2-induced ROS production and lipid peroxidation and increased the protein expression levels of the intracellular antioxidant enzymes SOD, GSH-Px and CAT in H2O2-stressed HepG-2 cells. Consequently, the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential and cell apoptosis was alleviated. Circular dichroism analysis showed that pretreatment of rice protein with EBI significantly changed the secondary structure (the conversion of α-helices to random coils), which is beneficial to the improvement of its antioxidative activity. ERPHs exhibited stronger antioxidative effects than those without irradiation, possibly because of the difference in molecular weight distribution and amino acid composition. These findings indicate an efficient way to produce peptides with better antioxidant activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinxia Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology Ministry of Education State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technolog, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China.,National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China.,Jiangsu Provincial Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, LihuRoad1800, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Li Wang
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology Ministry of Education State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technolog, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China. .,National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China. .,Jiangsu Provincial Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, LihuRoad1800, Wuxi, 214122, China.
| | - Hui Lu
- Jiangsu Nongken Agricultural Development Co., Ltd., Hengshan Road 136, Nanjing, 210019, China
| | - Zhaoqin Zong
- Jiangsu Nongken Agricultural Development Co., Ltd., Hengshan Road 136, Nanjing, 210019, China
| | - Zhengxing Chen
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology Ministry of Education State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technolog, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China. .,National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China. .,Jiangsu Provincial Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, LihuRoad1800, Wuxi, 214122, China.
| | - Yongfu Li
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology Ministry of Education State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technolog, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China.,National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Xiaohu Luo
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology Ministry of Education State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technolog, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China.,National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China.,Jiangsu Provincial Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, LihuRoad1800, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Yanan Li
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology Ministry of Education State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technolog, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China.,National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China.,Jiangsu Provincial Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, LihuRoad1800, Wuxi, 214122, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Improving the nutritional value of canola seed by gamma irradiation. JOURNAL OF RADIATION RESEARCH AND APPLIED SCIENCES 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jrras.2015.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
7
|
Wanapat M, Phesatcha K, Viennasay B, Phesatcha B, Ampapon T, Kang S. Strategic supplementation of cassava top silage to enhance rumen fermentation and milk production in lactating dairy cows in the tropics. Trop Anim Health Prod 2018; 50:1539-1546. [PMID: 29675781 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-018-1593-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
High-quality protein roughage is an important feed for productive ruminants. This study examined the effects of strategic feeding of lactating cows with cassava (Manihot esculenta) top silage (CTS) on rumen fermentation, feed intake, milk yield, and quality. Four early lactating crossbred dairy cows (75% Holstein-Friesian and 25% Thai) with body weight (BW) 410 ± 30 kg and milk yield 12 ± 2 kg/day were randomly allotted in a 4 × 4 Latin square design to four different supplementation levels of CTS namely, 0, 0.75, 1.50, and 2.25 kg/day of dry matter (DM). Strategic supplementation of CTS significantly affected ruminal fermentation end-products, especially increased propionate production, decreased protozoal population and suppressed methane production (P < 0.05). Increasing the CTS supplementation level substantially enhanced milk yield and the 3.5% FCM from 12.7 to 14.0 kg/day and from 14.6 to 17.2 kg/day (P < 0.05) for non-supplemented group and for the 2.25 kg/day supplemented group, respectively. We conclude that high-quality protein roughage significantly enhances rumen fermentation end-products, milk yield, and quality in dairy cows.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Metha Wanapat
- Tropical Feed Resources Research and Development Center (TROFREC), Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand.
| | - Kampanat Phesatcha
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture and Technology, Nakhon Phanom University, Nakhon Phanom, 48000, Thailand
| | - Bounnaxay Viennasay
- Tropical Feed Resources Research and Development Center (TROFREC), Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
| | - Burarat Phesatcha
- Tropical Feed Resources Research and Development Center (TROFREC), Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
| | - Thiwakorn Ampapon
- Tropical Feed Resources Research and Development Center (TROFREC), Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
| | - Sungchhang Kang
- National Institute of Education, Phnom Penh, Kingdom of Cambodia
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Pankaj S, Shi H, Keener KM. A review of novel physical and chemical decontamination technologies for aflatoxin in food. Trends Food Sci Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2017.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
9
|
Wanapat M, Foiklang S, Sukjai S, Tamkhonburi P, Gunun N, Gunun P, Phesatcha K, Norrapoke T, Kang S. Feeding tropical dairy cattle with local protein and energy sources for sustainable production. JOURNAL OF APPLIED ANIMAL RESEARCH 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/09712119.2017.1288627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Metha Wanapat
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Tropical Feed Resources Research and Development Center (TROFREC), Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Suban Foiklang
- Faculty of Animal Science and Technology, Maejo University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Surat Sukjai
- Dairy Farming Promotion Organization of Thailand, Northeast Region (DPO), KhonKaen, Thailand
| | - Perm Tamkhonburi
- Dairy Farming Promotion Organization of Thailand, Northeast Region (DPO), KhonKaen, Thailand
| | - Nirawan Gunun
- Faculty of Technology, School of Animal Production Technology, Udon Thani Rajabhat University, Udon Thani, Thailand
| | - Pongsatorn Gunun
- Faculty of Natural Resources, School of Animal Science, Rajamangala University of Technology ISAN Sakon Nakhon Campus, Sakon Nakhon, Thailand
| | - Kampanat Phesatcha
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Tropical Feed Resources Research and Development Center (TROFREC), Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Thitima Norrapoke
- Department of Animal Production Technology, Faculty of Agro-Industrial Technology, Kalasin University, Kalasin, Thailand
| | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Wang L, Zhang X, Liu F, Ding Y, Wang R, Luo X, Li Y, Chen Z. Study of the functional properties and anti-oxidant activity of pea protein irradiated by electron beam. INNOV FOOD SCI EMERG 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ifset.2017.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
11
|
Liu Y, Li Z, Pavase T, Li Z, Liu Y, Wang N. Evaluation of electron beam irradiation to reduce the IgE binding capacity of frozen shrimp tropomyosin. FOOD AGR IMMUNOL 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/09540105.2016.1251394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yixuan Liu
- Food Safety Laboratory, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhaojie Li
- Weihai Entry Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau, Weihai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Tushar Pavase
- Food Safety Laboratory, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhenxing Li
- Food Safety Laboratory, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yumin Liu
- Weihai Entry Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau, Weihai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ning Wang
- Food Safety Laboratory, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, People’s Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Taghinejad-Roudbaneh M, Kazemi-Bonchenari M, Z. M. Salem A, E. Kholif A. Influence of roasting, gamma ray irradiation and microwaving on ruminal dry matter and crude protein digestion of cottonseed. ITALIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/1828051x.2015.1128686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
13
|
Assunção E, Reis TA, Baquião AC, Corrêa B. Effects of Gamma and Electron Beam Radiation on Brazil Nuts Artificially Inoculated with Aspergillus flavus. J Food Prot 2015; 78:1397-401. [PMID: 26197295 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-14-595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of gamma radiation (GR) and electron beam (EB) on Brazil nut samples contaminated with Aspergillus flavus. Fifty samples were spread with an A. flavus suspension and incubated at 30°C and a relative humidity of 93%. After 15 days of incubation, mycobiota and aflatoxin analysis were performed. The samples were divided into three groups (control, group 1, and group 2) that received radiation doses of 0 kGy (control) and 5 and 10 kGy each of GR and EB (groups 1 and 2). Noninoculated samples were irradiated with the same doses for sensory evaluation. The results showed that after 15 days of incubation, the average water activity of the samples was 0.80. The irradiation with GR and EB at doses of 5 and 10 kGy was able to eliminate A. flavus in Brazil nut samples. Aflatoxin analysis showed that EB doses of 5 and 10 kGy reduced aflatoxin B1 levels by 53.32 and 65.66%, respectively, whereas the same doses of GR reduced the levels of this toxin by 70.61 and 84.15% compared with the level in the control groups. Sensory evaluation demonstrated that the texture and odor of irradiated Brazil nut samples were acceptable. The taste evaluation indicated that 5 kGy of GR was judged acceptable. The results highlight that both irradiation processes (5- and 10-kGy doses) showed efficiency in A. flavus and aflatoxin elimination. GR and EB treatments resulted in some alterations in the sensory attributes of samples with the doses used in this study; however, Brazil nut samples irradiated with 5-kGy GR doses were considered acceptable.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ednei Assunção
- Laboratório de Micotoxinas, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas-ICB II, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenue Prof. Lineu Prestes, 1374, CEP 05508000, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Tatiana Alves Reis
- Laboratório de Micotoxinas, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas-ICB II, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenue Prof. Lineu Prestes, 1374, CEP 05508000, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Arianne Costa Baquião
- Laboratório de Micotoxinas, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas-ICB II, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenue Prof. Lineu Prestes, 1374, CEP 05508000, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Benedito Corrêa
- Laboratório de Micotoxinas, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas-ICB II, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenue Prof. Lineu Prestes, 1374, CEP 05508000, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Zhang Y, Wu Y, Jiang D, Qin J, Wang Y. Gamma-irradiated soybean meal replaced more fish meal in the diets of Japanese seabass (Lateolabrax japonicus). Anim Feed Sci Technol 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2014.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
15
|
Zheng M, Xu G, Pei J, He X, Xu P, Liu N, Wu M. EB-radiolysis of carbamazepine: in pure-water with different ions and in surface water. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-014-3322-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
16
|
Wanapat M, Pilajun R, Rowlinson P. Effect of carbohydrate source and cottonseed meal level in the concentrate: IV. Feed intake, rumen fermentation and milk production in milking cows. Trop Anim Health Prod 2012; 45:447-53. [PMID: 22843214 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-012-0238-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/13/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Four early-lactation crossbred cows (82.5 % Holstein) were selected to investigate the effect of carbohydrate source and cottonseed meal level in the concentrate on rumen fermentation and milk production. Cows were randomly assigned to receive four dietary treatments according to a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement in a 4 × 4 Latin Square design. Factor A was carbohydrate source: cassava chip (CC) and CC + rice bran at a ratio 3:1 (CR3:1), and factor B was variation in the level of cottonseed meal (CM): low (LCM) and high (HCM) in isonitrogenous diets (180 g CP/kg DM). It was found that carbohydrate source did not affect feed intake, dry matter digestibility, rumen fermentation, microbial population, milk yield and composition, or economic return (P > 0.05). However, cows fed with CC had a higher population of amylolytic bacteria than cows fed with CR3:1 (P < 0.05). Cows fed with HCM had a higher total feed intake, milk yield and composition, and milk income when compared with cows fed on LCM although the concentrate and roughage intakes, dry matter digestibility, rumen fermentation, and microbial populations were similar between treatments (P > 0.05). In addition, the carbohydrate source and cottonseed meal level interactions were not significant for any parameter. It could be concluded that cassava chip and high level of cottonseed meal could usefully be incorporated into concentrates for dairy cows without impacting on rumen fermentation or milk production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Metha Wanapat
- Tropical Feed Resources Research and Development Center (TROFREC), Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|