Kinetics and mechanism of the radiation-chemical synthesis of krypton hydrides in solid krypton matrices

Trapping and thermal migration of the first- and second-row atoms in Ar, Kr and Xe crystals

Trapping and temperature-induced migration (TIM) of the first- and second-row atoms A from H to Ne in the face-centered cubic rare gas RG = Ar, Kr and Xe crystals are investigated within the classical crystal model parameterized by the empirically modified pairwise potentials. New ab initio coupled cluster A-RG potentials computed in a uniform way for all the atoms A are used to represent the atom-crystal interactions. Absolute and relative stabilities of the substitutional and interstitial trapping sites, their structures, interstitial migration pathways, related activation energies and rough estimates of the TIM rates are obtained. The isotropic model, which neglects non-zero atomic electronic orbital momentum, reveals that migration of interstitial atoms along the network of conjugated fcc octahedral voids is the generic case for atomic mobility. Anisotropic interactions with a crystal inherent to P-state atoms B, C, O and F are accounted for using the non-relativistic diatomics-in-molecule method. Depending on its sign, interaction anisotropy can alter the structures of interstitial trapping sites and transition states remarkably. This, in turn, can dramatically affect the TIM rates. Comparison with reliable experimental data available for oxygen and hydrogen indicates a systematic overestimation of the measured activation energies, by 30% at worst. A comprehensive literature review accomplished for other atoms reveals a lack of information on the TIM processes and rates, though makes it possible to verify a part of the present results on the trapping site energies and structures.

Mechanisms of Radiation-Induced Degradation of CFCl3 and CF2Cl2 in Noble-Gas Matrixes: An Evidence for "Hot" Ionic Channels in the Solid Phase

The X-ray-induced transformations of simple chlorofluorocarbons (CFCl₃ and CF₂Cl₂) in solid noble-gas matrixes (Ne, Ar, Kr, and Xe) at 7 K were studied in order to elucidate basic mechanisms of the radiation-chemical degradation with possible implications for stratospheric and extraterrestrial ice chemistry. The decomposition of parent molecules and formation of products were monitored by FTIR spectroscopy, and the identification was supported by ab initio calculations at the CCSD(T) level. It was shown that the ionic reaction channels were predominating in most cases (except for CF₂Cl₂/Xe system). The primary radical cations (CFCl₃^+• and CF₂Cl₂^+•) are either stabilized in matrixes or undergo fragmentation to yield the corresponding secondary cations (CFCl₂⁺, CCl₃⁺, CF₂Cl⁺) and halogen atoms. The probability of fragmentation through different channels demonstrates a remarkable matrix dependence, which was explained by the effect of excess energy resulting from the exothermic positive hole transfer from matrix atoms to freon molecules. A qualitative correlation between "hot" ionic fragmentation at low temperatures and gas-phase ion energetics was found. However, dissociative electron attachment leads to formation of neutral radicals (CFCl₂^• or CF₂Cl^•) and chloride anions. One more possible way of dissociative electron attachment in the case of CF₂Cl₂ is formation of CF₂^•• and Cl₂^-•. A general scheme of the radiation-induced processes is proposed.

Krypton oxides under pressure

Under high pressure, krypton, one of the most inert elements is predicted to become sufficiently reactive to form a new class of krypton compounds; krypton oxides. Using modern ab-initio evolutionary algorithms in combination with Density Functional Theory, we predict the existence of several thermodynamically stable Kr/O species at elevated pressures. In particular, our calculations indicate that at approx. 300 GPa the monoxide, KrO, should form spontaneously and remain thermo- and dynamically stable with respect to constituent elements and higher oxides. The monoxide is predicted to form non-molecular crystals with short Kr-O contacts, typical for genuine chemical bonds.

Radiation-induced transformations of matrix-isolated formic acid: evidence for the HCOOH → HOCO + H channel

HOCO radicals are produced under X-ray irradiation of isolated formic acid at low temperatures, and possible mechanisms and astrochemical implications are discussed.

Matrix-isolation and computational study of the HKrCCH⋯HCCH complex

The HKrCCH⋯HCCH complex is identified in a Kr matrix with the H–Kr stretching bands at 1316.5 and 1305 cm⁻¹. The assignment is fully supported by extensive quantum chemical calculations.