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Leier J, Michenfelder NC, Unterreiner A. Understanding the Photoexcitation of Room Temperature Ionic Liquids. ChemistryOpen 2021; 10:72-82. [PMID: 33565733 PMCID: PMC7874249 DOI: 10.1002/open.202000278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Photoexcitation of (neat) room temperature ionic liquids (RTILs) leads to the observation of transient species that are reminiscent of the composition of the RTILs themselves. In this minireview, we summarize state-of-the-art in the understanding of the underlying elementary processes. By varying the anion or cation, one aim is to generally predict radiation-induced chemistry and physics of RTILs. One major task is to address the fate of excess electrons (and holes) after photoexcitation, which implies an overview of various formation mechanisms considering structural and dynamical aspects. Therefore, transient studies on time scales from femtoseconds to microseconds can greatly help to elucidate the most relevant steps after photoexcitation. Sometimes, radiation may eventually result in destruction of the RTILs making photostability another important issue to be discussed. Finally, characteristic heterogeneities can be associated with specific physicochemical properties. Influencing these properties by adding conventional solvents, like water, can open a wide field of application, which is briefly summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Leier
- Institute of Physical ChemistryKarlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)Fritz-Haber-Weg 276131KarlsruheGermany
| | - Nadine C. Michenfelder
- Institute of Physical ChemistryKarlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)Fritz-Haber-Weg 276131KarlsruheGermany
| | - Andreas‐Neil Unterreiner
- Institute of Physical ChemistryKarlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)Fritz-Haber-Weg 276131KarlsruheGermany
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Knudtzon MN, Blank DA. Photodetachment and Electron Dynamics in 1-Butyl-1-methyl-pyrrolidinium Dicyanamide. J Phys Chem B 2020; 124:9144-9153. [PMID: 32955885 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.0c06508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The ultrafast transient absorption spectrum of 1-butyl-1-methyl-pyrrolidinium dicyanamide, [Pyr1,4+][DCA-], was measured in the visible and near-infrared (IR) spectral regions. Excitation of the liquid at 4.6 eV created initially delocalized and highly reactive electrons that either geminately recombined (69%) or localized onto a cavity with a time constant of ∼300 fs. Electron localization was reflected in the evolution of the TA spectrum and the time-dependent loss of reactivity with a dichloromethane quencher. The delocalized initial state and spectrum of the free electrons were consistent with computational predictions by Xu and Margulis [ J. Phys. Chem. B, 2015, 119, 532-542] on excess electrons in [Pyr1,4+][DCA-]. The computational study considered two possible localization mechanisms for excess electrons, localization on ions, and localization on cavities. In the case of photogenerated electron-hole pairs, the results presented here demonstrate localization to cavities as the dominant channel. Following localization onto a cavity, the free electrons underwent solvation and loss of reactivity with the quencher with rates that slowed in time. The dynamics were similar to an analogous prior study on the related liquid [Pyr1,x+][NTf2-]. One significant difference was the larger yield of free electrons from photoexcitation of [Pyr1,4+][DCA-]. This was found to primarily reflect more efficient localization onto cavities rather than a slower geminate recombination rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan N Knudtzon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - David A Blank
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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Wu SC, Ai Y, Chen YZ, Wang K, Yang TY, Liao HJ, Su TY, Tang SY, Chen CW, Wu DC, Wang YC, Manikandan A, Shih YC, Lee L, Chueh YL. High-Performance Rechargeable Aluminum-Selenium Battery with a New Deep Eutectic Solvent Electrolyte: Thiourea-AlCl 3. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:27064-27073. [PMID: 32364367 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c03882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Aluminum-sulfur batteries (ASBs) have attracted substantial interest due to their high theoretical specific energy density, low cost, and environmental friendliness, while the traditional sulfur cathode and ionic liquid have very fast capacity decay, limiting cycling performance because of the sluggishly electrochemical reaction and side reactions with the electrolyte. Herein, we demonstrate, for the first time, excellent rechargeable aluminum-selenium batteries (ASeBs) using a new deep eutectic solvent, thiourea-AlCl3, as an electrolyte and Se nanowires grown directly on a flexible carbon cloth substrate (Se NWs@CC) by a low-temperature selenization process as a cathode. Selenium (Se) is a chemical analogue of sulfur with higher electronic conductivity and lower ionization potential that can improve the battery kinetics on the sluggishly electrochemical reaction and the reduction of the polarization where the thiourea-AlCl3 electrolyte can stabilize the side reaction during the reversible conversion reaction of Al-Se alloying processes during the charge-discharge process, yielding a high specific capacity of 260 mAh g-1 at 50 mA g-1 and a long cycling life of 100 times with a high Coulombic efficiency of nearly 93% at 100 mA g-1. The working mechanism based on the reversible conversion reaction of the Al-Se alloying processes, confirmed by the ex situ Raman, XRD, and XPS measurements, was proposed. This work provides new insights into the development of rechargeable aluminum-chalcogenide (S, Se, and Te) batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Chi Wu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, ROC
| | - Yuanfei Ai
- Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Guangdong 523808, China
| | - Yu-Ze Chen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Kuangye Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, ROC
| | - Tzu-Yi Yang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, ROC
| | - Hsiang-Ju Liao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, ROC
| | - Teng-Yu Su
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, ROC
| | - Shin-Yi Tang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, ROC
| | - Chia-Wei Chen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, ROC
| | - Ding Chou Wu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, ROC
| | - Yi-Chung Wang
- Department of Physics,National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Arumugam Manikandan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, ROC
| | - Yu-Chuan Shih
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, ROC
| | - Ling Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, ROC
| | - Yu-Lun Chueh
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, ROC
- Frontier Research Center on Fundamental and Applied Sciences of Matters, National Tsing Hua University, 30012 Hsinchu, Taiwan, ROC
- Department of Physics,National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan, ROC
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Gorlova O, Craig SM, Johnson MA. Communication: Spectroscopic characterization of a strongly interacting C(2)H group on the EMIM+ cation in the (EMIM+)2X− (X = BF4, Cl, Br, and I) ternary building blocks of ionic liquids. J Chem Phys 2017; 147:231101. [DOI: 10.1063/1.5009009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Olga Gorlova
- Sterling Chemistry Laboratory, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8107, USA
| | - Stephanie M. Craig
- Sterling Chemistry Laboratory, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8107, USA
| | - Mark A. Johnson
- Sterling Chemistry Laboratory, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8107, USA
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Saenko EV, Lukianova MA, Shiryaeva ES, Takahashi K, Feldman VI. Radiation-induced intermediates in irradiated glassy ionic liquids at low temperature. Radiat Phys Chem Oxf Engl 1993 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2015.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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