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Boro M, Verma AK. Optimization of Cellulase Production by Cohnella xylanilytica RU-14 Using Statistical Methods. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2024; 196:2757-2770. [PMID: 36995658 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-023-04447-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the cellulase activity by bacterial strain Cohnella xylanilytica RU-14 was enhanced by optimizing the medium components using statistical methods of Plackett-Burman design (PBD) and response surface methodology-central composite design (RSM-CCD). The cellulase assay was performed using NS enzyme assay method for reducing sugars. By PBD, the most significant factors (CMC, pH, and yeast extract) in an enzyme production medium that influence cellulase production by RU-14 were identified. These identified significant variables were further optimized using RSM by CCD. It was found that under optimized conditions of the medium components, the cellulase activity increased three times up to 14.5 U/mL as compared to un-optimized conditions (5.2 U/mL) of the enzyme production medium. The optimized levels of the significant factors determined by the CCD were found to be CMC, 2.3% w/v, and yeast extract, 0.75% w/v, at pH 7.5. The most adequate temperature for cellulase production by the bacterial strain was found to be 37 °C using the one-factor-at-a-time method. Thus, statistical methods to optimize medium conditions to enhance cellulase production by Cohnella xylanilytica RU-14 were found successful.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manswama Boro
- Department of Microbiology, Sikkim University, Gangtok, 737102, Sikkim, India
| | - Anil Kumar Verma
- Department of Microbiology, Sikkim University, Gangtok, 737102, Sikkim, India.
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McMaken CM, Burkholder DA, Milligan RJ, Lopez JV. Potential impacts of environmental bacteria on the microbiota of loggerhead (Caretta caretta) and green (Chelonia mydas) sea turtle eggs and their hatching success. Microbiologyopen 2023; 12:e1363. [PMID: 37379420 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.1363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Sea turtle hatching success can be affected by many variables, including pathogenic microbes, but it is unclear which microbes are most impactful and how they are transmitted into the eggs. This study characterized and compared the bacterial communities from the (i) cloaca of nesting sea turtles (ii) sand within and surrounding the nests; and (iii) hatched and unhatched eggshells from loggerhead (Caretta caretta) and green (Chelonia mydas) turtles. High throughput sequencing of bacterial 16S ribosomal RNA gene V4 region amplicons was performed on samples collected from 27 total nests in Fort Lauderdale and Hillsboro beaches in southeast Florida, United States. Significant differences were identified between hatched and unhatched egg microbiota with the differences caused predominately by Pseudomonas spp., found in higher abundances in unhatched eggs (19.29% relative abundance) than hatched eggs (1.10% relative abundance). Microbiota similarities indicate that the nest sand environment, particularly nest distance from dunes, played a larger role than the nesting mother's cloaca in influencing hatched and unhatched egg microbiota. Pathogenic bacteria potentially derive from mixed-mode transmission or additional sources not included in this study as suggested by the high proportion (24%-48%) of unhatched egg microbiota derived from unknown sources. Nonetheless, the results suggest Pseudomonas as a candidate pathogen or opportunistic colonizer associated with sea turtle egg-hatching failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colleen M McMaken
- Halmos College of Arts and Sciences, Nova Southeastern University, Florida, Fort Lauderdale, USA
| | - Derek A Burkholder
- Halmos College of Arts and Sciences, Nova Southeastern University, Florida, Fort Lauderdale, USA
| | - Rosanna J Milligan
- Halmos College of Arts and Sciences, Nova Southeastern University, Florida, Fort Lauderdale, USA
| | - Jose V Lopez
- Halmos College of Arts and Sciences, Nova Southeastern University, Florida, Fort Lauderdale, USA
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Vikram S, Arneodo JD, Calcagno J, Ortiz M, Mon ML, Etcheverry C, Cowan DA, Talia P. Diversity structure of the microbial communities in the guts of four neotropical termite species. PeerJ 2021; 9:e10959. [PMID: 33868801 PMCID: PMC8035897 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.10959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The termite gut microbiome is dominated by lignocellulose degrading microorganisms. This study describes the intestinal microbiota of four Argentinian higher termite species with different feeding habits: Microcerotermes strunckii (hardwood), Nasutitermes corniger (softwood), Termes riograndensis (soil organic matter/grass) and Cornitermes cumulans (grass) by deep sequencing of amplified 16S rRNA and ITS genes. In addition, we have performed a taxonomic and gut community structure comparison incorporating into the analysis the previously reported microbiomes of additional termite species with varied diets. The bacterial phylum Spirochaetes was dominant in the guts of M. strunckii, N. corniger and C. cumulans, whereas Firmicutes predominated in the T. riograndensis gut microbiome. A single bacterial genus, Treponema (Spirochaetes), was dominant in all termite species, except for T. riograndensis. Both in our own sequenced samples and in the broader comparison, prokaryotic α-diversity was higher in the soil/grass feeders than in the wood feeders. Meanwhile, the β-diversity of prokaryotes and fungi was highly dissimilar among strict wood-feeders, whereas that of soil- and grass-feeders grouped more closely. Ascomycota and Basidiomycota were the only fungal phyla that could be identified in all gut samples, because of the lack of reference sequences in public databases. In summary, higher microbial diversity was recorded in termites with more versatile feeding sources, providing further evidence that diet, along with other factors (e.g., host taxonomy), influences the microbial community assembly in the termite gut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surendra Vikram
- Centre for Microbial Ecology and Genomics, Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, Gauteng, South Africa
| | - Joel D Arneodo
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología y Biología Molecular (IABIMO), Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Hurlingham, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Javier Calcagno
- Centro de Ciencias Naturales, Ambientales y Antropológicas, Universidad Maimonides (CCNAA), CABA, Argentina
| | - Maximiliano Ortiz
- Centre for Microbial Ecology and Genomics, Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, Gauteng, South Africa
| | - Maria Laura Mon
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología y Biología Molecular (IABIMO), Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Hurlingham, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Clara Etcheverry
- Biología de los Invertebrados, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales y Agrimensura, Universidad Nacional del Nordeste, Corrientes, Argentina
| | - Don A Cowan
- Centre for Microbial Ecology and Genomics, Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, Gauteng, South Africa
| | - Paola Talia
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología y Biología Molecular (IABIMO), Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Hurlingham, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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