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Vinueza-Burgos C, Hidalgo-Arellano L, Gómez-Coronado C, Medina-Santana JL, Cevallos-Almeida M. Prevalence, serovars, and risk factors associated with the presence of Salmonella in pork sold in public markets in Quito, Ecuador. F1000Res 2024; 12:1367. [PMID: 38882713 PMCID: PMC11176892 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.138671.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Salmonella enterica are bacteria that include more than 2,500 serovars. Most of these serovars have been linked to human foodborne illnesses, mainly related to poultry and pigs. Thus, these animals are considered the reservoirs of many Salmonella serovars and strains related to antibiotic resistance. This study aimed to determine the prevalence, serovars, β-lactam resistance genes, and the risk factors associated with Salmonella enterica in pork commercialized in open markets of Quito city. Methods For this, 165 pork meat samples were taken from municipal markets in three areas in the city. These samples were microbiologically processed following the ISO 6579-2014 standardized method. The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test was used to identify Salmonella serotyping and resistance genes. Strains not identified by PCR were typed by the Kauffman White Le Minor scheme. A multivariate analysis was performed to identify risk factors associated with the presence of the microorganism. Results Salmonella prevalence in pork was 9.1%. Identified serovars were 4, [5], 12: i:- (53.3%), Infantis (33.3%), and Derby (13.4%). Furthermore, the β-lactam resistance genes bla CTX-M-65 could be identified in three S. infantis isolates. Multivariate analysis showed that temperature (above 8°C) and cutting surfaces (wood) presented significant association values. Conclusions In conclusion, pork in traditional markets of Quito is contaminated with Salmonella enterica, whose main serovars pose a public health concern, and shows beta-lactam resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Vinueza-Burgos
- Unidad de Investigación de Enfermedades Transmitidas por Alimentos y Resistencia a los Antimicrobianos (UNIETAR). Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Central del Ecuador, Quito, Pichincha, Ecuador
| | - Luis Hidalgo-Arellano
- Laboratorio de Bacteriología y Micología, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Central del Ecuador, Quito, Pichincha, Ecuador
| | - Carlos Gómez-Coronado
- Laboratorio de Bacteriología y Micología, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Central del Ecuador, Quito, Pichincha, Ecuador
| | - José Luis Medina-Santana
- Unidad de Investigación de Enfermedades Transmitidas por Alimentos y Resistencia a los Antimicrobianos (UNIETAR). Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Central del Ecuador, Quito, Pichincha, Ecuador
| | - María Cevallos-Almeida
- Laboratorio de Bacteriología y Micología, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Central del Ecuador, Quito, Pichincha, Ecuador
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Pavon RDN, Mendoza PDG, Flores CAR, Calayag AMB, Rivera WL. Genotypic virulence profiles and associations in Salmonella isolated from meat samples in wet markets and abattoirs of Metro Manila, Philippines. BMC Microbiol 2022; 22:292. [PMID: 36474155 PMCID: PMC9724337 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-022-02697-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Salmonella are pathogenic foodborne bacteria with complex pathogenicity from numerous virulence genes housed in Salmonella pathogenicity islands (SPIs), plasmids, and other gene cassettes. However, Salmonella virulence gene distributions and mechanisms remain unestablished. In the Philippines, studies mainly report Salmonella incidences and antimicrobial resistance, but little to none on virulence profiles, their associations to animal sources, collection sites and Salmonella serogroups. Hence, a total of 799 Salmonella isolates, previously obtained from pig, cow, and chicken meat samples in wet markets and abattoirs (wet markets: 124 chicken, 151 cow, and 352 pig meat isolates; abattoirs: 172 pig tonsil and jejunum isolates) in Metro Manila, Philippines, were revived and confirmed as Salmonella through invA gene polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Isolates were then screened for eight virulence genes, namely avrA, hilA, sseC, mgtC, spi4R, pipB, spvC and spvR, by optimized multiplex PCR and significant pair associations between virulence genes were determined through Fisher's exact test. Gene frequency patterns were also determined. Salmonella serogroups in addition to animal sources and location types were also used to predict virulence genes prevalence using binary logistic regression. RESULTS High frequencies (64 to 98%) of SPI virulence genes were detected among 799 Salmonella isolates namely mgtC, pipB, avrA, hilA, spi4R and sseC, from most to least. However, only one isolate was positive for plasmid-borne virulence genes, spvC and spvR. Diversity in virulence genes across Salmonella serogroups for 587 Salmonella isolates (O:3 = 250, O:4 = 133, O:6,7 = 99, O:8 = 93, O:9 = 12) was also demonstrated through statistical predictions, particularly for avrA, hilA, sseC, and mgtC. mgtC, the most frequent virulence gene, was predicted by serogroup O:9, while sseC, the least frequent, was predicted by serogroup O:4 and chicken animal source. The highest virulence gene pattern involved SPIs 1-5 genes which suggests the wide distribution and high pathogenic potential of Salmonella. Statistical analyses showed five virulence gene pair associations, namely avrA and hilA, avrA and spi4R, hilA and spi4R, sseC and spi4R, and mgtC and pipB. The animal sources predicted the presence of virulence genes, sseC and pipB, whereas location type for hilA and spi4R, suggesting that these factors may contribute to the type and pathogenicity of Salmonella present. CONCLUSION The high prevalence of virulence genes among Salmonella in the study suggests the high pathogenic potential of Salmonella from abattoirs and wet markets of Metro Manila, Philippines which poses food safety and public health concerns and threatens the Philippine food animal industry. Statistical associations between virulence genes and prediction analyses across Salmonella serogroups and external factors such as animal source and location type and presence of virulence genes suggest the diversity of Salmonella virulence and illustrate determining factors to Salmonella pathogenicity. This study recommends relevant agencies in the Philippines to improve standards in food animal industries and increase efforts in monitoring of foodborne pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rance Derrick N. Pavon
- grid.11134.360000 0004 0636 6193Pathogen-Host-Environment Interactions Research Laboratory, Institute of Biology, College of Science, University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City, 1101 Philippines
| | - Paolo D. G. Mendoza
- grid.11134.360000 0004 0636 6193Pathogen-Host-Environment Interactions Research Laboratory, Institute of Biology, College of Science, University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City, 1101 Philippines
| | - Camille Andrea R. Flores
- grid.11134.360000 0004 0636 6193Pathogen-Host-Environment Interactions Research Laboratory, Institute of Biology, College of Science, University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City, 1101 Philippines
| | - Alyzza Marie B. Calayag
- grid.11134.360000 0004 0636 6193Pathogen-Host-Environment Interactions Research Laboratory, Institute of Biology, College of Science, University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City, 1101 Philippines
| | - Windell L. Rivera
- grid.11134.360000 0004 0636 6193Pathogen-Host-Environment Interactions Research Laboratory, Institute of Biology, College of Science, University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City, 1101 Philippines
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Molecular Characterization and the Antimicrobial Resistance Profile of Salmonella spp. Isolated from Ready-to-Eat Foods in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso. Int J Microbiol 2022; 2022:9640828. [PMID: 36406904 PMCID: PMC9668442 DOI: 10.1155/2022/9640828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of antimicrobial-resistantfood-borne bacteria is a great challenge to public health. This study was conducted to characterize and determine the resistance profile of Salmonella strains isolated from foods including sesames, ready-to-eat (RTE) salads, mango juices, and lettuce in Burkina Faso. One hundred and forty-eight biochemically identified Salmonella isolates were characterized by molecular amplification of Salmonella marker invA and spiC, misL, orfL, and pipD virulence genes. After that, all confirmed strains were examined for susceptibility to sixteen antimicrobials, and PCR amplifications were used to identify the following resistance genes: blaTEM, temA, temB, StrA, aadA, sul1, sul2, tet(A), and tet(B). One hundred and eight isolates were genetically confirmed as Salmonella spp. Virulence genes were observed in 57.4%, 55.6%, 49.1%, and 38% isolates for pipD, SpiC, misL, and orfL, respectively. Isolates have shown moderate resistance to gentamycin (26.8%), ampicillin (22.2%), cefoxitin (19.4%), and nalidixic acid (18.5%). All isolates were sensitive to six antibiotics, including cefotaxime, ceftazidime, aztreonam, imipenem, meropenem, and ciprofloxacin. Among the 66 isolates resistant to at least one antibiotic, 11 (16.7%) were multidrug resistant. The Multiple Antimicrobial Resistance (MAR) index of Salmonella serovars ranged from 0.06 to 0.53. PCR detected 7 resistance genes (tet(A), tet(B), blaTEM, temB, sul1, sul2, and aadA) in drug-resistant isolates. These findings raise serious concerns because ready-to-eat food in Burkina Faso could serve as a reservoir for spreading antimicrobial resistance genes worldwide.
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Vogt NA, Hetman BM, Pearl DL, Vogt AA, Reid-Smith RJ, Parmley EJ, Janecko N, Bharat A, Mulvey MR, Ricker N, Bondo KJ, Allen SE, Jardine CM. Using whole-genome sequence data to examine the epidemiology of Salmonella, Escherichia coli and associated antimicrobial resistance in raccoons (Procyon lotor), swine manure pits, and soil samples on swine farms in southern Ontario, Canada. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0260234. [PMID: 34793571 PMCID: PMC8601536 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0260234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
To better understand the contribution of wildlife to the dissemination of Salmonella and antimicrobial resistance in Salmonella and Escherichia coli, we examined whole-genome sequence data from Salmonella and E. coli isolates collected from raccoons (Procyon lotor) and environmental sources on farms in southern Ontario. All Salmonella and phenotypically resistant E. coli collected from raccoons, soil, and manure pits on five swine farms as part of a previous study were included. We assessed for evidence of potential transmission of these organisms between different sources and farms utilizing a combination of population structure assessments (using core-genome multi-locus sequence typing), direct comparisons of multi-drug resistant isolates, and epidemiological modeling of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes and plasmid incompatibility (Inc) types. Univariable logistic regression models were fit to assess the impact of source type, farm location, and sampling year on the occurrence of select resistance genes and Inc types. A total of 159 Salmonella and 96 resistant E. coli isolates were included. A diversity of Salmonella serovars and sequence types were identified, and, in some cases, we found similar or identical Salmonella isolates and resistance genes between raccoons, soil, and swine manure pits. Certain Inc types and resistance genes associated with source type were consistently more likely to be identified in isolates from raccoons than swine manure pits, suggesting that manure pits are not likely a primary source of those particular resistance determinants for raccoons. Overall, our data suggest that transmission of Salmonella and AMR determinants between raccoons and swine manure pits is uncommon, but soil-raccoon transmission appears to be occurring frequently. More comprehensive sampling of farms, and assessment of farms with other livestock species, as well as additional environmental sources (e.g., rivers) may help to further elucidate the movement of resistance genes between these various sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine A. Vogt
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Benjamin M. Hetman
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - David L. Pearl
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Adam A. Vogt
- Independent Researcher, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada
| | - Richard J. Reid-Smith
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
- Centre for Foodborne, Environmental and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Public Health Agency of Canada, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - E. Jane Parmley
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
- Centre for Foodborne, Environmental and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Public Health Agency of Canada, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nicol Janecko
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Amrita Bharat
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Michael R. Mulvey
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Nicole Ricker
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kristin J. Bondo
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Samantha E. Allen
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
- Wyoming Game and Fish Department, Laramie, Wyoming, United States of America
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming, United States of America
| | - Claire M. Jardine
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
- Canadian Wildlife Health Cooperative, Ontario Veterinary College, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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