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Leite DC, Sousa RMLD, Costa Júnior ALR, Veloso HJF. FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH ANABOLIC STEROID USE BY EXERCISE ENTHUSIASTS. REV BRAS MED ESPORTE 2020. [DOI: 10.1590/1517-869220202604178249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Introduction Synthetic anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS) were developed with the purpose of obtaining drugs capable of increasing protein synthesis associated with a lower degree of virilization. Its use is common among bodybuilders who aim to increase physical strength and muscle mass in the short term. However, AAS cause side effects, which restrict their therapeutic use. Objective To identify factors associated with AAS use by exercise enthusiasts at gyms in São Luís, MA. Methods A cross-sectional study was carried out at 17 gyms. The sample totaled 723 exercise enthusiasts, who answered a structured questionnaire with multiple choice questions related to their lifestyle and the consumption of nutritional supplements and AAS use. Logistic regression analysis was used to verify the association of socioeconomic, demographic and behavioral factors with AAS use. Results Of the 723 exercise enthusiasts, 10.65% reported having used AAS. Of these, 97.4% declared their awareness of some side effect caused by AAS use. Factors associated with AAS use were: being male, age between 20 and 29 years, consumption of food supplements and participation in exercise for over a year. Conclusion The prevalence of AAS use by exercise enthusiasts at gyms in São Luís is high, and the risk factors identified enable us to target specific populations with preventive actions. Level of Evidence IIC; Cross-sectional study.
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Pereira E, Moyses SJ, Ignácio SA, Mendes DK, Silva DSDA, Carneiro E, Hardy AMTG, Rosa EAR, Bettega PVC, Johann ACBR. Prevalence and profile of users and non-users of anabolic steroids among resistance training practitioners. BMC Public Health 2019; 19:1650. [PMID: 31818274 PMCID: PMC6902556 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-019-8004-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background To verify the prevalence and profile of users and non-users of anabolic steroid (AS) among resistance training practitioners. Methods An observational, cross-sectional survey was performed in 100 gyms in Curitiba city, involving 5773 individuals and self-administered questionnaires. The chi-square and z-tests of proportions were used for comparison between the groups (p < 0.05). Results 83.2% did not use, 9.1% formerly used, 3.4% currently used, and 4.3% intended used AS. The prevalence of former or current AS users was 16.9 and 6.5% among men and women, respectively. The prevalence ratios were as follows: 1) 2.6 male users for each woman; 2) 3.3 individuals aged 30–44 years and 2.8 individuals aged 18–29 years for each individual aged over 45 years. Beginners were not interested in using AS, but individuals who had trained longer had higher prevalence of AS use. Conclusions The gym environment encouraged the use of AS owing to aesthetic appeal. Thus, suggesting the need for actions to prevent abusive use of AS considering the practitioners profile (practitioners were young, university and single).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ericson Pereira
- Graduate Program, Life Sciences School, Pontifical Catholic University of Parana, Imaculada Conceição, 1155, Prado Velho, Curitiba, PR, CEP 8021, Brazil
| | - Samuel Jorge Moyses
- Graduate Program, Life Sciences School, Pontifical Catholic University of Parana, Imaculada Conceição, 1155, Prado Velho, Curitiba, PR, CEP 8021, Brazil
| | - Sérgio Aparecido Ignácio
- Graduate Program, Life Sciences School, Pontifical Catholic University of Parana, Imaculada Conceição, 1155, Prado Velho, Curitiba, PR, CEP 8021, Brazil
| | - Daniel Komarchewski Mendes
- Graduate Program, Life Sciences School, Pontifical Catholic University of Parana, Imaculada Conceição, 1155, Prado Velho, Curitiba, PR, CEP 8021, Brazil
| | - Diego Sgarbi D A Silva
- Graduate Program, Life Sciences School, Pontifical Catholic University of Parana, Imaculada Conceição, 1155, Prado Velho, Curitiba, PR, CEP 8021, Brazil
| | - Everdan Carneiro
- Graduate Program, Life Sciences School, Pontifical Catholic University of Parana, Imaculada Conceição, 1155, Prado Velho, Curitiba, PR, CEP 8021, Brazil
| | | | - Edvaldo Antônio Ribeiro Rosa
- Graduate Program, Life Sciences School, Pontifical Catholic University of Parana, Imaculada Conceição, 1155, Prado Velho, Curitiba, PR, CEP 8021, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Vida Cassi Bettega
- Graduate Program, Life Sciences School, Pontifical Catholic University of Parana, Imaculada Conceição, 1155, Prado Velho, Curitiba, PR, CEP 8021, Brazil
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Gomes Gonçalves e Silva DC, Bavaresco Gambassi B, Dantas MGB, Lima-Oliveira J, Vieira de Carvalho SL, Morais PADO, Sá CA, Cotrim HP, Santos AM, Sobral Filho DC, Schwingel PA. Excessive dietary supplement use and blood pressure among Brazilian male resistance training practitioners and bodybuilders. JOURNAL OF SUBSTANCE USE 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/14659891.2019.1640302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Conceição Gomes Gonçalves e Silva
- Laboratório de Pesquisas em Desempenho Humano (LAPEDH), Universidade de Pernambuco (UPE), Petrolina, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde (PPGCS), UPE, Recife, Brazil
| | - Bruno Bavaresco Gambassi
- Laboratório de Pesquisas em Desempenho Humano (LAPEDH), Universidade de Pernambuco (UPE), Petrolina, Brazil
- Departamento de Educação Física, Universidade Ceuma, São Luís, Brazil
| | | | - Jhonatan Lima-Oliveira
- Laboratório de Pesquisas em Desempenho Humano (LAPEDH), Universidade de Pernambuco (UPE), Petrolina, Brazil
| | | | | | - Camila Almeida Sá
- Laboratório de Pesquisas em Desempenho Humano (LAPEDH), Universidade de Pernambuco (UPE), Petrolina, Brazil
| | - Helma Pinchemel Cotrim
- Laboratório de Pesquisas em Desempenho Humano (LAPEDH), Universidade de Pernambuco (UPE), Petrolina, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Medicina e Saúde (PPgMS), Faculdade de Medicina da Bahia (FMB), Universidade Federal da Bahia (UFBA), Salvador, Brazil
| | - Azenildo Moura Santos
- Laboratório de Pesquisas em Desempenho Humano (LAPEDH), Universidade de Pernambuco (UPE), Petrolina, Brazil
- Sociology Department, Goldsmiths University of London, London, UK
| | - Dário Celestino Sobral Filho
- Laboratório de Pesquisas em Desempenho Humano (LAPEDH), Universidade de Pernambuco (UPE), Petrolina, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde (PPGCS), UPE, Recife, Brazil
| | - Paulo Adriano Schwingel
- Laboratório de Pesquisas em Desempenho Humano (LAPEDH), Universidade de Pernambuco (UPE), Petrolina, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde (PPGCS), UPE, Recife, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Medicina e Saúde (PPgMS), Faculdade de Medicina da Bahia (FMB), Universidade Federal da Bahia (UFBA), Salvador, Brazil
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da Silva WR, Santana MDS, Maroco J, Maloa BFS, Campos JADB. Body weight concerns: Cross-national study and identification of factors related to eating disorders. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0180125. [PMID: 28686602 PMCID: PMC5501473 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0180125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Accepted: 06/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Body weight concerns are common among individuals with eating disorders, and this construct can be assessed using psychometric instruments. The Weight Concerns Scale (WCS) is commonly used to assess body weight concerns. Aims To evaluate the psychometric properties of the WCS with Brazilian, Portuguese, and Mozambican female college students; to estimate body weight concerns; and to identify factors related to eating disorders. Methods Confirmatory factor analysis was performed. Factorial, convergent, concurrent, and divergent validity, as well as reliability, were assessed. Cross-national invariance was tested by means of multigroup analysis. Structural models were tested using the WCS as the dependent variable, while demographic and academic variables and body mass index were used as independent variables. Logistic models were tested to estimate the likelihood of eating disorders being developed in specific groups. Results Participants were 2,068 female students. The psychometric properties of the WCS were adequate for the Portuguese sample; however, for the Brazilian and Mozambican samples, it was necessary to correlate the errors of two items to improve model fit. The WCS did not show cross-national invariance. The variables “thoughts about dropping out of college,” “medication use because of studies,” “medication and supplements use for body change,” “body mass index,” “socioeconomic status,” “age,” and “performance in course” were significant predictors of body weight concerns. Overall, 24.4% (95% confidence interval = 22.9–26.7) of the students were likely to develop eating disorders. Students under 21 years old, who use medication and supplements for body change, and who were classified as overweight/obese have increased likelihood of developing eating disorders. Conclusion The WCS showed good psychometric properties with Brazilian, Portuguese, and Mozambican students; however, it did not show cross-national invariance. We identified important aspects for investigating body weight concerns and factors related to eating disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanderson Roberto da Silva
- Department of Food and Nutrition of College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Moema de Souza Santana
- Department of Food and Nutrition of College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - João Maroco
- Department William James Center for Research (WJCR), University Institute of Psychological, Social, and Life Sciences (ISPA), Lisbon, Portugal
| | | | - Juliana Alvares Duarte Bonini Campos
- Department of Food and Nutrition of College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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