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Oda H, Fukuda S, Tsujinaka R, Gao H, Hiraoka K. Short-Term Reproduction of Active Movement with Visual Feedback and Passive Movement with a Therapist's Hands. Brain Sci 2024; 14:531. [PMID: 38928531 PMCID: PMC11201912 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci14060531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2024] [Revised: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Reproducing instructed movements is crucial for practice in motor learning. In this study, we compared the short-term reproduction of active pelvis movements with visual feedback and passive movement with the therapist's hands in an upright stance. Sixteen healthy males (M age = 34.1; SD = 10.2 years) participated in this study. In one condition, healthy males maintained an upright stance while a physical therapist moved the participant's pelvis (passive movement instruction), and in a second condition, the participant actively moved their pelvis with visual feedback of the target and the online trajectory of the center of pressure (active movement instruction). Reproduction errors (displacement of the center of pressure in the medial-lateral axis) 10 s after the passive movement instruction were significantly greater than after the active movement instruction (p < 0.001), but this difference disappeared 30 s after the instruction (p = 0.118). Error of movement reproduction in the anterior-posterior axis after the passive movement instruction was significantly greater than after the active movement instruction, no matter how long the retention interval was between the instruction and reproduction phases (p = 0.025). Taken together, active pelvis movements with visual feedback, rather than passive movement with the therapist's hand, is better to be used for instructing pelvis movements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitoshi Oda
- Graduate School of Rehabilitation Science, Osaka Metropolitan University, 3-7-30 Habikino, Habikino 583-8555, Osaka, Japan; (H.O.); (S.F.); (H.G.)
| | - Shiho Fukuda
- Graduate School of Rehabilitation Science, Osaka Metropolitan University, 3-7-30 Habikino, Habikino 583-8555, Osaka, Japan; (H.O.); (S.F.); (H.G.)
| | - Ryo Tsujinaka
- Graduate School of Comprehensive Rehabilitation, Osaka Prefecture University, 3-7-30 Habikino, Habikino 583-8555, Osaka, Japan;
| | - Han Gao
- Graduate School of Rehabilitation Science, Osaka Metropolitan University, 3-7-30 Habikino, Habikino 583-8555, Osaka, Japan; (H.O.); (S.F.); (H.G.)
| | - Koichi Hiraoka
- School of Medicine, Osaka Metropolitan University, 3-7-30 Habikino, Habikino 583-8555, Osaka, Japan
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Banios K, Raoulis V, Fyllos A, Chytas D, Mitrousias V, Zibis A. Anterior and Posterior Cruciate Ligaments Mechanoreceptors: A Review of Basic Science. Diagnostics (Basel) 2022; 12:diagnostics12020331. [PMID: 35204424 PMCID: PMC8870829 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics12020331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Proprioception is a specialized sensory modality encompassing the movement of the joint and its position in space, and it involves the conversion of mechanical deformation of tissues into neural signals. Mechanoreceptors are specialized nerve structures able to transmit mechanical deformation through electrical signals to dorsal root ganglion sensory neurons and are abundant in the muscles, tendons and ligaments of the knee joint. They are believed to play an important role in knee proprioception and dynamic knee stability. Proprioception should always be taken into consideration for successful reconstruction of the cruciate-deficient knee and for pain and function management in the arthritic knee. Advances in histological methods of detection are numerous and continue to highlight the presence and role of mechanoreceptors after ligament reconstruction, depending on choice of graft. In this review, we present the current knowledge of anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments and grafts mechanoreceptors, and their role in proprioception of knee joint, focusing on each type of mechanoreceptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos Banios
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, General Hospital of Karditsa, Peripheral Road Karditsa-Kastania, 43100 Karditsa, Greece;
- Laboratory of Anatomy, Department of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, 3 University Street, Biopolis, 41110 Larissa, Greece; (V.R.); (A.F.); (V.M.)
| | - Vasileios Raoulis
- Laboratory of Anatomy, Department of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, 3 University Street, Biopolis, 41110 Larissa, Greece; (V.R.); (A.F.); (V.M.)
| | - Apostolos Fyllos
- Laboratory of Anatomy, Department of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, 3 University Street, Biopolis, 41110 Larissa, Greece; (V.R.); (A.F.); (V.M.)
| | - Dimitrios Chytas
- Department of Physiotherapy, University of Peloponnese, 20 Plateon Street, 23100 Sparta, Greece;
| | - Vasileios Mitrousias
- Laboratory of Anatomy, Department of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, 3 University Street, Biopolis, 41110 Larissa, Greece; (V.R.); (A.F.); (V.M.)
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Thessaly, 3 University Street, Biopolis, 41110 Larissa, Greece
| | - Aristeidis Zibis
- Laboratory of Anatomy, Department of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, 3 University Street, Biopolis, 41110 Larissa, Greece; (V.R.); (A.F.); (V.M.)
- Correspondence:
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Amirshakeri B, Khalkhali Zavieh M, Rezaei M, Adigozali H. Measuring the force perception in knee flexor/ extensor muscles in patients with anterior cruciate ligament injury and healthy subjects. J Back Musculoskelet Rehabil 2022; 35:103-110. [PMID: 34092593 DOI: 10.3233/bmr-200208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Force perception as a contributor to the neuromuscular control of the knee joint may be altered after anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to compare the force perception accuracy in the knee joints of patients with ACL injury and healthy subjects. METHODS Twenty-six patients with ACL injury and 26 healthy subjects participated in this case-control study. Participants were asked to produce 50% of the maximum voluntary isometric contraction of the knee muscles as a target force and reproduce it in their limbs in flexion and extension directions. RESULTS There were significant interactions between group and condition as well as group, condition, and limb in the force perception error respectively (P< 0.05). The highest amount of error was seen in the contralateral limb of the ACL injury group when the reference force was produced in the injured limb (P< 0.05). CONCLUSION The findings revealed that the force perception accuracy in the knee flexor/extensor muscles of individuals with ACL injury is impaired. Moreover, error is most evident when the patient produces force in the injured limb and replicates it in the uninjured limb in both flexion and extension directions. Therefore, the rehabilitation programs should encompass neuromuscular training in both quadriceps and hamstrings after ACL injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahram Amirshakeri
- Physiotherapy Department, Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Minoo Khalkhali Zavieh
- Department of Physiotherapy, School of Rehabilitation, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mandana Rezaei
- Physiotherapy Department, Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hakimeh Adigozali
- Physiotherapy Department, Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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Decay of Short-Term Motor Memory Regarding Force Reproduction. Motor Control 2022; 27:338-353. [PMID: 36448489 DOI: 10.1123/mc.2022-0070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Revised: 09/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the process that contributes to the decay of short-term motor memory regarding force reproduction. Participants performed tonic flexion of the right index finger with the target force feedback (criterion phase) and reproduced this force level without feedback 3, 10, 30, or 60 s after the end of the criterion phase (recall phase). The constant error for force reproduction was significantly greater than zero, indicating that information about the somatosensation and/or motor command in the criterion phase is positively biased. Constant and absolute errors were not influenced by the retention interval, indicating that neither bias nor error represents the decay of short-term motor memory over time. Variable error, defined as SD of bias (force in the recall phase minus that in the criterion phase), increased as the retention interval increased. This indicates that the decay of short-term motor memory is represented by the increase in inconsistency of memory bias among the trials. The correlation coefficient of the force between the criterion and recall phases with 3-s retention interval was greater than that with longer intervals. This is explained by the view that the contribution of the information of the practiced force to the force reproduction process is great within 3 s after the end of the practice, but the additional contribution of the noise information becomes greater after this time, causing lesser relative contribution of the information of the practiced force to the force reproduction process.
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Inter-Limb Asymmetry in Force Accuracy and Steadiness Changes after a 12-Week Strength Training Program in Young Healthy Men. Symmetry (Basel) 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/sym13112226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The study aimed to investigate the impact of a 12-week strength training program on force accuracy and steadiness changes in lower limbs in young healthy men. Twenty subjects with a dominant right lower limb were included. They performed a force matching task both pre and post strength training program. The ability to reproduce force was determined by calculating three errors: absolute error (AE), constant error (CE), and variable error (VE). After intervention AE and VE improved in both legs indicating higher improvement in the dominant leg (p = 0.032 for AE and p = 0.005 for VE). However, CE improved only in the dominant leg (p = 0.001). We conclude that strength training improved the accuracy and consistency of force in a force reproduction task. This improvement was more evident in the dominant lower limb. Most likely, the inter-limb asymmetry in changes of force application ability caused by strength training is due to the different mechanisms responsible for the control of voluntary movements in the dominant and non-dominant lower limb.
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Shen M, Che S, Ye D, Li Y, Lin F, Zhang Y. Effects of backward walking on knee proprioception after ACL reconstruction. Physiother Theory Pract 2019; 37:1109-1116. [PMID: 31633440 DOI: 10.1080/09593985.2019.1681040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Objective: The present study aimed to assess proprioception of the knee to evaluate the effectiveness of backward walking for rehabilitation after anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction.Methods: Patients (n = 52) who underwent ACL reconstruction in a single knee divided randomly into four experimental groups (A-D) and a control group, who all practiced a systematic rehabilitation exercise program. The patients in the experimental groups underwent backward walking using different treadmill angles: group A (0°), B (5°), C (10°) and D (15°). The whole training period comprised 4 weeks. Outcomes for the joint were assessed using the Angle Reproduction Test (ART) and Passive Motion Perception Test (PMPT).Results: Compared with the pre-training recorded parameters, significant differences were found in the ART and PMPT scores among all training groups and between the control group and the training groups. When the four training groups were compared with each other, there was no difference in the ART results between groups A and B, but significant differences were found between group A and groups C and D.Conclusion: Backward walking as a rehabilitation technique improved knee proprioception after ACL reconstruction. Increasing the angle of the treadmill during exercise improved the efficacy of rehabilitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Shen
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicin, The People's Hospital of Longhua District, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Shiqin Che
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University, Dalian, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Dongmei Ye
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University, Dalian, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Yangjun Li
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University, Dalian, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Fangkun Lin
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University, Dalian, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Yinliang Zhang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University, Dalian, Liaoning Province, China
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Zumbrunn T, Duffy MP, Rubash HE, Malchau H, Muratoglu OK, Varadarajan KM. ACL substitution may improve kinematics of PCL-retaining total knee arthroplasty. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2018; 26:1445-1454. [PMID: 27837219 DOI: 10.1007/s00167-016-4372-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE One of the key factors responsible for altered kinematics and joint stability following contemporary total knee arthroplasty (TKA) is resection of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL). However, ACL retention can present several technical challenges, and in some cases may not be viable due to an absent or nonfunctional ACL. Therefore, the goal of this research was to investigate whether substitution of the ACL through an anterior post mechanism could improve kinematic deficits of contemporary posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) retaining implants. METHODS Kinematic analysis of different implant types was done using KneeSIM, a previously established dynamic simulation tool. Walking, stair-ascent, chair-sit, and deep knee bend were simulated for an ACL-substituting (PCL-retaining) design, a bi-cruciate-retaining and ACL-sacrificing (PCL-retaining) implant, as well as the native knee. The motion of the femoral condyles relative to the tibia was recorded for kinematic comparisons. RESULTS The ACL-substituting and ACL-retaining implants provided similar kinematic improvements over the ACL-sacrificing implant, by reducing posterior femoral shift in extension and preventing paradoxical anterior sliding. During all simulated activities, the ACL-sacrificing implant showed between 7 and 8 mm of posterior shift in extension in contrast to the ACL-retaining implant and the ACL-substituting design, which showed overall kinematic trends similar to the native knee. CONCLUSION The absence of ACL function has been linked to abnormal kinematics and joint stability in patients with contemporary TKA. ACL-substituting implants could be a valuable treatment option capable of overcoming the limitations of contemporary TKA, particularly when retaining the native ACL is not feasible or is challenging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Zumbrunn
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Technology Implementation Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit St, GRJ-1223, Boston, MA, 02114, USA.,Institute for Biomechanics, ETH Zurich, Hönggerbergring 64, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michael P Duffy
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Technology Implementation Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit St, GRJ-1223, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Harry E Rubash
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Technology Implementation Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit St, GRJ-1223, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Henrik Malchau
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Technology Implementation Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit St, GRJ-1223, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Orhun K Muratoglu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Technology Implementation Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit St, GRJ-1223, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Kartik Mangudi Varadarajan
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Technology Implementation Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit St, GRJ-1223, Boston, MA, 02114, USA.
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Siqueira GSL, Amaral MVG, Schiefer M, Schlee G, Schultz-Wenk TF, de Almeida MN, Nicoliche EB, Cossich VRA, Motta G, Morrissey D, Salles JI. Proprioceptive deficit after total elbow arthroplasty: an observational study. J Shoulder Elbow Surg 2017; 26:2017-2022. [PMID: 28941975 DOI: 10.1016/j.jse.2017.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Revised: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND During total elbow arthroplasty (TEA), most of the joint capsule is removed, including many mechanoreceptors important for proprioception, which potentially limits the patient's postoperative functional recovery. We quantified proprioceptive loss by measuring the threshold to detection of passive motion (TTDPM) in patients after unilateral TEA compared with the contralateral side. METHODS A continuous passive motion device moving the elbow at 0.5°/s was used to evaluate TTDPM in 8 patients (mean ± standard deviation age, 69.1 ± 9.93 years) at least 1 year after unilateral semiconstricted linked TEA for a range of diagnoses. Elbow function after TEA was assessed using the Mayo Elbow Performance Scale. RESULTS Postsurgical Mayo scores revealed 4 excellent results, 2 good, and 2 poor. The TTDPM in the elbows undergoing arthroplasty was still significantly higher compared with the contralateral elbow at 4.2° (15.6 ± 6.9 seconds vs. 7.2 ± 2.6 seconds; D = 3.23, P = .01) equivalent to 8.4 seconds. CONCLUSIONS Patients who have had severe joint disease requiring semiconstrained TEA have long-term proprioception deficits. A more conservative technique that maximally preserves insertions and soft tissues, might minimize upper limb proprioceptive deficit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gláucio S L Siqueira
- Research Division, National Institute of Traumatology and Orthopedic (INTO), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marcus Vinicius G Amaral
- Research Division, National Institute of Traumatology and Orthopedic (INTO), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Márcio Schiefer
- Research Division, National Institute of Traumatology and Orthopedic (INTO), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Gunther Schlee
- Department of Human Locomotion, Chemnitz University of Technology, Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Thomas F Schultz-Wenk
- Research Division, National Institute of Traumatology and Orthopedic (INTO), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Mauricio N de Almeida
- Research Division, National Institute of Traumatology and Orthopedic (INTO), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Eduardo B Nicoliche
- Research Division, National Institute of Traumatology and Orthopedic (INTO), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Victor R A Cossich
- Research Division, National Institute of Traumatology and Orthopedic (INTO), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Geraldo Motta
- Research Division, National Institute of Traumatology and Orthopedic (INTO), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Dylan Morrissey
- Sports and Exercise Medicine, William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Hospital, London, UK; Phyisotherapy Department, Barts Health National Health Service Trust, London, UK
| | - José Inácio Salles
- Research Division, National Institute of Traumatology and Orthopedic (INTO), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Sports and Exercise Medicine, William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Hospital, London, UK
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Kim HJ, Lee JH, Lee DH. Proprioception in Patients With Anterior Cruciate Ligament Tears: A Meta-analysis Comparing Injured and Uninjured Limbs. Am J Sports Med 2017; 45:2916-2922. [PMID: 28060536 DOI: 10.1177/0363546516682231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Because of a reduction in the number of mechanoreceptors or alterations of their characteristics, anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) tears lead not only to mechanical instability but also to impaired proprioception. Purpose/Hypothesis: This study analyzed whether ACL tears cause a greater decrease in proprioception in injured than in uninjured knees. The hypothesis was that knee proprioception after ACL tears would decrease more in injured than in contralateral uninjured knees, regardless of the method used to measure knee proprioception. STUDY DESIGN Meta-analysis. METHODS We identified studies comparing proprioception in ACL-injured and contralateral intact knees using threshold for detection of passive motion (TTDPM) or joint position sense (JPS) tests. JPS was assessed by measuring the reproduction of passive positioning (RPP) or active repositioning (RAP) of the knee. RESULTS Sixteen studies were included in this meta-analysis. The pooled results of subgroup analyses of TTDPM for both 20° and 40° of knee flexion showed that mean angle of error was 0.23° (95% CI, 0.08°-0.37°) greater in ACL-injured than in contralateral intact knees ( P = .002). Pooled data RAP and RPP subgroup analyses also showed that the mean angle of error was 0.94° higher in ACL-injured than in contralateral intact knees. The mean difference in angle of error between ACL-injured and contralateral intact knees was 0.71° greater (95% CI, 0.68°-0.74°; P < .001) by JPS than by TTDPM. CONCLUSION Proprioception of ACL-injured knees was decreased compared with contralateral intact knees, as determined by both joint movement (kinesthesia) and joint position. The magnitude of loss of proprioception was greater in joint position than in joint movement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Jung Kim
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Hyuck Lee
- Department of Sports Medical Center, Korea University College of Medicine, Anam Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae-Hee Lee
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Nyland J, Gamble C, Franklin T, Caborn DNM. Permanent knee sensorimotor system changes following ACL injury and surgery. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2017; 25:1461-1474. [PMID: 28154888 DOI: 10.1007/s00167-017-4432-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The cruciate ligaments are components of the knee capsuloligamentous system providing vital neurosensory and biomechanical function. Since most historical primary ACL repair attempts were unsuccessful, reconstruction has become the preferred surgery. However, an increased understanding of the efficacy of lesion-site scaffolding, innovative suturing methods and materials, and evolving use of biological healing mediators such as platelet-rich plasma and stem cells has prompted reconsideration of what was once believed to be impossible. A growing number of in vivo animal studies and prospective clinical studies are providing increasing support for this intervention. The significance of ACL repair rather than reconstruction is that it more likely preserves the native neurosensory system, entheses, and ACL footprints. Tissue preservation combined with restored biomechanical function increases the likelihood for premorbid neuromuscular control system and dynamic knee stability recovery. This recovery should increase the potential for more patients to safely return to sports at their desired intensity and frequency. This current concepts paper revisits cruciate ligament neurosensory and neurovascular anatomy from the perspective of knee capsuloligamentous system function. Peripheral and central nerve pathways and central cortical representation mapping are also discussed. Surgical restoration of a more physiologically sound knee joint may be essential to solving the osteoarthritis dilemma. Innovative rehabilitative strategies and outcome measurement methodologies using more holistic and clinically relevant measurements that closely link biomechanical and neurosensory characteristics of physiological ACL function are discussed. Greater consideration of task-specific patient physical function and psychobehavioral links should better delineate the true efficacy of all ACL surgical and non-surgical interventions. Level of evidence IV.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Nyland
- Athletic Training Program Director and Professor, Kosair Charities College of Health and Natural Sciences, Spalding University, 901 South 4th Street, Louisville, KY, 40203, USA.
| | - Collin Gamble
- School of Medicine, University of Louisville, 323 East Chestnut Street, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - Tiffany Franklin
- Athletic Training Program Director and Professor, Kosair Charities College of Health and Natural Sciences, Spalding University, 901 South 4th Street, Louisville, KY, 40203, USA
| | - David N M Caborn
- Shea Orthopedic Group, KentuckyOne Health, 201 Abraham Flexner Way, Ste. 100, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
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Dhillon MS, Prabhakar S, Bali K. No evidence that remnant-preserving anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction ensures better proprioceptive function than a standard single-bundle reconstruction: a systematic review of randomised controlled trials. J ISAKOS 2016. [DOI: 10.1136/jisakos-2015-000036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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