|
1
|
Gutierrez-Gomez S, Wahl L, Blecher R, Olewnik Ł, Iwanaga J, Maulucci CM, Dumont AS, Tubbs RS. Sacral fractures: An updated and comprehensive review. Injury 2021; 52:366-375. [PMID: 33187674 DOI: 10.1016/j.injury.2020.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Sacral fractures are often underdiagnosed but are relatively frequent in the setting of pelvic ring injury. Causes include traumatic insults and osteoporosis. Sacral fractures have become more frequent owing to the growth of the elderly population worldwide as osteoporosis is an age-related disease. Misdiagnosed and neglected sacral fractures can result in chronic back pain, spine deformity, and instability. Unfortunately, the wide range of classification systems hinders adequate communication among clinicians. Therefore, a complete understanding of the pathology, and communication within the interdisciplinary team, are necessary to ensure adequate treatment and satisfactory clinical outcomes. The aim of this manuscript is to present the current knowledge available regarding classification systems, clinical assessment, decision-making factors, and current treatment options.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Santiago Gutierrez-Gomez
- Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia; Center for Research and Training in Neurosurgery - CIEN; Samaritan University Hospital, Neurosurgery, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Lauren Wahl
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Ronen Blecher
- Swedish Neuroscience Institute, Swedish Medical Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Łukasz Olewnik
- Department of Normal and Clinical Anatomy, Medical University of Lodz, Poland
| | - Joe Iwanaga
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tulane Center for Clinical Neurosciences, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA; Division of Gross and Clinical Anatomy, Department of Anatomy, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Fukuoka, Japan.
| | - Christopher M Maulucci
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tulane Center for Clinical Neurosciences, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Aaron S Dumont
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tulane Center for Clinical Neurosciences, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - R Shane Tubbs
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tulane Center for Clinical Neurosciences, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA; Department of Anatomical Sciences, St. George's University, St. George's, Grenada; Department of Structural & Cellular Biology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| |
Collapse
|