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Kurmann R, El-Am E, Ahmad A, Abbasi MA, Mazur P, Akiki E, Anand V, Herrmann J, Casanegra AI, Young P, Crestanello J, Bois MC, Maleszewski JJ, Klarich K. Cardiac Masses Discovered by Echocardiogram; What to Do Next? STRUCTURAL HEART : THE JOURNAL OF THE HEART TEAM 2023; 7:100154. [PMID: 37520139 PMCID: PMC10382990 DOI: 10.1016/j.shj.2022.100154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
Cardiac tumors are rare conditions, typically diagnosed on autopsy, but with the advancement of imaging techniques they are now encountered more frequently in clinical practice. Echocardiography is often the initial method of investigation for cardiac masses and provides a quick and valuable springboard for their characterization. While some cardiac masses can be readily identified by echocardiography alone, several require incorporation of multiple data points to reach diagnostic certainty. Herein, we will provide an overview of the main clinical, diagnostic, and therapeutic characteristics of cardiac masses within the framework of their location.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reto Kurmann
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Edward El-Am
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Ali Ahmad
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | | | - Piotr Mazur
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Elias Akiki
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Vidhu Anand
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Joerg Herrmann
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Ana I. Casanegra
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Phillip Young
- Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Juan Crestanello
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Melanie C. Bois
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Joseph J. Maleszewski
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Kyle Klarich
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
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2
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Tumors of the cardiovascular system: heart and blood vessels. Cardiovasc Pathol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-822224-9.00015-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Abstract
Purpose of Review Cardiac masses frequently present significant diagnostic and therapeutic clinical challenges and encompass a broad set of lesions that can be either neoplastic or non-neoplastic. We sought to provide an overview of cardiac tumors using a cardiac chamber prevalence approach and providing epidemiology, imaging, histopathology, diagnostic workup, treatment, and prognoses of cardiac tumors. Recent Findings Cardiac tumors are rare but remain an important component of cardio-oncology practice. Over the past decade, the advances in imaging techniques have enabled a noninvasive diagnosis in many cases. Indeed, imaging modalities such as cardiac magnetic resonance, computed tomography, and positron emission tomography are important tools for diagnosing and characterizing the lesions. Although an epidemiological and multimodality imaging approach is useful, the definite diagnosis requires histologic examination in challenging scenarios, and histopathological characterization remains the diagnostic gold standard. Summary A comprehensive clinical and multimodality imaging evaluation of cardiac tumors is fundamental to obtain a proper differential diagnosis, but histopathology is necessary to reach the final diagnosis and subsequent clinical management.
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Mikail N, Khalil A, Rouzet F. Mediastinal Masses: 18F-FDG-PET/CT Features Based on the International Thymic Malignancy Interest Group Classification. Semin Nucl Med 2020; 51:79-97. [PMID: 33246542 DOI: 10.1053/j.semnuclmed.2020.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Imaging plays a key role in the management of mediastinal masses. In an effort to standardize the analysis of the mediastinum, the International Thymic Malignancy Interest Group (ITMIG) has proposed a three compartments-based diagnostic classification, intended for clinicians and radiologists. Several articles have documented its usefulness to guide the diagnosis using cross-sectional imaging. Similarly, fluorine-18-radiolabeled fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography combined to computed tomography (18F-FDG-PET/CT) can be useful in this setting, either as a first-line diagnostic technique, or in addition to cross-sectional imaging. In this article, which is thought as an aid for nuclear medicine physicians and radiologists, we aim to present, based on the ITMIG classification, the main mediastinal pathologies that can be observed with 18F-FDG-PET/CT, and the additional diagnostic value that can be expected from this technique. For this purpose, we segmented the mediastinum according to the ITMIG classification, and reviewed the available literature for each of the corresponding organs and/or disease. Given the importance of the clinical context for the interpretation of PET imaging, we presented each of the diseases according to: (1) their suggestive clinical context; (2) the suggestive features on nonenhanced CT (which is the standard in PET imaging); and (3) the typical 18F-FDG characteristics. The purpose of this article is to depict the main features of the most common mediastinal diseases that can be encountered with 18F-FDG-PET/CT, and to highlight its diagnostic value in this setting, alone or in combination with other imaging modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nidaa Mikail
- Department of nuclear medicine, Bichat universitary hospital, Paris, France.
| | - Antoine Khalil
- Department of radiology, Bichat universitary hospital, Paris, France
| | - François Rouzet
- Department of nuclear medicine, Bichat universitary hospital, Paris, France
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5
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Yuan X, Li B, Yang Y, Wang H, Sun H, Song Y, Wang W. Surgical results and pathological analysis of cardiac fibroma in the adolescent and the adult. J Card Surg 2020; 35:1912-1919. [PMID: 32652694 DOI: 10.1111/jocs.14790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUNDS Disparities may exist between the adolescent and the adult patients with cardiac fibromas in the symptoms, surgical outcomes, and pathological characteristics. The aim of this study was to compare short and midterm surgical outcomes of cardiac fibromas and to compare the biomarker expressions of tumor tissue samples between the adult and the adolescent. METHODS Consecutive patients with the diagnosis of cardiac fibroma were admitted and received surgeries. Primary outcomes included in-hospital mortality, low cardiac output, and readmission due to heart failure. The expression of PCNA and Ki67, two widely adopted indicators of cell proliferation, were evaluated in tissue samples. RESULTS A total of five adolescent patients and five adult patients diagnosed as cardiac fibroma were admitted and given surgeries. When compare with the adults, the adolescent patients were more likely to present symptoms on admission (P = .048). Postoperative low cardiac output syndrome was significantly higher in the adolescents than in the adults (80.0% vs 0.0, P = .048). The tumor volume relative to ventricular end diastolic diameter had good discriminative ability for low cardiac output (c statistics: 0.96). Pathologically, the percentage of PCNA-positive cell nuclei was significantly higher in the adolescents than in the adults (36.04% ± 10.54% vs 4.15% ± 3.93%, P = .001). However, there were no Ki67-positive nuclei in the 10 cases. CONCLUSIONS In the current study, we found that postoperative low cardiac output was more likely to occur in the adolescent patients than in the adult patients. When compared with the adult patients, significantly more PCNA-positive nuclei were observed in the adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Yuan
- National Clinical Research Center of Cardiovascular Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Baotong Li
- National Clinical Research Center of Cardiovascular Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Yang
- National Clinical Research Center of Cardiovascular Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Hongyue Wang
- National Clinical Research Center of Cardiovascular Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,Department of Pathology, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Hansong Sun
- National Clinical Research Center of Cardiovascular Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yunhu Song
- National Clinical Research Center of Cardiovascular Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Wang
- National Clinical Research Center of Cardiovascular Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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Castrichini M, Albani S, Pinamonti B, Sinagra G. Atrial thrombi or cardiac tumours? The image-challenge of intracardiac masses: a case report. Eur Heart J Case Rep 2020; 4:1-6. [PMID: 32352050 PMCID: PMC7180525 DOI: 10.1093/ehjcr/ytaa026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Revised: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cardiac masses (CM) encompass a broad set of lesions that can be either neoplastic or non-neoplastic. A stepwise diagnostic strategy through multimodality imaging evaluation is the cornerstone for the appropriate approach. CASE SUMMARY We report the case of an 83-year-old man presenting at the emergency department for acute heart failure showing bilateral atrial masses without unequivocal aetiological aspects at several imaging techniques, emphasizing the critical aspects in the differential diagnosis. DISCUSSION In the complex field of CM, a proper differential diagnosis is very important in order to start the appropriate treatment; however, sometimes it could be challenging despite a multimodality imaging approach, therefore still requiring histologic examination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Castrichini
- Cardiothoracic Department, Division of Cardiology and Postgraduate School in Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Trieste, Via Valdoni, 7, 34149, Trieste, Italy
| | - Stefano Albani
- Cardiothoracic Department, Division of Cardiology and Postgraduate School in Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Trieste, Via Valdoni, 7, 34149, Trieste, Italy
- Corresponding author. Tel: +39 3285999910,
| | - Bruno Pinamonti
- Cardiothoracic Department, Division of Cardiology and Postgraduate School in Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Trieste, Via Valdoni, 7, 34149, Trieste, Italy
| | - Gianfranco Sinagra
- Cardiothoracic Department, Division of Cardiology and Postgraduate School in Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Trieste, Via Valdoni, 7, 34149, Trieste, Italy
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Shen J, Fang Z, Zhang Y, Hou J. In-situ recurrence of the primary cardiac dedifferentiated liposarcoma: To resect or not? J Card Surg 2019; 35:495-498. [PMID: 31803967 DOI: 10.1111/jocs.14394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Dedifferentiated liposarcoma (DDLPS) is a rare type of neoplasm which can originally rise in cardiac chamber. Owing to the recurrence and distant metastasis, the prognosis of the primary malignant cardiac tumor is extremely poor and remains a challenge for cardiac surgeons. Here, we report a patient with an intracavitary mass which was diagnosed as DDLPS by postoperative pathological examinations, experienced repeated in-situ recurrence of the malignant cardiac tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayu Shen
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhi Fang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yahan Zhang
- Department of Pathology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Shen J, Fang Z, Zhang Y, Guo Y. Primary cardiac dedifferentiated liposarcoma in a middle-aged female: a case report. J Cardiothorac Surg 2019; 14:156. [PMID: 31470882 PMCID: PMC6717363 DOI: 10.1186/s13019-019-0973-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Primary malignant cardiac tumors are extremely rare and can present with the same nonspecific characteristics as benign primary cardiac tumors. We herein describe a middle-aged female with an intracavitary, irregular atrial mass who experienced partial surgical resection. The atrial mass which was recognized as myxoma before surgery was finally diagnosed as dedifferentiated liposarcoma (DDLPS) by postoperative pathological examination. CASE PRESENTATION The patient, a 61-year-old female, presented to the emergency room because of progressive chest congestion and shortage of liberties for 6 months and orthopnoea and paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea for 3 days. The laboratory examinations confirmed no abnormalities. The thoracic computed tomography (CT) scan showed massive hydropericardium, pleural effusion and left atrium occupying lesion. The transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) confirmed an intracavitary and irregular left atrial mass, limiting the mitral valve inflow and pulmonary venous blood reflux. The positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) revealed high grade fluorodeoxyglucose uptake only in the intracavitary mass which near the mitral valve. According to operative exploration, the intracavitary mass had invaded the mitral annulus and posterior wall of left ventricle which cannot be resected completely, we did merely partial surgical resection to relieve the patient's symptoms. Postoperative immunohistochemical stain confirmed the diagnosis of DDLPS. The patient was transferred to the oncology department for further therapy. Unfortunately, the patient was detected with brain metastasis 1 month later and died within 5 months after the surgery. CONCLUSIONS Primary cardiac DDLPS is an extremely rare histological subtype of undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcomas which present the same nonspecific characteristics as benign primary cardiac tumors. Even though surgical resection combined with chemotherapy or radiotherapy remains the mainstream treatment strategy, the prognosis of cardiac malignancy is poor with high mortality. Novel management strategies need to be further explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayu Shen
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No.37 Guo Xue Alley, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China, 61004
| | - Zhi Fang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No.37 Guo Xue Alley, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China, 61004
| | - Yahan Zhang
- Department of Pathology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No.37 Guo Xue Alley, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Yingqiang Guo
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No.37 Guo Xue Alley, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China, 61004.
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Reis VS, Tsang DC, Williams DB, Carrillo RG. Symptomatic Aortic Valve Mass - Cardiac Work-Up Challenges and Role of Computed Tomography Angiography: A Case Report. Braz J Cardiovasc Surg 2019; 34:499-502. [PMID: 31454208 PMCID: PMC6713383 DOI: 10.21470/1678-9741-2018-0151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiac papillary fibroelastoma are rare, benign cardiac tumors that may lead to
lethal complications from embolization or valvular dysfunction if left
untreated. When working up symptomatic tumors with concomitant angina,
traditional diagnostic studies such as cardiac catheterization may predispose
the patient to embolic complications if the mass is located in the path of the
catheter. Newer, non-invasive diagnostic testing, such as cardiac magnetic
resonance imaging or dynamic computed tomography angiography, may be considered
in lieu of invasive approaches to avoid potentially devastating complications.
We herein present a case report of a 77-year-old female with a symptomatic
aortic valve tumor and describe our diagnostic strategy and management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor S Reis
- University of Miami Miller School of Medicine Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery Miami Florida Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Darren C Tsang
- University of Miami Miller School of Medicine Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery Miami Florida Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Donald B Williams
- University of Miami Miller School of Medicine Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery Miami Florida Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Roger G Carrillo
- University of Miami Miller School of Medicine Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery Miami Florida Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
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Krueger M, Cronin P, Sayyouh M, Kelly AM. Significant incidental cardiac disease on thoracic CT: what the general radiologist needs to know. Insights Imaging 2019; 10:10. [PMID: 30725202 PMCID: PMC6365314 DOI: 10.1186/s13244-019-0693-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Incidental cardiac findings are often found on chest CT studies, some of which may be clinically significant. The objective of this pictorial review is to illustrate and describe the appearances and management of the most frequently encountered significant cardiac findings on non-electrocardiographically gated thoracic CT. Most radiologists will interpret multidetector chest CT and should be aware of the imaging appearances, significance, and the appropriate next management steps, when incidental significant cardiac disease is encountered on thoracic CT. Conclusion This article reviews significant incidental cardiac findings which may be encountered on chest CT studies. After completing this review, the reader should not only be familiar with recognizing clinically significant cardiac findings seen on thoracic CT examinations but also have the confidence to direct their further management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maren Krueger
- Fulford Radiology, Base Hospital, Private Bag 2016, New Plymouth, Taranaki, 4342, New Zealand
| | - Paul Cronin
- Department of Radiology, Division of Cardiothoracic Radiology, University of Michigan, 1500 East Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Mohamed Sayyouh
- Department of Radiology, Division of Cardiothoracic Radiology, University of Michigan, 1500 East Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Aine Marie Kelly
- Department of Radiology, Division of Cardiothoracic Radiology, University of Michigan, 1500 East Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
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Buergo C, Mansilla A. Una rara causa de disnea: angiosarcoma inducido por radioterapia. RADIOLOGIA 2018; 60:355-358. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rx.2017.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2017] [Revised: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 11/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Tse CS, Tan N, Idossa D, Click R. Cardiac melanoma: Retrospective review of a rare disease at the Mayo clinic (1988-2015). Int J Cardiol 2017; 249:383-386. [PMID: 28923551 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2017.08.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Revised: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Melanoma metastasizing to the heart (cardiac melanoma) is a rare entity that has been described only in autopsy studies or isolated pre-mortem case reports. We aim to better characterize cardiac melanoma, and describe its presenting features, imaging findings, and disease course with a case series collected over nearly 30years. METHODS We performed a retrospective review of all patients diagnosed with cardiac melanoma at the Mayo Clinic from 1988 to 2015. Qualitative analysis was performed on patient demographics, clinical history, and imaging modalities. RESULTS 11 patients (7 male, median age 63years) were identified with cardiac melanoma. Shortness of breath (64%) was the most common presenting symptom. Transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) was utilized in the assessment of all patients though it failed to identify 20% of masses that were seen on fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography (FDG PET/CT) or cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR). The majority of masses were located within the cardiac chambers (46% right atrium, 18% right ventricle, 18% left atrium), and 36% appeared mobile on TTE. Patients lived for a median of 68months (interquartile range [IQR] 14-143months) after the initial diagnosis of primary melanoma, and only 12months (IQR 2-150months) after diagnosis of cardiac melanoma. CONCLUSION Echocardiography can generally identify most cases of cardiac melanoma, though it misses one-fifth of masses seen on FDG PET/CT or CMR. Cardiac melanoma is associated with a poor prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung Sang Tse
- Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Nicholas Tan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Dame Idossa
- Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Roger Click
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
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Abstract
Cardiac tumours are a rare, but often devastating, clinical diagnosis. They encompass a broad set of lesions that include both neoplastic and non-neoplastic conditions. Cardiac tumours are often diagnosed incidentally during work-up for other conditions, or during ultrasound, CT, or MRI scans for unusual or nonspecific symptoms. In the past decade, important changes have been made in the nomenclature and the recommendations for diagnosis of cardiac tumours, as highlighted by the WHO's 2015 revision of the classification of cardiac tumours. Moreover, important advances in molecular genetics and therapeutics offer new approaches for the diagnosis and treatment of affected patients. In this Review, we provide an overview of the clinical, pathological, and imaging characteristics of all types of cardiac masses, including both benign and malignant primary cardiac neoplasms.
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Mercado-Guzman MP, Meléndez-Ramírez G, Castillo-Castellon F, Kimura-Hayama E. [Evaluation of cardiac tumors by multidetector computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging]. ARCHIVOS DE CARDIOLOGIA DE MEXICO 2016; 86:335-349. [PMID: 27210274 DOI: 10.1016/j.acmx.2016.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2016] [Revised: 04/02/2016] [Accepted: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiac tumors, are a rare pathology (0.002-0.3%) in all age groups, however, they have a clinic importance, due the affected organ. They are classified in primary (benign or malignant) and secondary (metastasis) types. Among primary type, mixoma, is the most common benign tumor, and sarcoma represents most of the malignant injuries. Cardiac metastasis are more frequent than primary tumors. Clinic effects of cardiac tumors are unspecific and vary according their location, size and agresivity. The use of Multidetector Computed Tomography (MDCT) and Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) assist on the location, sizing, anatomical relationships and the compromise of adyacents structures, besides, MRI is useful for tissue characterization of the tumor. Due to the previous reasons, studies based on noninvasive cardiovascular imaging, have an important role on the characterization of these lesions and the differential diagnosis among them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcela P Mercado-Guzman
- Departamento de Tomografía Cardiaca, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, México, DF, México
| | - Gabriela Meléndez-Ramírez
- Departamento de Resonancia Magnética, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, México, DF, México
| | | | - Eric Kimura-Hayama
- Departamento de Tomografía Cardiaca, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, México, DF, México.
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Kim YJ, Yong HS, Kim SM, Kim JA, Yang DH, Hong YJ. Korean guidelines for the appropriate use of cardiac CT. Korean J Radiol 2015; 16:251-85. [PMID: 25741189 PMCID: PMC4347263 DOI: 10.3348/kjr.2015.16.2.251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2014] [Accepted: 01/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of cardiac CT has provided a non-invasive alternative to echocardiography, exercise electrocardiogram, and invasive angiography and cardiac CT continues to develop at an exponential speed even now. The appropriate use of cardiac CT may lead to improvements in the medical performances of physicians and can reduce medical costs which eventually contribute to better public health. However, until now, there has been no guideline regarding the appropriate use of cardiac CT in Korea. We intend to provide guidelines for the appropriate use of cardiac CT in heart diseases based on scientific data. The purpose of this guideline is to assist clinicians and other health professionals in the use of cardiac CT for diagnosis and treatment of heart diseases, especially in patients at high risk or suspected of heart disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Jin Kim
- Department of Radiology, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 120-752, Korea
| | - Hwan Seok Yong
- Department of Radiology, Korea University Guro Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 152-703, Korea
| | - Sung Mok Kim
- Department of Radiology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 135-710, Korea
| | - Jeong A Kim
- Department of Radiology, Ilsan Paik Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Goyang 411-706, Korea
| | - Dong Hyun Yang
- Department of Radiology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 138-736, Korea
| | - Yoo Jin Hong
- Department of Radiology, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 120-752, Korea
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Cardiac CT angiography beyond the coronary arteries: what radiologists need to know and why they need to know it. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2015; 203:W583-95. [PMID: 25415723 DOI: 10.2214/ajr.13.12400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE With current state-of-the-art CT combining fast scanning times and high spatial resolution, anatomy beyond the coronary arteries is well visualized and may lead to discovery of abnormalities. The purpose of this article is to provide a strategy for radiologists to recognize important extracoronary cardiac CT angiography (CTA) findings. CONCLUSION A systemic approach to cardiac CTA by anatomic location and attention to key CT features are critical to identify and properly characterize important extracoronary cardiac abnormalities.
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Bennett CJ, Maleszewski JJ, Araoz PA. CT and MR imaging of the aortic valve: radiologic-pathologic correlation. Radiographics 2013; 32:1399-420. [PMID: 22977027 DOI: 10.1148/rg.325115727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Valvular disease is estimated to account for as many as 20% of cardiac surgical procedures performed in the United States. It may be congenital in origin or secondary to another disease process. One congenital anomaly, bicuspid aortic valve, is associated with increased incidence of stenosis, regurgitation, endocarditis, and aneurysmal dilatation of the aorta. A bicuspid valve has two cusps instead of the normal three; resultant fusion or poor excursion of the valve leaflets may lead to aortic stenosis, the presence of which is signaled by dephasing jets on magnetic resonance (MR) images. Surgery is generally recommended for patients with severe stenosis who are symptomatic or who have significant ventricular dysfunction; transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) is an emerging therapeutic option for patients who are not eligible for surgical treatment. Computed tomography (CT) is an essential component of preoperative planning for TAVI; it is used to determine the aortic root dimensions, severity of peripheral vascular disease, and status of the coronary arteries. Aortic regurgitation, which is caused by incompetent closure of the aortic valve, likewise leads to the appearance of jets on MR images. The severity of regurgitation is graded on the basis of valvular morphologic parameters; qualitative assessment of dephasing jets at Doppler ultrasonography; or measurements of the regurgitant fraction, volume, and orifice area. Mild regurgitation is managed conservatively, whereas severe or symptomatic regurgitation usually leads to valve replacement surgery, especially in the presence of substantial left ventricular enlargement or dysfunction. Bacterial endocarditis, although less common than aortic stenosis and regurgitation, is associated with substantial morbidity and mortality. Electrocardiographically gated CT reliably demonstrates infectious vegetations and benign excrescences of 1 cm or more on the valve surface, allowing the assessment of any embolic complications.
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Baumwol J, Delgado DH, Cusimano RJ, Rao V, Kozuszko S, Butany J, Ross HJ. Atrial masses post cardiac transplantation: diagnostic and treatment dilemmas. Am J Transplant 2012; 12:2237-41. [PMID: 22682076 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-6143.2012.04129.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Atrial masses postcardiac transplant are not well reported and their diagnosis and treatment can be challenging. In the asymptomatic patient, differentiating thrombus from cardiac tumor can sometimes be difficult and the use of multiple imaging modalities is recommended. Accurate diagnosis is imperative to inform a treatment plan that balances the benefits and risks of a medical versus surgical approach. We present three cases of atrial masses postcardiac transplant to illustrate this clinical dilemma.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Baumwol
- Division of Cardiology and Heart Transplant, Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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20
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Padalino MA, Vida VL, Boccuzzo G, Tonello M, Sarris GE, Berggren H, Comas JV, Di Carlo D, Di Donato RM, Ebels T, Hraska V, Jacobs JP, Gaynor JW, Metras D, Pretre R, Pozzi M, Rubay J, Sairanen H, Schreiber C, Maruszewski B, Basso C, Stellin G. Surgery for Primary Cardiac Tumors in Children. Circulation 2012; 126:22-30. [PMID: 22626745 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.111.037226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background—
To evaluate indications and results of surgery for primary cardiac tumors in children.
Methods and Results—
Eighty-nine patients aged ≤18 years undergoing surgery for cardiac tumor between 1990 and 2005 from 16 centers were included retrospectively (M/F=41/48; median age 4.3 months, range 1 day to 18 years). Sixty-three patients (68.5%) presented with symptoms. Surgery consisted of complete resection in 62 (69.7%) patients, partial resection in 21 (23.6%), and cardiac transplant in 4 (4.5%). Most frequent histotypes (93.2%) were benign (rhabdomyoma, myxoma, teratoma, fibroma, and hemangioma). Postoperative complications occurred in 29.9%. Early and late mortality were 4.5% each (mean follow-up, 6.3±4.4 years); major adverse events occurred in 28.2% of the patients; 90.7% of patients are in New York Heart Association class I. There were no statistically significant differences in survival, postoperative complications, or adverse events after complete and partial resection in benign tumors other than myxomas. Cardiac transplant was associated significantly with higher mortality rate (
P=
0.006). Overall mortality was associated to malignancy (
P
=0.0008), and adverse events during follow-up (
P
=0.005).
Conclusions—
Surgery for primary cardiac tumors in children has good early and long-term outcomes, with low recurrence rate. Rhabdomyomas are the most frequent surgical histotypes. Malignant tumors negatively affect early and late survival. Heart transplant is indicated when conservative surgery is not feasible. Lack of recurrence after partial resection of benign cardiac tumors indicates that a less risky tumor debulking is effective for a subset of histotypes such as rhabdomyomas and fibromas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo A Padalino
- UOC Cardiochirurgia Pediatrica e Cardiopatie Congenite, Department of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Sciences, University of Padova Medical School, Centro Vincenzo Gallucci, Via Giustiniani 2, 35128 Padova, Italy.
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Chu LC, Johnson PT, Halushka MK, Fishman EK. Multidetector CT of the heart: spectrum of benign and malignant cardiac masses. Emerg Radiol 2012; 19:415-28. [DOI: 10.1007/s10140-012-1055-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2012] [Accepted: 05/18/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Abstract
Cardiac neoplasms and other mass-forming lesions are not commonly encountered in surgical pathology practice. Fortunately, for the most part, these fall into a small group of well characterized and readily-recognized entities, although they are not without diagnostic dilemmas. A brief and practical synopsis of cardiac tumors is presented in this section with attention to more frequently encountered and clinically significant diagnostic challenges as well as pertinent clinical associations and prognostic information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dylan V Miller
- Intermountain Central Laboratory, Immunostains and Electron Microscopy, University of Utah, 5252 South Intermountain Drive, Salt Lake City, UT 84157, USA
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23
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[Spontaneous hematoma of the atrial wall]. RADIOLOGIA 2012; 56:e25-8. [PMID: 22300966 DOI: 10.1016/j.rx.2011.09.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2011] [Revised: 09/02/2011] [Accepted: 09/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The clinical signs of heart masses tend to be nonspecific, generally depending more on their repercussions on heart function caused by their location rather than on their type. Imaging techniques make it possible to limit the differential diagnosis of heart masses based on their location, morphology, and characteristics of echogenicity, density, or intensity, depending on the technique used to study them. We present the case of a woman with squeezing mid chest pain irradiating to her shoulder and positive cardiac markers in whom a left atrial mass was identified at echocardiography. This finding was confirmed at chest CT. The signs at chest CT were compatible with a mural hematoma and this diagnosis was confirmed after intraoperative biopsy.
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Rojas CA, Jaimes CE, El-Sherief AH, Medina HM, Chung JH, Ghoshhajra B, Abbara S. Cardiac CT of non-shunt pathology of the interatrial septum. J Cardiovasc Comput Tomogr 2010; 5:93-100. [PMID: 21130061 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcct.2010.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2010] [Revised: 09/29/2010] [Accepted: 10/18/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The development and anatomy of the interatrial septum is complex. With the increasing use of cardiac CT and its precise delineation of the anatomy, it is important for the cardiac imager to become familiar with the normal anatomic structures that compose the interatrial septum and their variants. Furthermore, it is important to recognize pathologic processes occurring in this region other than atrial septal defects and potential imaging pitfalls. This pictorial essay provides a detailed review of these topics with emphasis in CT appearance and related technical aspects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos A Rojas
- Department of Cardiac Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 165 Cambridge Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
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