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Namikawa H, Niki M, Niki M, Oinuma KI, Yamada K, Nakaie K, Tsubouchi T, Tochino Y, Takemoto Y, Kaneko Y, Kakeya H, Shuto T. Siderophore production as a biomarker for Klebsiella pneumoniae strains that cause sepsis: A pilot study. J Formos Med Assoc 2021; 121:848-855. [PMID: 34272150 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfma.2021.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/PURPOSE Klebsiella pneumoniae bacteremia-induced sepsis is a clinically important condition with a high mortality rate and various known virulence factors. However, studies on the association of these virulence factors with the occurrence of K. pneumoniae bacteremia-induced sepsis are scarce. We aimed to investigate clinical variables and virulence factors in patients with K. pneumoniae bacteremia-induced sepsis. METHODS We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 76 patients with K. pneumoniae bacteremia between January 2012 and July 2017. Patients were divided into sepsis (n = 25) and non-sepsis (n = 51) groups. Patient background characteristics, antimicrobial regimens, and prognosis were evaluated. We assessed the distribution of virulence factors related to K. pneumoniae, such as mucoviscosity, capsular polysaccharide, and siderophores. Siderophore production levels were determined by measuring the orange halo zone on chrome azurol S agar plate assay. RESULTS There were no intergroup differences in male-to-female ratio and age. Multivariable analysis revealed that siderophore production level (p < 0.01) was an independent predictor of K. pneumoniae bacteremia-induced sepsis. Furthermore, the optimal cut-off point of siderophore production to predict sepsis was 9.6 mm (sensitivity, 86%; specificity, 76%; AUC, 0.81). CONCLUSION Siderophore production was an independent predictor of sepsis caused by K. pneumoniae bacteremia. The optimal cut-off point for siderophore production for sepsis occurrence prediction was 9.6 mm. To improve outcomes, patients with K. pneumoniae bacteremia-induced sepsis with high siderophore production levels should be managed prudently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Namikawa
- Department of Medical Education and General Practice, Osaka City University, Graduate School of Medicine, 1-4-3, Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, Osaka, 545-8585, Japan.
| | - Makoto Niki
- Department of Infection Control and Prevention, Osaka City University Hospital, 1-5-7 Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, Osaka, 545-8586, Japan
| | - Mamiko Niki
- Department of Bacteriology, Osaka City University, Graduate School of Medicine, 1-4-3, Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, Osaka, 545-8585, Japan; Research Center for Infectious Disease Sciences (RCIDS), Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-4-3, Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, Osaka, 545-8585, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Oinuma
- Department of Bacteriology, Osaka City University, Graduate School of Medicine, 1-4-3, Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, Osaka, 545-8585, Japan; Research Center for Infectious Disease Sciences (RCIDS), Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-4-3, Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, Osaka, 545-8585, Japan
| | - Koichi Yamada
- Department of Infection Control and Prevention, Osaka City University Hospital, 1-5-7 Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, Osaka, 545-8586, Japan; Research Center for Infectious Disease Sciences (RCIDS), Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-4-3, Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, Osaka, 545-8585, Japan; Department of Infection Control Science, Osaka City University, Graduate School of Medicine, 1-4-3, Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, Osaka, 545-8585, Japan
| | - Kiyotaka Nakaie
- Department of Infection Control and Prevention, Osaka City University Hospital, 1-5-7 Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, Osaka, 545-8586, Japan; Department of Infection Control Science, Osaka City University, Graduate School of Medicine, 1-4-3, Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, Osaka, 545-8585, Japan
| | - Taishi Tsubouchi
- Department of Bacteriology, Osaka City University, Graduate School of Medicine, 1-4-3, Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, Osaka, 545-8585, Japan; Research Center for Infectious Disease Sciences (RCIDS), Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-4-3, Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, Osaka, 545-8585, Japan; Toneyama Institute for Tuberculosis Research, Osaka City University, Graduate School of Medicine, 1-4-3, Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, Osaka, 545-8585, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Tochino
- Department of Medical Education and General Practice, Osaka City University, Graduate School of Medicine, 1-4-3, Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, Osaka, 545-8585, Japan
| | - Yasuhiko Takemoto
- Department of Medical Education and General Practice, Osaka City University, Graduate School of Medicine, 1-4-3, Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, Osaka, 545-8585, Japan
| | - Yukihiro Kaneko
- Department of Bacteriology, Osaka City University, Graduate School of Medicine, 1-4-3, Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, Osaka, 545-8585, Japan; Research Center for Infectious Disease Sciences (RCIDS), Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-4-3, Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, Osaka, 545-8585, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kakeya
- Department of Infection Control and Prevention, Osaka City University Hospital, 1-5-7 Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, Osaka, 545-8586, Japan; Research Center for Infectious Disease Sciences (RCIDS), Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-4-3, Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, Osaka, 545-8585, Japan; Department of Infection Control Science, Osaka City University, Graduate School of Medicine, 1-4-3, Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, Osaka, 545-8585, Japan
| | - Taichi Shuto
- Department of Medical Education and General Practice, Osaka City University, Graduate School of Medicine, 1-4-3, Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, Osaka, 545-8585, Japan
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Jawale CV, Biswas PS. Local antifungal immunity in the kidney in disseminated candidiasis. Curr Opin Microbiol 2021; 62:1-7. [PMID: 33991758 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2021.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Disseminated candidiasis is a hospital-acquired infection that results in high degree of mortality despite antifungal treatment. Autopsy studies revealed that kidneys are the major target organs in disseminated candidiasis and death due to kidney damage is a frequent outcome in these patients. Thus, the need for effective therapeutic strategies to mitigate kidney damage in disseminated candidiasis is compelling. Recent studies have highlighted the essential contribution of kidney-specific immune response in host defense against systemic infection. Crosstalk between kidney-resident and infiltrating immune cells aid in the clearance of fungi and prevent tissue damage in disseminated candidiasis. In this review, we provide our recent understanding on antifungal immunity in the kidney with an emphasis on IL-17-mediated renal defense in disseminated candidiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chetan V Jawale
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Partha S Biswas
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA.
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Yamada K, Kuwabara G, Imoto W, Yamairi K, Shibata W, Oshima K, Yoshii N, Nakaie K, Niki M, Okada Y, Fujita A, Sakurai N, Kaneko Y, Kakeya H. Blood culture reports by infectious disease physicians can improve prognosis of bacteremia, including weekend-onset cases. Int J Infect Dis 2020; 100:174-179. [PMID: 32777587 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2020.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Cases of positive blood cultures were previously reported by a microbiological technologist (MT) to an attending physician (AP), and the Antimicrobial Stewardship team provided medical assistance by grasping the situation at the morning meeting the next day. Since April 2018, MTs have reported positive blood cultures to an infectious disease physician (IDP), who proposes the management approach to the AP and provides weekend support. This study assessed the effectiveness of blood culture reports provided by IDPs to APs on outcomes of bacteremia, including weekend-onset cases. METHODS Patient characteristics and prognoses before (October 2017 to March 2018) and after intervention (April to September 2018) were compared. RESULTS The pre-intervention and post-intervention groups comprised 134 and 161 patients, respectively. Patients were more likely to be older (>65 years) in the post-intervention group (p < 0.05). There were no significant between-group differences in infection severity. The rate of de-escalation significantly increased from 38.1%-57.8% (p = 0.001). The rates of 28-day and in-hospital mortality reduced following the intervention (21.3% vs. 8.2% and 32.8% vs. 10.6%; p = 0.004 and p < 0.001, respectively). In-hospital mortality for weekend-onset cases also reduced following the intervention (33.3% vs. 12.9%, p = 0.01). Sepsis was a poor prognostic factor (OR 8.070, 95% CI 3.320-19.600, p < 0.001) and intervention was a good prognostic factor (OR 0.311, 95% CI 0.142-0.680, p = 0.003) affecting 28-day mortality in multivariate analysis. CONCLUSIONS Changes to blood culture result reporting protocols can improve outcomes of bacteremia, including weekend-onset cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koichi Yamada
- Department of Infection Control Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Infection Control and Prevention, Osaka City University Hospital, Osaka, Japan; Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Gaku Kuwabara
- Department of Infection Control Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Infection Control and Prevention, Osaka City University Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - Waki Imoto
- Department of Infection Control Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Infection Control and Prevention, Osaka City University Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kazushi Yamairi
- Department of Infection Control Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Infection Control and Prevention, Osaka City University Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - Wataru Shibata
- Department of Infection Control Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Infection Control and Prevention, Osaka City University Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Oshima
- Department of Infection Control Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Infection Control and Prevention, Osaka City University Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - Naoko Yoshii
- Department of Infection Control Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Infection Control and Prevention, Osaka City University Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kiyotaka Nakaie
- Department of Infection Control and Prevention, Osaka City University Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - Makoto Niki
- Department of Infection Control and Prevention, Osaka City University Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yasuyo Okada
- Department of Infection Control and Prevention, Osaka City University Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - Akiko Fujita
- Department of Infection Control and Prevention, Osaka City University Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - Norihiro Sakurai
- Department of Infection Control and Prevention, Osaka City University Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yukihiro Kaneko
- Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan; Bacteriology, Osaka City University Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kakeya
- Department of Infection Control Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan; Department of Infection Control and Prevention, Osaka City University Hospital, Osaka, Japan; Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan.
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Vernuccio F, Patti D, Cannella R, Salvaggio G, Midiri M. CT imaging of acute and chronic pyelonephritis: a practical guide for emergency radiologists. Emerg Radiol 2020; 27:561-567. [PMID: 32445022 DOI: 10.1007/s10140-020-01788-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Contrast-enhanced CT is not routinely indicated in uncomplicated urinary infections, but it may be necessary in patients with specific risk factors (i.e., diabetes, immunocompromised patients, history of stones, or prior renal surgery) or in patients not responding to antibiotics and in detecting complications of pyelonephritis. CT is the gold standard for imaging assessment of pyelonephritis severity. Imaging appearance of acute pyelonephritis, including focal (i.e., wedge-shaped zones of decreased attenuation or hypodense mass) and diffuse (i.e., global enlargement, poor parenchymal enhancement, lack of excretion of contrast, fat stranding) forms, needs to be differentiated from renal infarction, renal lymphoma, and interstitial nephritis. Chronic pyelonephritis-which appears as focal polar scars with underlying calyceal distortion, global atrophy, and hypertrophy of residual tissue-may mimic at imaging lobar infarcts. This pictorial essay reviews the CT imaging appearance of acute and chronic pyelonephritis, their uncommon subtypes, and their complications, with key features for early diagnosis. Their knowledge is crucial for emergency and abdominal radiologists to avoid misdiagnosis with malignancy and to guide the clinician towards the appropriate medical or surgical treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Vernuccio
- Dipartimento Promozione della Salute, Materno-Infantile, di Medicina Interna e Specialistica di Eccellenza G. D'Alessandro, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy. .,I.R.C.C.S. Centro Neurolesi Bonino Pulejo, Contrada Casazza, SS113, 98124, Messina, Italy. .,Hôpitaux Universitaires Beaujon, Radiology, Université Paris VII, Clichy, France. .,Dipartimento di Biomedicina, Neuroscienze e Diagnostica avanzata (BIND), University Hospital "Paolo Giaccone", Via del Vespro, 129, 90127, Palermo, Italy.
| | - Diana Patti
- Dipartimento di Biomedicina, Neuroscienze e Diagnostica avanzata (BIND), University Hospital "Paolo Giaccone", Via del Vespro, 129, 90127, Palermo, Italy
| | - Roberto Cannella
- Dipartimento di Biomedicina, Neuroscienze e Diagnostica avanzata (BIND), University Hospital "Paolo Giaccone", Via del Vespro, 129, 90127, Palermo, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Salvaggio
- Dipartimento di Biomedicina, Neuroscienze e Diagnostica avanzata (BIND), University Hospital "Paolo Giaccone", Via del Vespro, 129, 90127, Palermo, Italy
| | - Massimo Midiri
- Dipartimento di Biomedicina, Neuroscienze e Diagnostica avanzata (BIND), University Hospital "Paolo Giaccone", Via del Vespro, 129, 90127, Palermo, Italy
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Clinical and virulence factors related to the 30-day mortality of Klebsiella pneumoniae bacteremia at a tertiary hospital: a case-control study. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2019; 38:2291-2297. [PMID: 31605255 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-019-03676-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Klebsiella pneumoniae bacteremia is a critical clinical presentation that is associated with high mortality. However, extremely few studies have investigated the virulence factors related to mortality of K. pneumoniae bacteremia in patients. The present study elucidated clinical and virulence factors associated with the 30-day mortality of K. pneumoniae bacteremia at a tertiary hospital. The medical records of 129 patients with K. pneumoniae bacteremia admitted to Osaka City University Hospital between January 2012 and December 2018 were retrospectively reviewed. Patient background characteristics, antimicrobial regimens, and prognosis were evaluated. Additionally, virulence factors were assessed using multiplex polymerase chain reaction to elucidate their association with K. pneumoniae. The 30-day mortality was 10.9% in patients with K. pneumoniae bacteremia. The male-to-female ratio, age, and underlying disease did not differ between the non-survivor and survivor groups. Multivariate analysis showed that sepsis (odds ratio (OR), 7.46; p = 0.005) and iutA (OR, 4.47; p = 0.046) were independent predictors associated with the 30-day mortality of K. pneumoniae bacteremia. Despite the relatively low 30-day mortality of patients with K. pneumoniae bacteremia, the treatment of those with sepsis and those infected with K. pneumoniae harboring iutA may require careful management for improving their outcomes.
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Sonographic Evaluation of Genitourinary Inflammatory Pseudotumors and Its Mimics. Ultrasound Q 2019; 37:298-307. [PMID: 31478985 DOI: 10.1097/ruq.0000000000000468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory pseudotumor is a relatively rare, nonneoplastic lesion composed of inflammatory cells and myofibroblastic spindle cells that can be identified on sonographic evaluation of the genitourinary system. These lesions are thought to be an inflammatory response to insults such as surgery, trauma, infection, or malignancy. Such lesions need to be distinguished from true neoplasms and other benign lesions, including inflammatory responses and infectious processes. Identification of inflammatory pseudotumors and its mimics is important for radiologists to guide patient treatment and follow-up. This pictorial essay presents sonographic features of inflammatory pseudotumors of the genitourinary tract and its mimics with cross-sectional imaging and histopathology, where available.
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Namikawa H, Yamada K, Yamairi K, Shibata W, Fujimoto H, Takizawa E, Niki M, Nakaie K, Oinuma KI, Niki M, Takemoto Y, Kaneko Y, Shuto T, Kakeya H. Mortality caused by extended-spectrum beta-lactamase–producing Enterobacteriaceae bacteremia; a case control study: alert to Enterobacteriaceae strains with high minimum inhibitory concentrations of piperacillin/tazobactam. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2019; 94:287-292. [DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2019.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Revised: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Namikawa H, Yamada K, Sakiyama A, Imoto W, Yamairi K, Shibata W, Yoshii N, Niki M, Nakaie K, Oinuma KI, Tsubouchi T, Niki M, Tochino Y, Takemoto Y, Kaneko Y, Shuto T, Kakeya H. Clinical characteristics of bacteremia caused by hypermucoviscous Klebsiella pneumoniae at a tertiary hospital. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2019; 95:84-88. [PMID: 31256940 DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2019.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Revised: 04/06/2019] [Accepted: 04/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to assess the predictive factors of bacteremia due to hypermucoviscous Klebsiella pneumoniae (hvKP), as well as the mortality. The medical records of 114 patients with K. pneumoniae bacteremia who were divided into the hvKP (n = 24) and non-hvKP (n = 90) groups and were retrospectively reviewed. The male-to-female ratio, age, and underlying disease did not differ between the 2 groups. Mortality was higher among patients in the hvKP bacteremia group than in the non-hvKP bacteremia group (29.2% vs 6.7%). Multivariate analysis showed that the independent predictors associated with hvKP bacteremia were abscess (P = 0.01) and no antibiotic exposure (P = 0.02); thus, early assessment of these conditions is important. For patients with a history of abscess and no antibiotic exposure, it is necessary to administer treatment while keeping the risk of hvKP in mind.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Namikawa
- Department of Infection Control Science, Osaka City University, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan; Department of Medical Education and General Practice, Osaka City University, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Koichi Yamada
- Department of Infection Control Science, Osaka City University, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan; Department of Infection Control and Prevention, Osaka City University Hospital, Osaka, Japan; Research Center for Infectious Disease Sciences, Osaka City University, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Arata Sakiyama
- Department of Bacteriology, Osaka City University, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Waki Imoto
- Department of Infection Control Science, Osaka City University, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kazushi Yamairi
- Department of Infection Control Science, Osaka City University, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Wataru Shibata
- Department of Infection Control Science, Osaka City University, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Naoko Yoshii
- Department of Infection Control Science, Osaka City University, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan; Department of Infection Control and Prevention, Osaka City University Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - Makoto Niki
- Department of Infection Control and Prevention, Osaka City University Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kiyotaka Nakaie
- Department of Infection Control Science, Osaka City University, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan; Department of Infection Control and Prevention, Osaka City University Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Oinuma
- Department of Bacteriology, Osaka City University, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan; Research Center for Infectious Disease Sciences, Osaka City University, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Taishi Tsubouchi
- Department of Bacteriology, Osaka City University, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan; Research Center for Infectious Disease Sciences, Osaka City University, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Mamiko Niki
- Department of Bacteriology, Osaka City University, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan; Research Center for Infectious Disease Sciences, Osaka City University, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Tochino
- Department of Medical Education and General Practice, Osaka City University, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yasuhiko Takemoto
- Department of Medical Education and General Practice, Osaka City University, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yukihiro Kaneko
- Department of Bacteriology, Osaka City University, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan; Research Center for Infectious Disease Sciences, Osaka City University, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Taichi Shuto
- Department of Medical Education and General Practice, Osaka City University, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kakeya
- Department of Infection Control Science, Osaka City University, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan; Department of Infection Control and Prevention, Osaka City University Hospital, Osaka, Japan; Research Center for Infectious Disease Sciences, Osaka City University, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan.
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EVALUATION OF THE THERAPEUTIC AND PREVENTIVE POTENTIAL OF THE MEDICINAL PRODUCT CANEPHRON N IN THE TREATMENT OF GESTATIONAL PYELONEPHRITIS IN PREGNANT WOMEN. EUREKA: HEALTH SCIENCES 2018. [DOI: 10.21303/2504-5679.2018.00630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Gestational pyelonephritis (GP) is one of the most common and serious diseases of the middle and second half of pregnancy, which complicates approximately 6 % of pregnancies, and is one of the leading causes of non-obstetric pre-delivery hospitalization.
Methods. The paper provides data from the open, multicentre, prospective, comparative (parallel group) study in 60 pregnant women diagnosed with gestational pyelonephritis, which were divided into two groups 30 subjects each. Patients in the treatment group received antibacterial therapy for 7 days + treatment with standard dosage of medicinal product Canephron N for 3 months. Patients in the control group received antibiotic therapy alone for 7 days.
Results. The average age of pregnant women at the time of diagnosing was 23±6.23 years; it was the first pregnancy for 39 women (65 %). The most common complaints at admission to the in-patient department were as follows: lumbar pain (96.2 %), dysuria (70.2 %), rise in temperature above 38°C (64.4 %). Leukocyturia and bacteriuria were detected in 100 % of cases with prevalence of E. coli in 84.2 % (101 of 120) of cases. By 30 day in GP patients in the treatment group bacteriuria was detected in 2/30 (6.67 %) patients, and in the control group – in 5/30 (16.7 %) patients (p 1: 2 <0.05), by 60 day in the treatment group – 2/30 (6.67 %), in the control group – 8/30 (26.7 %) (p 1: 2 <0.05), respectively, by 90 day – 3/30 (10 %) and 10 (33.3 %), respectively (p 1: 2 <0.05). The disease relapsed in 1 of 30 (3.33 %) GP patients in the treatment group and 3/30 (10 %) patients in the control group (p 1: 2 <0.05) and 3/30 (10 %) patients in the treatment group with CP, and 7/30 (23.3 %) patients in the control group during the follow-up period (p 1: 2 <0.05).
The use of the herbal medicinal product Canephron N in pregnant women with gestational pyelonephritis and in the acute exacerbations of chronic pyelonephritis has shown its high efficacy and undoubted therapeutic and prophylactic effect, good tolerability and decrease in the frequency of relapses of pyelonephritis.
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Gulati M, Cheng J, Loo JT, Skalski M, Malhi H, Duddalwar V. Pictorial review: Renal ultrasound. Clin Imaging 2018; 51:133-154. [PMID: 29477809 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinimag.2018.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Revised: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Ultrasound (US) is the first-line imaging modality for evaluating azotemic patients for urinary obstruction and renal size. US is also valuable for distinguishing congenital variants and simple cystic lesions from renal masses. Doppler US is effective in detection of renal calculi and evaluation of vascular pathology. Unfortunately, renal US is limited in distinguishing causes of medical renal disease. The kidneys have a complex internal architecture with a highly variable appearance on US. This article illustrates non-neoplastic renal conditions, including normal and embryological variants, parenchymal, cystic, and vascular diseases. Renal infections, calcifications, and trauma and fluid collections are also discussed, with an emphasis on distinguishing US features and pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mittul Gulati
- Department of Radiology, USC Keck School of Medicine, United States.
| | - Justin Cheng
- Department of Radiology, USC Keck School of Medicine, United States
| | - Jerry T Loo
- Department of Radiology, USC Keck School of Medicine, United States
| | - Matt Skalski
- Department of Radiology, Palmer College of Chiropractic, United States
| | - Harshawn Malhi
- Department of Radiology, USC Keck School of Medicine, United States
| | - Vinay Duddalwar
- Department of Radiology, USC Keck School of Medicine, United States
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Abstract
The kidneys are paired intra-abdominal organs which provide essential functions and maintain homeostasis throughout the human body. Numerous disease processes affect the kidneys and cause acute renal dysfunction or other potentially catastrophic complications. These conditions can be broadly categorized into obstructive, infectious, hemorrhagic, traumatic, and vascular diseases. Imaging plays a vital role in the work-up and diagnosis of acute and emergent renal conditions. Evaluation of emergent renal conditions with a focus on CT imaging is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunal Kothari
- Department of Radiology, Hofstra Northwell School of Medicine, New Hyde Park, NY.
| | - John J Hines
- Department of Radiology, Hofstra Northwell School of Medicine, New Hyde Park, NY
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Fukami H, Takeuchi Y, Kagaya S, Ojima Y, Saito A, Sato H, Matsuda K, Nagasawa T. Perirenal fat stranding is not a powerful diagnostic tool for acute pyelonephritis. Int J Gen Med 2017; 10:137-144. [PMID: 28507449 PMCID: PMC5428832 DOI: 10.2147/ijgm.s133685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Pyelonephritis, an upper urinary tract infection, is a serious infection that often requires hospitalization. However, the accurate diagnosis of acute pyelonephritis can be difficult, especially among older individuals who can present with unusual symptoms. Imaging with computed tomography (CT) is not unusual in the diagnosis of pyelonephritis, with some clinicians regarding perirenal fat stranding (PFS) as a characteristic finding. However, the sensitivity and specificity of PFS in diagnosing pyelonephritis are currently unknown. We therefore sought to clarify the relevance of PFS in diagnosing acute pyelonephritis. Patients and methods We conducted a case-controlled retrospective analysis of medical records. The pyelonephritis group included 89 patients who had been diagnosed with acute pyelonephritis, while the control group included 319 patients who had undergone percutaneous renal biopsy. CT findings were available for both groups. The frequency of PFS and its sensitivity and specificity for the diagnosis of acute pyelonephritis were investigated. Results The mean ages of the pyelonephritis and control groups were 74±15 years and 63±16 years, respectively. A total of 28% of men were in the pyelonephritis group vs 61% of men in the control group. The frequency of PFS was 72% in the pyelonephritis group vs 39% in the control group. Age and renal dysfunction were associated with an increased frequency of PFS. After adjusting for age, sex, and renal function using a propensity score analysis, the sensitivity, specificity, and positive likelihood ratio of PFS for diagnosing acute pyelonephritis were 72%, 58%, and 1.7, respectively. Conclusion The presence of PFS was not useful in diagnosing acute pyelonephritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirotaka Fukami
- Department of Nephrology, Japanese Red Cross Ishinomaki Hospital, Ishinomaki, Miyagi Prefecture, Japan
| | - Yoichi Takeuchi
- Department of Nephrology, Japanese Red Cross Ishinomaki Hospital, Ishinomaki, Miyagi Prefecture, Japan
| | - Saeko Kagaya
- Department of Nephrology, Japanese Red Cross Ishinomaki Hospital, Ishinomaki, Miyagi Prefecture, Japan
| | - Yoshie Ojima
- Department of Nephrology, Japanese Red Cross Ishinomaki Hospital, Ishinomaki, Miyagi Prefecture, Japan
| | - Ayako Saito
- Department of Nephrology, Japanese Red Cross Ishinomaki Hospital, Ishinomaki, Miyagi Prefecture, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Sato
- Department of Nephrology, Japanese Red Cross Ishinomaki Hospital, Ishinomaki, Miyagi Prefecture, Japan
| | - Ken Matsuda
- Department of Nephrology, Japanese Red Cross Ishinomaki Hospital, Ishinomaki, Miyagi Prefecture, Japan
| | - Tasuku Nagasawa
- Department of Nephrology, Japanese Red Cross Ishinomaki Hospital, Ishinomaki, Miyagi Prefecture, Japan
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14
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Namikawa H, Yamada K, Fujimoto H, Oinuma KI, Tochino Y, Takemoto Y, Kaneko Y, Shuto T, Kakeya H. Clinical Characteristics of Bacteremia Caused by Extended-spectrum Beta-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli at a Tertiary Hospital. Intern Med 2017; 56:1807-1815. [PMID: 28717075 PMCID: PMC5548672 DOI: 10.2169/internalmedicine.56.7702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective In recent years, infection caused by extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing organisms has become an important issue. However, comparative studies of the bacteremia caused by ESBL Enterobacteriaceae and non-ESBL Enterobacteriaceae are extremely rare in Japan. This study aimed to assess the risk factors and prognosis of patients with bacteremia due to ESBL Escherichia coli (E. coli). Methods The medical records of 31 patients with ESBL E. coli bacteremia and 98 patients with non-ESBL E. coli bacteremia who had been admitted to Osaka City University Hospital between January 2011 and June 2015 were retrospectively reviewed. The patient backgrounds, risk factors for infection, and prognosis were evaluated. Results The male-to-female ratio, mean age, underlying disease, leukocyte count, and C-reactive protein (CRP) level did not differ between the patients in the ESBL E. coli bacteremia and non-ESBL E. coli bacteremia groups. The mean Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) score for patients with ESBL and non-ESBL E. coli bacteremia were 3.6 and 3.8, respectively. Further, the mortality did not differ between the two groups (9.7% vs 9.2%). However, the independent predictors associated with ESBL E. coli bacteremia according to a multivariate analysis were the use of immunosuppressive drugs or corticosteroids (p=0.048) and quinolones (p=0.005) prior to isolation. The mortality did not differ between the carbapenem and tazobactam/piperacillin (TAZ/PIPC) or cefmetazole (CMZ) groups for the patients with ESBL E. coli bacteremia. Conclusion Whenever we encountered patients with a history of immunosuppressive drug, corticosteroid, quinolone administration, it was necessary to perform antibiotic therapy while keeping the risk of ESBL E. coli in mind.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Namikawa
- Department of Infection Control Science, Osaka City University, Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
- Department of Medical Education and General Practice, Osaka City University, Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Koichi Yamada
- Department of Infection Control Science, Osaka City University, Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Hiroki Fujimoto
- Department of Infection Control Science, Osaka City University, Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Oinuma
- Department of Bacteriology, Osaka City University, Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Tochino
- Department of Medical Education and General Practice, Osaka City University, Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Yasuhiko Takemoto
- Department of Medical Education and General Practice, Osaka City University, Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Yukihiro Kaneko
- Department of Bacteriology, Osaka City University, Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Taichi Shuto
- Department of Medical Education and General Practice, Osaka City University, Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kakeya
- Department of Infection Control Science, Osaka City University, Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
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15
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Ramani K, Garg AV, Jawale CV, Conti HR, Whibley N, Jackson EK, Shiva SS, Horne W, Kolls JK, Gaffen SL, Biswas PS. The Kallikrein-Kinin System: A Novel Mediator of IL-17-Driven Anti-Candida Immunity in the Kidney. PLoS Pathog 2016; 12:e1005952. [PMID: 27814401 PMCID: PMC5096720 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The incidence of life-threatening disseminated Candida albicans infections is increasing in hospitalized patients, with fatalities as high as 60%. Death from disseminated candidiasis in a significant percentage of cases is due to fungal invasion of the kidney, leading to renal failure. Treatment of candidiasis is hampered by drug toxicity, the emergence of antifungal drug resistance and lack of vaccines against fungal pathogens. IL-17 is a key mediator of defense against candidiasis. The underlying mechanisms of IL-17-mediated renal immunity have so far been assumed to occur solely through the regulation of antimicrobial mechanisms, particularly activation of neutrophils. Here, we identify an unexpected role for IL-17 in inducing the Kallikrein (Klk)-Kinin System (KKS) in C. albicans-infected kidney, and we show that the KKS provides significant renal protection in candidiasis. Microarray data indicated that Klk1 was upregulated in infected kidney in an IL-17-dependent manner. Overexpression of Klk1 or treatment with bradykinin rescued IL-17RA-/- mice from candidiasis. Therapeutic manipulation of IL-17-KKS pathways restored renal function and prolonged survival by preventing apoptosis of renal cells following C. albicans infection. Furthermore, combining a minimally effective dose of fluconazole with bradykinin markedly improved survival compared to either drug alone. These results indicate that IL-17 not only limits fungal growth in the kidney, but also prevents renal tissue damage and preserves kidney function during disseminated candidiasis through the KKS. Since drugs targeting the KKS are approved clinically, these findings offer potential avenues for the treatment of this fatal nosocomial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kritika Ramani
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Abhishek V. Garg
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Chetan V. Jawale
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Heather R. Conti
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Natasha Whibley
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Edwin K. Jackson
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Sruti S. Shiva
- Vascular Medicine Institute, Dept. of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - William Horne
- Richard King Mellon Foundation Institute for Pediatric Research, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Jay K. Kolls
- Richard King Mellon Foundation Institute for Pediatric Research, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Sarah L. Gaffen
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Partha S. Biswas
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
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16
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Khandelwal N, Sodhi KS, Sinha A, Reddy JG, Chandra EN. Multidetector Computed Tomography and MR Imaging Findings in Mycotic Infections. Radiol Clin North Am 2016; 54:503-18. [PMID: 27153785 DOI: 10.1016/j.rcl.2015.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Fungal infections constitute a diverse spectrum of infections with variable clinical and imaging features. They are commonly opportunistic infections that affect immunocompromised individuals secondary to inherited or acquired disorders. Fungal infections may affect multiple organ systems and contribute to significant morbidity and mortality. Although the imaging features of some fungal infections are characteristic and permit their diagnosis, many mycotic infections manifest nonspecific findings. Definitive diagnosis often depends on histopathological analysis. Early diagnosis requires both clinical suspicion and supporting radiological evidence. Early treatment results in reduced morbidity and mortality. This article reviews the imaging findings in opportunistic and endemic fungal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niranjan Khandelwal
- Department of Radiodiagnosis, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Sector 12, Chandigarh 160012, India.
| | - Kushaljit Singh Sodhi
- Department of Radiodiagnosis, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Sector 12, Chandigarh 160012, India
| | - Anindita Sinha
- Department of Radiodiagnosis, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Sector 12, Chandigarh 160012, India
| | - Jyothi G Reddy
- Department of Radiology, Kamineni Academy of Medical Sciences & Research Centre, LB Nagar, Hyderabad, Telangana 500068, India
| | - Eshwar N Chandra
- Department of Radiology, Kamineni Academy of Medical Sciences & Research Centre, LB Nagar, Hyderabad, Telangana 500068, India
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17
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Abstract
Acute urinary tract disorders often manifest as flank pain and are a common complaint of patients who present to the emergency department. The pain is often a vague, poorly localized sensation that may have a variety of causes. Laboratory and clinical findings, such as hematuria, are neither sensitive nor specific for determining the cause of the flank pain. Accordingly, imaging is an important tool in determining a diagnosis and management plan. Patients with acute urinary tract disorders who present with pain include those with calculi as well as renal infection, vascular disorders, and hemorrhage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakhee H Goel
- Imaging Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, L10, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Raman Unnikrishnan
- Glickman Urological and Kidney Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Q10, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Erick M Remer
- Imaging Institute, Glickman Urological and Kidney Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, A21, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA.
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18
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Berko NS, Dym RJ. Computed Tomographic Imaging of Renal and Ureteral Emergencies. Curr Probl Diagn Radiol 2015; 44:207-20. [DOI: 10.1067/j.cpradiol.2014.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2014] [Revised: 08/29/2014] [Accepted: 08/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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19
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Das CJ, Ahmad Z, Sharma S, Gupta AK. Multimodality imaging of renal inflammatory lesions. World J Radiol 2014; 6:865-873. [PMID: 25431641 PMCID: PMC4241493 DOI: 10.4329/wjr.v6.i11.865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2014] [Revised: 04/30/2014] [Accepted: 09/10/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Spectrum of acute renal infections includes acute pyelonephritis, renal and perirenal abscesses, pyonephrosis, emphysematous pyelonephritis and emphysematous cystitis. The chronic renal infections that we routinely encounter encompass chronic pyelonephritis, xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis, and eosinophilic cystitis. Patients with diabetes, malignancy and leukaemia are frequently immunocompromised and more prone to fungal infections viz. angioinvasive aspergillus, candida and mucor. Tuberculosis and parasitic infestation of the kidney is common in tropical countries. Imaging is not routinely indicated in uncomplicated renal infections as clinical findings and laboratory data are generally sufficient for making a diagnosis. However, imaging plays a crucial role under specific situations like immunocompromised patients, treatment non-responders, equivocal clinical diagnosis, congenital anomaly evaluation, transplant imaging and for evaluating extent of disease. We aim to review in this article the varied imaging spectrum of renal inflammatory lesions.
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20
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Campo LD, León NG, Palacios DC, Lagana C, Tagarro D. Abdominal Complications Following Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation. Radiographics 2014; 34:396-412. [DOI: 10.1148/rg.342135046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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