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Battal B, Zamora C. Imaging of Skull Base Tumors. Tomography 2023; 9:1196-1235. [PMID: 37489465 PMCID: PMC10366931 DOI: 10.3390/tomography9040097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The skull base provides a platform for supporting the brain while serving as a conduit for major neurovascular structures. In addition to malignant lesions originating in the skull base, there are many benign entities and developmental variants that may simulate disease. Therefore, a basic understanding of the relevant embryology is essential. Lesions centered in the skull base can extend to the adjacent intracranial and extracranial compartments; conversely, the skull base can be secondarily involved by primary extracranial and intracranial disease. CT and MRI are the mainstay imaging methods and are complementary in the evaluation of skull base lesions. Advances in cross-sectional imaging have been crucial in the management of patients with skull base pathology, as this represents a complex anatomical area that is hidden from direct clinical exam. Furthermore, the clinician must rely on imaging studies for therapy planning and to monitor treatment response. It is crucial to have a thorough understanding of skull base anatomy and its various pathologies, as well as to recognize the appearance of treatment-related changes. In this review, we aim to describe skull base tumors and tumor-like lesions in an anatomical compartmental approach and present imaging methods that aid in diagnosis, management, and follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bilal Battal
- Division of Neuroradiology, Department of Radiology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Carlos Zamora
- Division of Neuroradiology, Department of Radiology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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2
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Intrapiromkul J, Wangaryattawanich P, Patay Z, Huisman T, Wright JN, Jones JY, Ramakrishnaiah R, Patel R, Goldman-Yassen A, Kralik S, Mamlouk M, Desai NK. Imaging of pediatric calvarial and skull base tumors: A COG Diagnostic Imaging Committee/SPR Oncology Committee/ASPNR White Paper. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2023; 70 Suppl 4:e30165. [PMID: 36565281 PMCID: PMC10644274 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.30165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
A standardized imaging protocol for pediatric oncology patients is essential for accurate and efficient imaging, while simultaneously promoting collaborative understanding of pathologies and radiologic assessment of treatment response. The objective of this article is to provide standardized pediatric imaging guidelines and parameters for evaluation of tumors of the pediatric orbit, calvarium, skull base, and temporal bone. This article was drafted based on current scientific literature as well as consensus opinions of imaging experts in collaboration with the Children's Oncology Group Diagnostic Imaging Committee, Society of Pediatric Radiology Oncology Committee, and American Society of Pediatric Neuroradiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarunee Intrapiromkul
- The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, the Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Zoltan Patay
- St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Thierry Huisman
- Edward B. Singleton Department of Radiology, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jason N Wright
- Department of Radiology, University of Washington, Seattle Children’s Hospital, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jeremy Y Jones
- Department of Radiology, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Raghu Ramakrishnaiah
- Department of Radiology, University of Arkansas of Medical Sciences, Arkansas Children’s Hospital, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Rajan Patel
- Edward B. Singleton Department of Radiology, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Stephen Kralik
- Edward B. Singleton Department of Radiology, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Mark Mamlouk
- Department of Radiology, The Permanente Medical Group, Kaiser Permanente Medical Center, Santa Clara, CA, USA
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Nilesh K Desai
- Edward B. Singleton Department of Radiology, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
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3
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Acute and chronic invasive fungal sinusitis and imaging features: A review. JOURNAL OF SURGERY AND MEDICINE 2021. [DOI: 10.28982/josam.1024568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Parmar HA, Ibrahim M. Imaging of Anterior Skull Base. Semin Ultrasound CT MR 2021; 42:281-294. [PMID: 34147163 DOI: 10.1053/j.sult.2021.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hemant A Parmar
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI.
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Imaging of Anterior and Central Skull Base Tumors: a Review. CURRENT OTORHINOLARYNGOLOGY REPORTS 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s40136-020-00277-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Orman G, Kralik SF, Desai N, Meoded A, Vallejo JG, Huisman TAGM, Tran BH. Imaging of Paranasal Sinus Infections in Children: A Review. J Neuroimaging 2020; 30:572-586. [PMID: 32472739 DOI: 10.1111/jon.12737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Paranasal sinuses (PNS) infections are common in children. They may cause common and well-known complications, but also, unusual and potentially devastating complications. Diagnosing PNS infections and complications in children requires knowledge of the unique anatomy of the nasal cavity and the PNS. In fetal life, nasal mucosa evaginations into the lateral nasal walls initiate the development of the PNS. The PNS continue to develop after birth and complete their maturation and pneumatization at different ages during childhood which makes the pattern of PNS infections determined by patient age. Complications are caused by direct spread of the infection to the orbit, face, intracranial or osseous structures or hematogenous spread of the infection to the intracranial structures. Emergent imaging studies are often necessary in the evaluation of the complications in pediatric patients when the symptoms persist for 10 days and/or if there is evidence of intracranial or orbital complications. In addition, immunocompromised children are especially vulnerable to developing unusual complications. Computed tomography (CT) is excellent for determining whether there is intraorbital extension of PNS disease. However, when the infection approaches the orbital apex, a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) study with contrast is necessary to assess spread into the cavernous sinus and the intracranial compartment. The goal of this manuscript is to review and characterize imaging findings of PNS infections using CT and MRI allowing determination of the extent of PNS infections and their common and unusual complications in children. In addition, a summary of the development of the normal PNS is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunes Orman
- Edward B. Singleton Department of Radiology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX
| | - Stephen F Kralik
- Edward B. Singleton Department of Radiology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX
| | - Nilesh Desai
- Edward B. Singleton Department of Radiology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX
| | - Avner Meoded
- Edward B. Singleton Department of Radiology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX
| | - Jesus G Vallejo
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Infectious Diseases, Texas Children's Hospital and Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | | | - Brandon H Tran
- Edward B. Singleton Department of Radiology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX
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Guarnizo A, Nguyen TB, Glikstein R, Zakhari N. Computed tomography assessment of anterior ethmoidal canal dehiscence: An interobserver agreement study and review of the literature. Neuroradiol J 2020; 33:145-151. [PMID: 32114882 DOI: 10.1177/1971400920908524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The anterior ethmoidal artery can be injured in functional endoscopic sinus surgery. The ability of computed tomography (CT) to identify dehiscence of the anterior ethmoidal canal (AEC) has not been widely evaluated. The aim of this study was to evaluate the interobserver agreement in the CT assessment of AEC dehiscence. METHODS We conducted a retrospective review of consecutive CT scans of the paranasal sinuses (PNS) between January 1, 2012, and December 31, 2012. Two neuroradiologists separately assessed the presence of AEC dehiscence, the presence of PNS opacification, and the best CT plane to evaluate the AEC. Statistical analysis included descriptive analysis and interobserver agreement (kappa coefficient). RESULTS The AEC was below the skull base in 199 (22.3%) cases. Dehiscence of the AEC was found in 13.2% for reader 1 and in 7.3% for reader 2. The interobserver agreement for identification of AEC dehiscence was only fair (κ = 0.246). The interobserver agreement for the AEC dehiscence in cases with opacification of ethmoidal air cells was substantial (κ = 0.754). CONCLUSION The suboptimal interobserver agreement could potentially limit the usefulness of CT scans for routine assessment of AEC dehiscence. In patients with PNS opacification, CT scans could still add valuable information regarding AEC dehiscence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Guarnizo
- Department of Radiology, Division of Neuroradiology, University of Ottawa, The Ottawa Hospital, Canada
| | - Thanh B Nguyen
- Department of Radiology, Division of Neuroradiology, University of Ottawa, The Ottawa Hospital, Canada
| | - Rafael Glikstein
- Department of Radiology, Division of Neuroradiology, University of Ottawa, The Ottawa Hospital, Canada
| | - Nader Zakhari
- Department of Radiology, Division of Neuroradiology, University of Ottawa, The Ottawa Hospital, Canada
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MR imaging as a precise technique to evaluate skull-base tumor volume: Comparison of CT, MR imaging and FDG PET from murine and clinical data. J Craniomaxillofac Surg 2020; 48:105-110. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcms.2019.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Revised: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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Gebrim EMS. Computed tomography of the paranasal sinuses in the preoperative evaluation of candidates for endonasal surgery. Radiol Bras 2019; 52:IX-X. [PMID: 31210704 PMCID: PMC6561357 DOI: 10.1590/0100-3984.2019.52.3e3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Eloisa Maria Santiago Gebrim
- Director of the Head and Neck Imaging and Computed Tomography at the Instituto de Radiologia do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (InRad/HC-FMUSP), Director of the Head and Neck Imaging at Hospital Sírio-Libanês, São Paulo, SP, Brazil. E-mail:
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Skull-Base Tumors and Related Disorders. Clin Neuroradiol 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-68536-6_60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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11
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Skull-Base Tumors and Related Disorders. Clin Neuroradiol 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-61423-6_60-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Francies O, Makalanda L, Paraskevopolous D, Adams A. Imaging review of the anterior skull base. Acta Radiol Open 2018; 7:2058460118776487. [PMID: 29872547 PMCID: PMC5977432 DOI: 10.1177/2058460118776487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The anterior skull base (ASB) is intimately associated with the unique soft tissue subtypes of the nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, orbits, and intracranial compartment. Pathology involving the ASB is rare but the causes are manifold and can be broadly subdivided into those intrinsic to the skull base and processes extending from below or above. Sinonasal pathology is the most commonly encountered and poses significant management challenges that rely heavily on accurate interpretation of the radiological findings. We illustrate the normal anatomy of the ASB and present a cross-sectional imaging review of the pathological entities that may be encountered, focusing on the specific features that will impact on clinical and surgical management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia Francies
- Department of Radiology, St Bartholomew's and The Royal London Hospitals, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Levan Makalanda
- Department of Radiology, St Bartholomew's and The Royal London Hospitals, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK
| | | | - Ashok Adams
- Department of Radiology, St Bartholomew's and The Royal London Hospitals, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK
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