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Abstract
Carbohydrates are the most abundant and one of the most important biomacromolecules in Nature. Except for energy-related compounds, carbohydrates can be roughly divided into two categories: Carbohydrates as matter and carbohydrates as information. As matter, carbohydrates are abundantly present in the extracellular matrix of animals and cell walls of various plants, bacteria, fungi, etc., serving as scaffolds. Some commonly found polysaccharides are featured as biocompatible materials with controllable rigidity and functionality, forming polymeric biomaterials which are widely used in drug delivery, tissue engineering, etc. As information, carbohydrates are usually referred to the glycans from glycoproteins, glycolipids, and proteoglycans, which bind to proteins or other carbohydrates, thereby meditating the cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions. These glycans could be simplified as synthetic glycopolymers, glycolipids, and glycoproteins, which could be afforded through polymerization, multistep synthesis, or a semisynthetic strategy. The information role of carbohydrates can be demonstrated not only as targeting reagents but also as immune antigens and adjuvants. The latter are also included in this review as they are always in a macromolecular formulation. In this review, we intend to provide a relatively comprehensive summary of carbohydrate-based macromolecular biomaterials since 2010 while emphasizing the fundamental understanding to guide the rational design of biomaterials. Carbohydrate-based macromolecules on the basis of their resources and chemical structures will be discussed, including naturally occurring polysaccharides, naturally derived synthetic polysaccharides, glycopolymers/glycodendrimers, supramolecular glycopolymers, and synthetic glycolipids/glycoproteins. Multiscale structure-function relationships in several major application areas, including delivery systems, tissue engineering, and immunology, will be detailed. We hope this review will provide valuable information for the development of carbohydrate-based macromolecular biomaterials and build a bridge between the carbohydrates as matter and the carbohydrates as information to promote new biomaterial design in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Su
- The State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers and Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China.,Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven 5600, The Netherlands
| | - Yingle Feng
- The State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers and Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China.,Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710119, P. R. China
| | - Kongchang Wei
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Department of Materials meet Life, Laboratory for Biomimetic Membranes and Textiles, Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, St. Gallen 9014, Switzerland
| | - Xuyang Xu
- The State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers and Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Rongying Liu
- The State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers and Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Guosong Chen
- The State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers and Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China.,Multiscale Research Institute of Complex Systems, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
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Lou R, Xie H, Zheng H, Ren Y, Gao M, Guo X, Song Y, Yu W, Liu X, Ma X. Alginate-based microcapsules with galactosylated chitosan internal for primary hepatocyte applications. Int J Biol Macromol 2016; 93:1133-1140. [PMID: 27667543 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2016.09.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Revised: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Alginate-galactosylated chitosan/polylysine (AGCP) microcapsules with excellent stability and high permeability were developed and employed in primary hepatocyte applications. The galactosylated chitosan (GC), synthesized via the covalent coupling of lactobionic acid (LA) with low molecular weight and water-soluble chitosan (CS), was ingeniously introduced into the core of alginate microcapsules by regulating the pH of gelling bath. The internal GC of the microcapsules simultaneously provided a large number of binding sites for the hepatocytes and further promoted the hepatocyte-matrix interactions via the recognition of asialoglycoprotein receptors (ASGPRs) on the hepatocyte surface, and afforded the AGCP microcapsules an excellent stability via the electrostatic interactions with alginate. As a consequence, primary hepatocytes in AGCP microcapsules demonstrated enhanced viability, urea synthesis, albumin secretion, and P-450 enzyme activity, showing great prospects for hepatocyte applications in microcapsule system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruyun Lou
- Laboratory of Biomedical Material Engineering, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, PR China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Hongguo Xie
- Laboratory of Biomedical Material Engineering, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, PR China
| | - Huizhen Zheng
- Laboratory of Biomedical Material Engineering, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, PR China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Ying Ren
- Laboratory of Biomedical Material Engineering, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, PR China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Meng Gao
- Laboratory of Biomedical Material Engineering, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, PR China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Xin Guo
- Laboratory of Biomedical Material Engineering, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, PR China
| | - Yizhe Song
- Laboratory of Biomedical Material Engineering, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, PR China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Weiting Yu
- Laboratory of Biomedical Material Engineering, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, PR China.
| | - Xiudong Liu
- College of Environment and Chemical Engineering, Dalian University, Dalian Economic Technological Development Zone, Dalian 116622, PR China.
| | - Xiaojun Ma
- Laboratory of Biomedical Material Engineering, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, PR China
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Deng X, Cao Y, Yan H, Yang J, Xiong G, Yao H, Qi C. Enhanced liver functions of HepG2 cells in the alginate/xyloglucan scaffold. Biotechnol Lett 2014; 37:235-40. [PMID: 25208748 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-014-1663-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2014] [Accepted: 09/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
A scaffold provides a framework and initial support for the cells to attach, proliferate and differentiate, and form an extracellular matrix (ECM) in tissue engineering. Here, xyloglucan (XG) was used as a new synthetic ECM for HepG2 cell attachment in alginate capsules. The effects of XG on HepG2 cells on adherent behavior, albumin secretion, ammonia elimination, cell proliferation and gene expression of Connexin 32 and epithelial-cadherin were investigated. Xyloglucan could also promote the HepG2 cell-matrix interactions and the cell clusters formation of HepG2 cells in three dimensional scaffold, thus enhance the liver-specific functions in the three-dimensional space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojie Deng
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, College of Life Sciences, China Central Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, People's Republic of China
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Zhang Y, Zhang Y, Chen M, Zhou Y, Lang M. Galactosylated poly(ε-caprolactone) membrane promoted liver-specific functions of HepG2 cells in vitro. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2014; 41:52-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2014.03.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2013] [Revised: 02/25/2014] [Accepted: 03/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Hayward AS, Eissa AM, Maltman D, Sano N, Przyborski SA, Cameron NR. Galactose-functionalized polyHIPE scaffolds for use in routine three dimensional culture of mammalian hepatocytes. Biomacromolecules 2013; 14:4271-7. [PMID: 24180291 PMCID: PMC3859181 DOI: 10.1021/bm401145x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2013] [Revised: 10/31/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) cell culture is regarded as a more physiologically relevant method of growing cells in the laboratory compared to traditional monolayer cultures. Recently, the application of polystyrene-based scaffolds produced using polyHIPE technology (porous polymers derived from high internal phase emulsions) for routine 3D cell culture applications has generated very promising results in terms of improved replication of native cellular function in the laboratory. These materials, which are now available as commercial scaffolds, are superior to many other 3D cell substrates due to their high porosity, controllable morphology, and suitable mechanical strength. However, until now there have been no reports describing the surface-modification of these materials for enhanced cell adhesion and function. This study, therefore, describes the surface functionalization of these materials with galactose, a carbohydrate known to specifically bind to hepatocytes via the asialoglycoprotein receptor (ASGPR), to further improve hepatocyte adhesion and function when growing on the scaffold. We first modify a typical polystyrene-based polyHIPE to produce a cell culture scaffold carrying pendent activated-ester functionality. This was achieved via the incorporation of pentafluorophenyl acrylate (PFPA) into the initial styrene (STY) emulsion, which upon polymerization formed a polyHIPE with a porosity of 92% and an average void diameter of 33 μm. Histological analysis showed that this polyHIPE was a suitable 3D scaffold for hepatocyte cell culture. Galactose-functionalized scaffolds were then prepared by attaching 2'-aminoethyl-β-D-galactopyranoside to this PFPA functionalized polyHIPE via displacement of the labile pentafluorophenyl group, to yield scaffolds with approximately ca. 7-9% surface carbohydrate. Experiments with primary rat hepatocytes showed that cellular albumin synthesis was greatly enhanced during the initial adhesion/settlement period of cells on the galactose-functionalized material, suggesting that the surface carbohydrates are accessible and selective to cells entering the scaffold. This porous polymer scaffold could, therefore, have important application as a 3D scaffold that offers enhanced hepatocyte adhesion and functionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam S. Hayward
- School
of Biological and Biomedical Science, Durham
University, South Road, Durham DH13LE, United Kingdom
- Reinnervate Limited, NETPark Incubator, Thomas Wright Way, Sedgefield TS21 3FD, United Kingdom
| | - Ahmed M. Eissa
- Department of Polymers, Chemical Industries
Research Division, National Research Centre
(NRC), Dokki, Cairo, Egypt
- Department
of Chemistry, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH13LE, United
Kingdom
| | - Daniel
J. Maltman
- Reinnervate Limited, NETPark Incubator, Thomas Wright Way, Sedgefield TS21 3FD, United Kingdom
| | - Naoko Sano
- NEXUS, School of Mechanical and Systems Engineering, Newcastle University,
Stephenson Building, Newcastle-upon-Tyne NE1 7RU, United Kingdom
| | - Stefan A. Przyborski
- School
of Biological and Biomedical Science, Durham
University, South Road, Durham DH13LE, United Kingdom
- Reinnervate Limited, NETPark Incubator, Thomas Wright Way, Sedgefield TS21 3FD, United Kingdom
| | - Neil R. Cameron
- Department
of Chemistry, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH13LE, United
Kingdom
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Gevaert E, Billiet T, Declercq H, Dubruel P, Cornelissen R. Galactose-functionalized gelatin hydrogels improve the functionality of encapsulated HepG2 cells. Macromol Biosci 2013; 14:419-27. [PMID: 24821670 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.201300320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2013] [Revised: 09/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The present study investigates the effect of galactosylated gelatin on encapsulated HepG2 cells. Methacrylamide modified gelatin is evaluated and compared with its galactosylated counterpart with respect to effects on viability, morphological characteristics, proliferation, and the expression of hepatocyte specific markers. The research reveals that further modifications of methacrylamide modified gelatin are possible without affecting the survival of the encapsulated cells (viability of 90%). Moreover, the study demonstrates a clear and long-term (up to 21 d) improvement in hepatocyte specific gene expression when the cells are encapsulated in the galactosylated gelatin. It is concluded that the use of galactosylated gelatin derivates supports the hepatocyte phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elien Gevaert
- Ghent University, Tissue Engineering Group, De Pintelaan 185, Building 6B3, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Xin Hu
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou 310027 China
- School of Food Science and Biotechnology; Zhejiang Gongshang University; Hangzhou 310035 China
| | - Yan Fang
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou 310027 China
| | - Zhi-Kang Xu
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou 310027 China
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Chen F, Tian M, Zhang D, Wang J, Wang Q, Yu X, Zhang X, Wan C. Preparation and characterization of oxidized alginate covalently cross-linked galactosylated chitosan scaffold for liver tissue engineering. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2011.10.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Ambury RF, Merry CLR, Ulijn RV. Sugar functionalised PEGA surfaces support metabolically active hepatocytes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c0jm02874f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Kim MH, Kino-oka M, Taya M. Designing culture surfaces based on cell anchoring mechanisms to regulate cell morphologies and functions. Biotechnol Adv 2010; 28:7-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2009.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2009] [Revised: 07/28/2009] [Accepted: 08/01/2009] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Verma P, Verma V, Ray P, Ray AR. Agar-gelatin hybrid sponge-induced three-dimensional in vitro 'liver-like' HepG2 spheroids for the evaluation of drug cytotoxicity. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2009; 3:368-76. [PMID: 19408239 DOI: 10.1002/term.172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Agar-gelatin hybrid sponges were used as scaffolds to induce the formation of three-dimensional (3D) spheroids of HepG2 cells. Agar and gelatin in 2:1 ratio were used to make films and sponges. The cell adhesive properties of the films were evaluated by the attachment kinetics. The growth kinetics of HepG2 cells was studied using MTT assay and morphology of the 3D spheroids was observed through inverted optical microscopy. The liver cell-specific functions of the 3D spheroids were evaluated in terms of albumin secretion and urea synthesis. Paracetamol was used as a model drug to investigate the use of these 3D spheroids in the preliminary cytotoxicity evaluation of drugs. The results showed that the agar-gelatin hybrid sponges induced the formation of 3D HepG2 spheroids with significant liver-specific functions. These spheroids exhibited higher amounts of albumin and urea synthesis than the control monolayer culture. These 3D spheroids were found to be more sensitive to the drug (TCIC(50) value of 4.6 mM) than the control monolayer (TCIC(50) value of 6.2 mM). The study shows that agar-gelatin-induced HepG2 3D spheroids can be used for the preliminary evaluation of the toxicity of drugs and chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poonam Verma
- Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi-110016, India
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Murasawa Y, Hayashi T, Wang PC. The role of type V collagen fibril as an ECM that induces the motility of glomerular endothelial cells. Exp Cell Res 2008; 314:3638-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2008.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2008] [Revised: 08/18/2008] [Accepted: 08/30/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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