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Zhao G, Ma Y, Wang X, Li W, Chen Y, Li W, Peng Y, Zheng J. Configurational Alteration Results in Change in Hepatotoxicity of Asarone. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:884-894. [PMID: 36584355 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c07555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
α-Asarone (αA) and β-asarone (βA) are often used as flavoring agents for alcoholic beverages and food supplements. They possess a double bond in the side chain with different configurations. Double bonds are a class of alert chemical group, due to their metabolic epoxidation to the corresponding epoxides eliciting liver injury. Little is known about changes of configuration on metabolic activation and related toxicity. Here, we report the insight into the mechanisms of hepatotoxicity of asarone with different configurations. In vitro and in vivo comparative studies demonstrated βA displayed higher metabolic activation effectiveness. Apparently, the major metabolic pathway of βA underwent epoxidation at C-1' and C-2', while αA was mainly metabolized to the corresponding alcohol resulting from the hydroxylation of C-3'. CYP1A2 dominated the metabolism of αA and βA. The molecular simulation studies showed that the orientation of βA at the active site of CYP1A2 favored the epoxidation of βA over that of αA. These findings not only remind us that configuration is another important factor for toxicities but also facilitate the understanding of the mechanisms of toxic action of asarone. Additionally, these findings would benefit the risk assessment of αA and βA exposure from foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guode Zhao
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, P. R. China
| | - Yufei Ma
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, P. R. China
| | - Xu Wang
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, P. R. China
| | - Wei Li
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, P. R. China
| | - Yuqin Chen
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, P. R. China
| | - Weiwei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics of Guizhou Province, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, P. R. China
| | - Ying Peng
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, P. R. China
| | - Jiang Zheng
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics of Guizhou Province, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, P. R. China
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Rimmele M, Glöcklhofer F, Heeney M. Post-polymerisation approaches for the rapid modification of conjugated polymer properties. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2022; 9:2678-2697. [PMID: 35983884 PMCID: PMC9620492 DOI: 10.1039/d2mh00519k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Post-polymerisation functionalisation provides a facile and efficient way for the introduction of functional groups on the backbone of conjugated polymers. Using post-polymerisation functionalisation approaches, the polymer chain length is usually not affected, meaning that the resulting polymers only differ in their attached functional groups or side chains, which makes them particularly interesting for investigating the influence of the different groups on the polymer properties. For such functionalisations, highly efficient and selective reactions are needed to avoid the formation of complex mixtures or permanent defects in the polymer backbone. A variety of suitable synthetic approaches and reactions that fulfil these criteria have been identified and reported. In this review, a thorough overview is given of the post-polymerisation functionalisations reported to date, with the methods grouped based on the type of reaction used: cycloaddition, oxidation/reduction, nucleophilic aromatic substitution, or halogenation and subsequent cross-coupling reaction. Instead of modifications on the aliphatic side chains of the conjugated polymers, we focus on modifications directly on the conjugated backbones, as these have the most pronounced effect on the optical and electronic properties. Some of the discussed materials have been used in applications, ranging from solar cells to bioelectronics. By providing an overview of this versatile and expanding field for the first time, we showcase post-polymerisation functionalisation as an exciting pathway for the creation of new conjugated materials for a range of applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Rimmele
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Processable Electronics, Imperial College London, London, W12 0BZ, UK.
| | - Florian Glöcklhofer
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Processable Electronics, Imperial College London, London, W12 0BZ, UK.
| | - Martin Heeney
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Processable Electronics, Imperial College London, London, W12 0BZ, UK.
- KAUST Solar Center, Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia.
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Reichsöllner E, Creamer A, Cong S, Casey A, Eder S, Heeney M, Glöcklhofer F. Fast and Selective Post-polymerization Modification of Conjugated Polymers Using Dimethyldioxirane. Front Chem 2019; 7:123. [PMID: 30915327 PMCID: PMC6421264 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2019.00123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Modification of functional groups attached to conjugated polymer backbones can drastically alter the material properties. Oxidation of electron-donating thioalkyl substituents to electron-withdrawing sulfoxides or sulfones is a particularly effective modification. However, so far, this reaction has not been studied for the modification of conjugated polymers used in organic electronics. Crucial questions regarding selectivity and reaction time waited to be addressed. Here, we show that the reaction is highly selective and complete within just a few minutes when using dimethyldioxirane (DMDO) for the oxidation of thioalkyl substituents attached to the well-investigated conjugated polymers poly(9-(1-octylnonyl)carbazole-alt-4,7-dithienylbenzothiadiazole) (PCDTBT) and poly(9,9-dioctylfluorene-alt-benzothiadiazole) (F8BT). The selectivity was confirmed by comparison with polymers obtained from pre-oxidized monomers and by control experiments using related polymers without thioalkyl substituents. Using DMDO, the oxidation yields acetone as the only side-product, which reduces the work-up to mere evaporation of solvents and excessive reagent. Our results show that this oxidation is an exciting method for the preparation of electron-deficient conjugated polymers. It may even allow the preparation of electron acceptors for solar cells directly from the electron donors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Adam Creamer
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Plastic Electronics, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Shengyu Cong
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Plastic Electronics, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Abby Casey
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Plastic Electronics, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Eder
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, TU Wien, Vienna, Austria
| | - Martin Heeney
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Plastic Electronics, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Florian Glöcklhofer
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, TU Wien, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Plastic Electronics, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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Rimmele M, Ableidinger K, Marsh AV, Cheetham NJ, Taublaender MJ, Buchner A, Prinz J, Fröhlich J, Unterlass MM, Heeney M, Glöcklhofer F. Thioalkyl- and sulfone-substituted poly( p-phenylene vinylene)s. Polym Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c8py01717d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Poly(p-phenylene vinylene)s (PPVs) have been studied for decades, but new applications like in bioimaging keep emerging and even simple structural variations are still waiting to be explored, as we highlight by this work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Rimmele
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry
- TU Wien
- 1060 Vienna
- Austria
| | | | - Adam V. Marsh
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Plastic Electronics
- Imperial College London
- London W12 0BZ
- UK
| | - Nathan J. Cheetham
- Department of Physics and Centre for Plastic Electronics
- Imperial College London
- London SW7 2AZ
- UK
| | - M. Josef Taublaender
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry
- TU Wien
- 1060 Vienna
- Austria
- Institute of Materials Chemistry
| | - Alina Buchner
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry
- TU Wien
- 1060 Vienna
- Austria
| | - Jonathan Prinz
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry
- TU Wien
- 1060 Vienna
- Austria
| | | | - Miriam M. Unterlass
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry
- TU Wien
- 1060 Vienna
- Austria
- Institute of Materials Chemistry
| | - Martin Heeney
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Plastic Electronics
- Imperial College London
- London W12 0BZ
- UK
| | - Florian Glöcklhofer
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry
- TU Wien
- 1060 Vienna
- Austria
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Plastic Electronics
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Kautny P, Glöcklhofer F, Kader T, Mewes JM, Stöger B, Fröhlich J, Lumpi D, Plasser F. Charge-transfer states in triazole linked donor-acceptor materials: strong effects of chemical modification and solvation. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2017; 19:18055-18067. [PMID: 28671704 DOI: 10.1039/c7cp01664f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
A series of 1,2,3-triazole linked donor-acceptor chromophores are prepared by Click Chemistry from ene-yne starting materials. The effects of three distinct chemical variations are investigated: enhancing the acceptor strength through oxidation of the sulphur atom, alteration of the double bond configuration, and variation of the triazole substitution pattern. A detailed photophysical characterization shows that these alterations have a negligible effect on the absorption while dramatically altering the emission wavelengths. In addition, strong solvatochromism is found leading to significant red shifts in the case of polar solvents. The experimental findings are rationalized and related to the electronic structure properties of the chromophores by time-dependent density functional theory as well as the ab initio algebraic diagrammatic construction method for the polarization propagator in connection with a new formalism allowing to model the influence of solvation onto long-lived excited states and their emission energies. These calculations highlight the varying degree of intramolecular charge transfer character present for the different molecules and show that the amount of charge transfer is strongly modulated by the conducted chemical modifications, by the solvation of the chromophores, and by the structural relaxation in the excited state. It is, furthermore, shown that enhanced charge separation, as induced by chemical modification or solvation, reduces the singlet-triplet gaps and that two of the investigated molecules possess sufficiently low gaps to be considered as candidates for thermally activated delayed fluorescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Kautny
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, TU Wien, Getreidemarkt 9/163, A-1060 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Florian Glöcklhofer
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, TU Wien, Getreidemarkt 9/163, A-1060 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Thomas Kader
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, TU Wien, Getreidemarkt 9/163, A-1060 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Jan-Michael Mewes
- Centre for Theoretical Chemistry and Physics, The New Zealand Institute for Advanced Study (NZIAS), Massey University Albany, Private Bag 102904, Auckland 0745, New Zealand
| | - Berthold Stöger
- X-ray Center, TU Wien, Getreidemarkt 9, A-1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Johannes Fröhlich
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, TU Wien, Getreidemarkt 9/163, A-1060 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Daniel Lumpi
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, TU Wien, Getreidemarkt 9/163, A-1060 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Felix Plasser
- Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Str. 17, A-1090 Vienna, Austria.
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Saeed A, Larik FA, Lal B, Faisal M, El-Seedi H, Channar PA. Recent resurgence toward the oxidation of heteroatoms using dimethyldioxirane as an exquisite oxidant. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/00397911.2017.1291816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aamer Saeed
- Department of Chemistry, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Fayaz Ali Larik
- Department of Chemistry, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Bhajan Lal
- Department of Energy Systems Engineering, Sukkur Institute of Business Administration, Sukkur, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Faisal
- Department of Chemistry, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Hesham El-Seedi
- Division of Pharmacognosy, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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Lumpi D, Steindl J, Steiner S, Carl V, Kautny P, Schön M, Glöcklhofer F, Holzer B, Stöger B, Horkel E, Hametner C, Reider G, Mihovilovic MD, Fröhlich J. Thiophene ring-fragmentation reactions: Principles and scale-up towards NLO materials. Tetrahedron 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2016.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Glöcklhofer F, Lunzer M, Stöger B, Fröhlich J. A Versatile One-Pot Access to Cyanoarenes from ortho
- and para
-Quinones: Paving the Way for Cyanated Functional Materials. Chemistry 2016; 22:5173-80. [PMID: 26928957 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201600004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Florian Glöcklhofer
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry; TU Wien; Getreidemarkt 9/163 1060 Vienna Austria
| | - Markus Lunzer
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry; TU Wien; Getreidemarkt 9/163 1060 Vienna Austria
| | - Berthold Stöger
- Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics; TU Wien; Getreidemarkt 9/164 1060 Vienna Austria
| | - Johannes Fröhlich
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry; TU Wien; Getreidemarkt 9/163 1060 Vienna Austria
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Wu J, Liou JH, Shu CY, Patel Y, Menon R, Santucci C, Iacono ST, Smith DW, Novak BM. Facile method towards functionalization of partially fluorinated polyarylethers via sequential post-polymerization modification. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2015.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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