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Effect of number of –CF3 groups in tails of polyester on surface wettability of coatings: synthesis and characterization of PFPE based polyesters with three -CF3 groups in tails. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-020-02103-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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2
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Tasche J, Sabattié EFD, Thompson RL, Campana M, Wilson MR. Oligomer/Polymer Blend Phase Diagram and Surface Concentration Profiles for Squalane/Polybutadiene: Experimental Measurements and Predictions from SAFT-γ Mie and Molecular Dynamics Simulations. Macromolecules 2020; 53:2299-2309. [PMID: 32308214 PMCID: PMC7161083 DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.9b02155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Revised: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The compatibility and surface behavior of squalane-polybutadiene mixtures are studied by experimental cloud point and neutron reflectivity measurements, statistical associating fluid theory (SAFT), and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. A SAFT-γ Mie model is shown to be successful in capturing the cloud point curves of squalane-polybutadiene and squalane-cis-polybutadiene binary mixtures, and the same SAFT-γ Mie model is used to develop a thermodynamically consistent top-down coarse-grained force field to describe squalane-polybutadiene. Coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulations are performed to study surface behavior for different concentrations of squalane, with the system exhibiting surface enrichment and a wetting transition. Simulated surface profiles are compared with those obtained by fitting to neutron reflectivity data obtained from thin films composed of deuterated squalane (d-sq)-polybutadiene. The presented top-down parametrization methodology is a fast and thermodynamically reliable approach for predicting properties of oligomer-polymer mixtures, which can be challenging for either theory or MD simulations alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jos Tasche
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, Lower Mountjoy, Stockton Road, Durham DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
| | - Elise F D Sabattié
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, Lower Mountjoy, Stockton Road, Durham DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
| | - Richard L Thompson
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, Lower Mountjoy, Stockton Road, Durham DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
| | - Mario Campana
- Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell Oxford, Didcot OX11 0QX, United Kingdom
| | - Mark R Wilson
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, Lower Mountjoy, Stockton Road, Durham DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
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Squillace O, Fong R, Shepherd O, Hind J, Tellam J, Steinke NJ, Thompson RL. Influence of PVAc/PVA Hydrolysis on Additive Surface Activity. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12010205. [PMID: 31947559 PMCID: PMC7023474 DOI: 10.3390/polym12010205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
This aims to establish design rules for the influence of complex polymer matrices on the surface properties of small molecules. Here, we consider the dependence of the surface behaviour of some model additives on polymer matrix hydrophobicity. With stoichiometric control over hydrolysis, we generate systematic changes in matrix chemistry from non-polar, hydrophobic PVAc to its hydrolysed and hydrophilic analogue, PVA. With the changing degree of hydrolysis (DH), the behaviour of additives can be switched in terms of compatibility and surface activity. Sorbitol, a polar sugar-alcohol of inherently high surface energy, blooms to the surface of PVAc, forming patchy domains on surfaces. With the increasing DH of the polymer matrix, its surface segregation decreases to the point where sorbitol acts as a homogeneously distributed plasticiser in PVA. Conversely, and despite its low surface energy, octanoic acid (OA) surprisingly causes the increased wettability of PVAc. We attribute these observations to the high compatibility of OA with PVAc and its ability to reorient upon exposure to water, presenting a hydrophilic COOH-rich surface. The surfactant sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) does not show such a clear dependence on the matrix and formed wetting layers over a wide range of DH. Interestingly, SDS appears to be most compatible with PVAc at intermediate DH, which is consistent with the amphiphilic nature of both species under these conditions. Thus, we show that the prediction of the segregation is not simple and depends on multiple factors including hydrophobicity, compatibility, blockiness, surface energy, and the mobility of the components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ophélie Squillace
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, Stockton Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK; (R.F.); (O.S.); (R.L.T.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +44(0)-7999-284328
| | - Rebecca Fong
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, Stockton Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK; (R.F.); (O.S.); (R.L.T.)
| | - Oliver Shepherd
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, Stockton Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK; (R.F.); (O.S.); (R.L.T.)
| | - Jasmine Hind
- STFC ISIS Facility, Rutherford Appleton Laboratories, Chilton, Didcot OX11 0QX, UK; (J.H.); (J.T.); (N.-J.S.)
| | - James Tellam
- STFC ISIS Facility, Rutherford Appleton Laboratories, Chilton, Didcot OX11 0QX, UK; (J.H.); (J.T.); (N.-J.S.)
| | - Nina-Juliane Steinke
- STFC ISIS Facility, Rutherford Appleton Laboratories, Chilton, Didcot OX11 0QX, UK; (J.H.); (J.T.); (N.-J.S.)
| | - Richard L. Thompson
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, Stockton Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK; (R.F.); (O.S.); (R.L.T.)
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Abstract
The analysis of thin films is of central importance for functional materials, including the very large and active field of nanomaterials. Quantitative elemental depth profiling is basic to analysis, and many techniques exist, but all have limitations and quantitation is always an issue. We here review recent significant advances in ion beam analysis (IBA) which now merit it a standard place in the analyst's toolbox. Rutherford backscattering spectrometry (RBS) has been in use for half a century to obtain elemental depth profiles non-destructively from the first fraction of a micron from the surface of materials: more generally, "IBA" refers to the cluster of methods including elastic scattering (RBS; elastic recoil detection, ERD; and non-Rutherford elastic backscattering, EBS), nuclear reaction analysis (NRA: including particle-induced gamma-ray emission, PIGE), and also particle-induced X-ray emission (PIXE). We have at last demonstrated what was long promised, that RBS can be used as a primary reference technique for the best traceable accuracy available for non-destructive model-free methods in thin films. Also, it has become clear over the last decade that we can effectively combine synergistically the quite different information available from the atomic (PIXE) and nuclear (RBS, EBS, ERD, NRA) methods. Although it is well known that RBS has severe limitations that curtail its usefulness for elemental depth profiling, these limitations are largely overcome when we make proper synergistic use of IBA methods. In this Tutorial Review we aim to briefly explain to analysts what IBA is and why it is now a general quantitative method of great power. Analysts have got used to the availability of the large synchrotron facilities for certain sorts of difficult problems, but there are many much more easily accessible mid-range IBA facilities also able to address (and often more quantitatively) a wide range of otherwise almost intractable thin film questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Jeynes
- University of Surrey Ion Beam Centre, Guildford, GU2 7XJ, England, UK
| | - Julien L Colaux
- University of Surrey Ion Beam Centre, Guildford, GU2 7XJ, England, UK
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Han KH, Jang MG, Juhn KJ, Cho C, Kim WN. The Effects of Compatibilizers on the Morphological, Mechanical, and Optical Properties of Biaxially Oriented Poly(ethylene terephthalate)/Syndiotactic Polystyrene Blend Films. Macromol Res 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s13233-018-6039-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Demir T, Wei L, Nitta N, Yushin G, Brown PJ, Luzinov I. Toward a Long-Chain Perfluoroalkyl Replacement: Water and Oil Repellency of Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) Films Modified with Perfluoropolyether-Based Polyesters. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:24318-24330. [PMID: 28658580 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b05799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Original perfluoropolyethers (PFPE)-based oligomeric polyesters (FOPs) of different macromolecular architecture were synthesized via polycondensation as low surface energy additives to engineering thermoplastics. The oligomers do not contain long-chain perfluoroalkyl segments, which are known to yield environmentally unsafe perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids. To improve the compatibility of the materials with polyethylene terephthalate (PET) we introduced isophthalate segments into the polyesters and targeted the synthesis of lower molecular weight oligomeric macromolecules. The surface properties such as morphology, composition, and wettability of PET/FOP films fabricated from solution were investigated using atomic force microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and contact angle measurements. It was demonstrated that FOPs, when added to PET film, readily migrate to the film surface and bring significant water and oil repellency to the thermoplastic boundary. We have established that the wettability of PET/FOP films depends on three main parameters: (i) end-groups of fluorinated polyesters, (ii) the concentration of fluorinated polyesters in the films, and (iii) equilibration via annealing. The most effective water/oil repellency FOP has two C4F9-PFPE-tails. The addition of this oligomeric polyester to PET allows (even at relatively low concentrations) reaching a level of oil repellency and surface energy comparable to that of polytetrafluorethylene (PTFE/Teflon). Therefore, the materials can be considered suitable replacements for additives containing long-chain perfluoroalkyl substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tugba Demir
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Clemson University , Clemson, South Carolina 29634, United States
| | - Liying Wei
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Clemson University , Clemson, South Carolina 29634, United States
| | - Naoki Nitta
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Gleb Yushin
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Philip J Brown
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Clemson University , Clemson, South Carolina 29634, United States
| | - Igor Luzinov
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Clemson University , Clemson, South Carolina 29634, United States
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Sabattié EFD, Tasche J, Wilson MR, Skoda MWA, Hughes A, Lindner T, Thompson RL. Predicting oligomer/polymer compatibility and the impact on nanoscale segregation in thin films. SOFT MATTER 2017; 13:3580-3591. [PMID: 28443905 DOI: 10.1039/c7sm00048k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Compatibility between oligomers and polymers was systematically assessed using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and was correlated with similarity in saturation and solubility parameter. These measurements enabled validation of detailed volume of mixing calculations using Statistical Association Fluid Theory (SAFT-γ Mie) and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, which can be used to predict behaviour beyond the experimentally accessible conditions. These simulations confirmed that squalane is somewhat more compatible with poly(isoprene), "PI" than poly(butadiene), "PB", and further enabled prediction of the temperature dependence of compatibility. Surface and interfacial segregation of a series of deuterated oligomers was quantified in rubbery polymer films: PI, PB and hydrogenated poly(isoprene) "hPI". A striking correlation was established between surface wetting transition and mixtures of low compatibility, such as oligo-dIB in PB or PI. Segregation was quantified normal to the surface by ion beam analysis and neutron reflectometry and in some cases lateral segregation was observable by AFM. While surface segregation is driven by disparity in molecular weight in highly compatible systems this trend reverses as critical point is approached, and surface segregation increases with increasing oligomer molecular weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise F D Sabattié
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, Science Site, Durham DH1 3LE, UK. and Procter & Gamble, German Innovation Center (GIC), Sulzbacher Str. 40-50, 65824, Schwalbach am Taunus, Germany
| | - Jos Tasche
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, Science Site, Durham DH1 3LE, UK.
| | - Mark R Wilson
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, Science Site, Durham DH1 3LE, UK.
| | - Maximilian W A Skoda
- STFC ISIS Facility, Rutherford Appleton Laboratories, Chilton, Didcot, OX110QX, UK
| | - Arwel Hughes
- STFC ISIS Facility, Rutherford Appleton Laboratories, Chilton, Didcot, OX110QX, UK
| | - Torsten Lindner
- Procter & Gamble, German Innovation Center (GIC), Sulzbacher Str. 40-50, 65824, Schwalbach am Taunus, Germany
| | - Richard L Thompson
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, Science Site, Durham DH1 3LE, UK.
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Briddick A, Li P, Hughes A, Courchay F, Martinez A, Thompson RL. Surfactant and Plasticizer Segregation in Thin Poly(vinyl alcohol) Films. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2016; 32:864-872. [PMID: 26717264 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.5b03758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The vertical depth distributions of individual additive components [cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), deuterated pentaethylene glycol monododecyl ether (d25-C12E5), and deuterated glycerol (d-glycerol)] in PVA films have been isolated and explored by ion beam analysis techniques and neutron reflectometry. The additives display an unexpectedly rich variety of surface and interfacial behaviors in spin-cast films. In separate binary films with PVA, both d-glycerol and CTAB were evenly distributed, whereas d25-C12E5 showed clear evidence for surface and interfacial segregation. The behavior of each surfactant in PVA was reversed when the plasticizer (glycerol) was also incorporated into the films. With increasing plasticizer content, the surface activity of d25-C12E5 systematically decreased, but remarkably, when glycerol and CTAB were present in PVA, the surface and interfacial activities of CTAB increased dramatically in the presence of glycerol. Quantification of the surface excess by ion beam analysis revealed that, in many cases, the adsorbed quantity far exceeded what could reasonably be explained by a single layer, thus indicating a wetting transition of the small molecules at the surface or interface of the film. It appears that the surface and interfacial behaviors are partly driven by the relative surface energies of the components, but are also significantly augmented by the incompatibility of the components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arron Briddick
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, Science Site , Durham DH1 3LE, U.K
| | - Peixun Li
- STFC ISIS Facility, Rutherford Appleton Laboratories , Chilton, Didcot, OX11 0QX, U.K
| | - Arwel Hughes
- STFC ISIS Facility, Rutherford Appleton Laboratories , Chilton, Didcot, OX11 0QX, U.K
| | - Florence Courchay
- Brussels Innovation Center (BIC), Procter & Gamble , Temselaan 100, 1853 Strombeek Bever, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Alberto Martinez
- Brussels Innovation Center (BIC), Procter & Gamble , Temselaan 100, 1853 Strombeek Bever, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Richard L Thompson
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, Science Site , Durham DH1 3LE, U.K
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