1
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Guerrero F, De la Flor S, Serra À. Preparation and Characterization of Novel Poly(thiourethane)-Poly(isocyanurate) Covalent Adaptable Networks: Effect of the Catalysts. Macromol Rapid Commun 2024:e2400330. [PMID: 38924588 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202400330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2024] [Revised: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Poly(thiourethane)-based covalent adaptable networks are synthesized by reacting a trimer of hexamethylene diisocyanate (Desmodur N3300) containing isocyanurate groups in its structure with 1,6-hexanedithiol. The catalysts evaluated for this process include dibutyltin dilaurate (DBTDL), lanthanum triflate (La(OTf)3), and a thermal precursor of 1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene (BGDBU). The use of DBTDL results in the initiation of curing upon mixing, while the other two catalysts exhibit a latency period in the reactive mixture, with curing starting at about 90 °C. Notably, the use of the lanthanum salt produces an additional minor exothermic reaction at 80 °C. This phenomenon corresponds to the trimerization of isocyanates rending isocyanurates, leaving a portion of unreacted thiols. Materials prepared with BGDBU or La(OTf)3 present shorter relaxation times than those prepared with DBTDL. Nevertheless, the materials containing the lanthanum salt do not reach complete relaxation, likely due to the reinforcement of the permanent network through increased isocyanurate content. The formation of isocyanurates produces a stoichiometric imbalance, leaving unreacted thiols. This transforms the exchange process into a dual mechanism involving a dissociative process of thiourethanes to isocyanate and thiol, along with an interchange through thiol attacking the thiourethane group. The materials exhibit good recyclability and self-healing characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Guerrero
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Organic Chemistry, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, C/ Marcel·lí Domingo s/n Edif. N4, Tarragona, 43007, Spain
| | - Silvia De la Flor
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Av. Països Catalans, 26, Tarragona, 43007, Spain
| | - Àngels Serra
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Organic Chemistry, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, C/ Marcel·lí Domingo s/n Edif. N4, Tarragona, 43007, Spain
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2
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Guerrero-Ruiz F, Otaegi I, Verde-Sesto E, Bonardd S, Maiz J. Revealing Dynamic Behavior in High Dielectric Poly(thiourethane)-Based Vitrimer-like Materials. ACS APPLIED POLYMER MATERIALS 2024; 6:5473-5484. [PMID: 38752014 PMCID: PMC11091852 DOI: 10.1021/acsapm.4c00681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Here, we have explored covalent adaptable networks (CANs) comprising poly(thiourethane)-based systems (PTUs). The PTUs were synthesized through the combination of thiol and isocyanate monomers in stoichiometric proportions, in the presence of dibutyltin dilaurate (DBTDL) as catalyst. Dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) provided detailed insight into the vitrimeric behavior. Through these investigations, we evaluated the viscoelastic, thermomechanical, and vitrimeric properties. Additionally, broadband dielectric spectroscopy (BDS) revealed the various relaxation processes inherent in such vitrimer-like materials. We methodically examined the evolution of each relaxation in every prepared sample to comprehend the operational mechanisms in these vitrimer-like systems. Our findings underscore that depending on the PTU formulation, the glass transition temperature (Tg) and the topology freezing transition temperature (Tv) can be effectively distinguished and studied. Considering the high dipole moment of the dynamic bonds present in these systems, there is potential for utilizing them as dielectric materials working under the concept of dipolar glass polymers. Furthermore, the reversibility exhibited by their inner chemical structures positions them as promising candidates for active layers in capacitor devices, particularly for energy-related applications, with the ability to be recyclable while maintaining almost invariant both their mechanical and dielectric properties, thus promoting the extension of the lifespan of electronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Guerrero-Ruiz
- Centro
de Física de Materiales (CFM) (CSIC-UPV/EHU)-Materials Physics
Center (MPC), Paseo Manuel de Lardizábal 5, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Itziar Otaegi
- POLYMAT
and Department of Advanced Polymers and Materials: Physics, Chemistry
and Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, University
of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Paseo Manuel de Lardizábal 3, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Ester Verde-Sesto
- Centro
de Física de Materiales (CFM) (CSIC-UPV/EHU)-Materials Physics
Center (MPC), Paseo Manuel de Lardizábal 5, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
- IKERBASQUE-Basque
Foundation for Science, Plaza Euskadi 5, 48009 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Sebastian Bonardd
- Centro
de Física de Materiales (CFM) (CSIC-UPV/EHU)-Materials Physics
Center (MPC), Paseo Manuel de Lardizábal 5, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Jon Maiz
- Centro
de Física de Materiales (CFM) (CSIC-UPV/EHU)-Materials Physics
Center (MPC), Paseo Manuel de Lardizábal 5, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
- IKERBASQUE-Basque
Foundation for Science, Plaza Euskadi 5, 48009 Bilbao, Spain
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3
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Vozzolo G, Ximenis M, Mantione D, Fernández M, Sardon H. Thermally Reversible Organocatalyst for the Accelerated Reprocessing of Dynamic Networks with Creep Resistance. ACS Macro Lett 2023; 12:1536-1542. [PMID: 37910770 PMCID: PMC10666533 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.3c00544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
The industrial implementation of covalent adaptable networks hinges on the delicate task of achieving rapid bond exchange activation at specific temperatures while ensuring a sufficiently slow exchange at working temperatures to avoid irreversible deformation. In this pursuit, latent catalysts offer a potential solution, allowing for spatiotemporal control of dynamic exchange in vitrimer networks. However, the irreversible nature of their activation has led to undesired creep deformation after multiple cycles of reprocessing. In this work, we demonstrate that a tetraphenylborate tetramethyl guanidinium salt (TPB:TMG) undergoes a reversible thermal dissociation, releasing free TMG. This thermally reversible organocatalyst can be readily introduced as an additive in industrially relevant materials such as disulfide-containing polyurethane networks (PU) that undergo disulfide exchange in the presence of a base catalyst. In contrast with a free-base-catalyzed process, we demonstrate the dual benefit of adding the thermally reversible TPB:TMG in preventing creep at lower temperatures and also enabling reprocessability of disulfide-containing PU networks at elevated temperatures. The remarkable reversibility of this thermally activated catalyst allows for multiple reprocessing cycles while effectively maintaining a creep-free state at service temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Vozzolo
- POLYMAT, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Joxe Mari
Korta Center, Avda. Tolosa
72, 20018 Donostia-San
Sebastian, Spain
| | - Marta Ximenis
- POLYMAT, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Joxe Mari
Korta Center, Avda. Tolosa
72, 20018 Donostia-San
Sebastian, Spain
| | - Daniele Mantione
- POLYMAT, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Joxe Mari
Korta Center, Avda. Tolosa
72, 20018 Donostia-San
Sebastian, Spain
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, 48013 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Mercedes Fernández
- POLYMAT, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Joxe Mari
Korta Center, Avda. Tolosa
72, 20018 Donostia-San
Sebastian, Spain
| | - Haritz Sardon
- POLYMAT, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Joxe Mari
Korta Center, Avda. Tolosa
72, 20018 Donostia-San
Sebastian, Spain
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4
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Miravalle E, Bracco P, Brunella V, Barolo C, Zanetti M. Improving Sustainability through Covalent Adaptable Networks in the Recycling of Polyurethane Plastics. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3780. [PMID: 37765634 PMCID: PMC10537520 DOI: 10.3390/polym15183780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The global plastic waste problem has created an urgent need for the development of more sustainable materials and recycling processes. Polyurethane (PU) plastics, which represent 5.5% of globally produced plastics, are particularly challenging to recycle owing to their crosslinked structure. Covalent adaptable networks (CANs) based on dynamic covalent bonds have emerged as a promising solution for recycling PU waste. CANs enable the production of thermoset polymers that can be recycled using methods that are traditionally reserved for thermoplastic polymers. Reprocessing using hot-pressing techniques, in particular, proved to be more suited for the class of polyurethanes, allowing for the efficient recycling of PU materials. This Review paper explores the potential of CANs for improving the sustainability of PU recycling processes by examining different types of PU-CANs, bond types, and fillers that can be used to optimise the recycling efficiency. The paper concludes that further research is needed to develop more cost-effective and industrial-friendly techniques for recycling PU-CANs, as they can significantly contribute to sustainable development by creating recyclable thermoset polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edoardo Miravalle
- Department of Chemistry, NIS Interdepartmental Centre, University of Turin, Via P. Giuria 7, 10125 Turin, Italy; (E.M.); (P.B.); (V.B.); (C.B.)
| | - Pierangiola Bracco
- Department of Chemistry, NIS Interdepartmental Centre, University of Turin, Via P. Giuria 7, 10125 Turin, Italy; (E.M.); (P.B.); (V.B.); (C.B.)
- INSTM Reference Centre, University of Turin, Via G. Quarello 15A, 10135 Turin, Italy
| | - Valentina Brunella
- Department of Chemistry, NIS Interdepartmental Centre, University of Turin, Via P. Giuria 7, 10125 Turin, Italy; (E.M.); (P.B.); (V.B.); (C.B.)
- INSTM Reference Centre, University of Turin, Via G. Quarello 15A, 10135 Turin, Italy
| | - Claudia Barolo
- Department of Chemistry, NIS Interdepartmental Centre, University of Turin, Via P. Giuria 7, 10125 Turin, Italy; (E.M.); (P.B.); (V.B.); (C.B.)
- INSTM Reference Centre, University of Turin, Via G. Quarello 15A, 10135 Turin, Italy
- ICxT Interdepartmental Centre, University of Turin, Via Lungo Dora Siena 100, 10153 Turin, Italy
| | - Marco Zanetti
- Department of Chemistry, NIS Interdepartmental Centre, University of Turin, Via P. Giuria 7, 10125 Turin, Italy; (E.M.); (P.B.); (V.B.); (C.B.)
- INSTM Reference Centre, University of Turin, Via G. Quarello 15A, 10135 Turin, Italy
- ICxT Interdepartmental Centre, University of Turin, Via Lungo Dora Siena 100, 10153 Turin, Italy
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5
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Lopez de Pariza X, Varela O, Catt SO, Long TE, Blasco E, Sardon H. Recyclable photoresins for light-mediated additive manufacturing towards Loop 3D printing. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5504. [PMID: 37679370 PMCID: PMC10484940 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41267-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Additive manufacturing (AM) of polymeric materials enables the manufacturing of complex structures for a wide range of applications. Among AM methods vat photopolymerization (VP) is desired owing to improved efficiency, excellent surface finish, and printing resolution at the micron-scale. Nevertheless, the major portion of resins available for VP are based on systems with limited or negligible recyclability. Here, we describe an approach that enables the printing of a resin that is amenable to re-printing with retained properties and appearance. To that end, we take advantage of the potential of polythiourethane chemistry, which not only permits the click reaction between polythiols and polyisocyanates in the presence of organic bases, allowing a fast-printing process but also chemical recycling, reshaping, and reparation of the printed structures, paving the way toward the development of truly sustainable recyclable photoprintable resins. We demonstrate that this closed-loop 3D printing process is feasible both at the macroscale and microscale via DLP or DLW, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xabier Lopez de Pariza
- POLYMAT and Department of Polymers and Advanced Materials: Physics, Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Donostia-San Sebastián, 20018, Spain
| | - Oihane Varela
- POLYMAT and Department of Polymers and Advanced Materials: Physics, Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Donostia-San Sebastián, 20018, Spain
| | - Samantha O Catt
- Heidelberg University, Institute for Molecular Systems Engineering and Advanced Materials (IMSEAM), 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
- Heidelberg University, Organic Chemistry Institute (OCI), 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Timothy E Long
- Arizona State University, School of Molecular Science and Biodesign Center for Sustainable Macromolecular Materials and Manufacturing, Tempe, AZ, 85281, USA
| | - Eva Blasco
- Heidelberg University, Institute for Molecular Systems Engineering and Advanced Materials (IMSEAM), 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
- Heidelberg University, Organic Chemistry Institute (OCI), 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Haritz Sardon
- POLYMAT and Department of Polymers and Advanced Materials: Physics, Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Donostia-San Sebastián, 20018, Spain.
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6
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Guerrero F, Ramis X, De la Flor S, Serra À. Preparation and Characterization of a Series of Self-Healable Bio-Based Poly(thiourethane) Vitrimer-like Materials. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15061583. [PMID: 36987363 PMCID: PMC10058196 DOI: 10.3390/polym15061583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
A series of poly(thiourethanes) (PTUs) from biobased monomers have been synthesized. Limonene and squalene were transformed into polyfunctional thiols by thiol-ene reaction with thioacetic acid and further saponification. They were then reacted in different proportions with hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI) in the presence of a catalyst to prepare bio-based poly(thiourethane) vitrimer-like materials. The different functionalities of squalene and limonene thiols (six and two, respectively) allow for changing the characteristics of the final material by only varying their relative proportions in the reactive mixture. The proportions of thiol and isocyanate groups were stoichiometric in all the formulations tested. An acidic and a basic catalyst were tested in the preparation of the networked polymers. As the acidic catalyst, we selected dibutyltin dilaurate (DBTDL), and as the basic catalyst, a tetraphenylborate salt of 1,8-diazabicyclo(5.4.0)undec-7-ene (BGDBU), which has the advantage of only releasing the base at high temperatures. The materials obtained were characterized by thermogravimetry and thermomechanical analysis. The vitrimeric-like behavior was evaluated, and we could see that higher proportions of the limonene derivative in the formulations led to faster stress relaxation of the material. The use of the base catalyst led to a much shorter relaxation time. The materials obtained demonstrated good self-healing efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Guerrero
- Analytical and Organic Chemistry Department, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, C/ Marcel·lí Domingo s/n Edificio N4, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Xavier Ramis
- Thermodynamics Laboratory, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya ETSEIB, Av. Diagonal 647, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Silvia De la Flor
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Av. Països Catalans, 26, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Àngels Serra
- Analytical and Organic Chemistry Department, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, C/ Marcel·lí Domingo s/n Edificio N4, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
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7
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Holloway JO, Taplan C, Du Prez F. Combining vinylogous urethane and β-amino ester chemistry for dynamic material design. Polym Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2py00026a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This study combines vinylogous urethane (VU) and beta-amino ester chemistry for the synthesis of covalent adaptable networks (CANs). The resulting CANs are synthesised using a range of diacetoacetates and commercially...
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8
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Xue Y, Li C, Wang W, Liu Z, Guo Z, Tan J, Zhang Q. Preparation of Poly(thiol-urethane) Covalent Adaptable Networks Based on Multiple-Types Dynamic Motifs. Macromol Rapid Commun 2021; 43:e2100510. [PMID: 34643989 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202100510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 09/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
To solve the issue of polymeric materials recycling, developing intrinsic self-healing materials containing dynamic bonds has attracted many researchers' highly concerning. However, the tradeoff between their mechanical strength and stretchability always does not avoid. Herein, to surmount the above tradeoff, metal-ligand (Cu2+ -S) interactions are introduced into the cross-linking polythiourethane covalent adaptable networks (PTU CANs) with three kinds of dynamic motifs (thiourethane, disulfide, and hydrogen bonds). When the molar ratio of Cu2+ to S is 6.37%, the break strength (9.41 ± 0.34 MPa) and Young's modulus (26.02 ± 0.55 MPa) of the metal-ligand coordination complex PTU (Cu2+ -PTU-3) dramatically increase, whereas the peak strain almost does not decline (454.44 ± 3.95%). To conduct the repairing, Cu2+ -PTU-3 is further confirmed excellent repairing capability. Therefore, these new PTU CANs have significant potential for the new self-healing materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Xue
- Key Laboratory of Special Functional and Smart Polymer Materials of Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Department of Applied Chemistry Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Chunmei Li
- Key Laboratory of Special Functional and Smart Polymer Materials of Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Department of Applied Chemistry Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Wenyan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Special Functional and Smart Polymer Materials of Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Department of Applied Chemistry Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Zongxu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Special Functional and Smart Polymer Materials of Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Department of Applied Chemistry Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Zijian Guo
- Key Laboratory of Special Functional and Smart Polymer Materials of Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Department of Applied Chemistry Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Jiaojun Tan
- College of Bioresources Chemical and Materials Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, 710021, China
| | - Qiuyu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Special Functional and Smart Polymer Materials of Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Department of Applied Chemistry Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, China
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Actuator Behaviour of Tailored Poly(thiourethane) Shape Memory Thermosets. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13101571. [PMID: 34068369 PMCID: PMC8153274 DOI: 10.3390/polym13101571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, a new family of poly(thiourethane) shape memory thermosetting actuators was developed and characterized. These materials can be easily prepared from mixtures of two different aliphatic diisocyanates and a trithiol in the presence of a latent catalyst, allowing an easy manipulation of the formulation. Rheological studies of the curing process confirm the latent character of the formulations. The glass transition temperatures and the mechanical properties can be modified by varying the proportion of diisocyanates (hexamethylene diisocyanate, HDI, and isophorone diisocyanate, IPDI) with stoichiometric amounts of trimethylolpropane tris(3-mercaptopropionate). The shape-memory behavior was deeply investigated under three different conditions: unconstrained, partially constrained, and fully constrained. Tests were performed in single cantilever bending mode to simulate conditions closer to real complex mechanics of thermomechanical actuators under flexural performances. The complex recovery process in single cantilever bending mode was compared with that obtained using tensile mode. The results evidenced that the amount of recovery force in fully constrained conditions, or energy released during the recovery process in partially constrained, can be modulated by simply changing the proportion of both diisocyanates. A simple model based on Timoshenko beam theory was used for the prediction of the amount of work performed. The reported results are an important guideline to design shape-memory materials based on poly(thiourethane) networks, establishing criteria for the choice of the material depending on the expected application.
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Gamardella F, Muñoz S, De la Flor S, Ramis X, Serra A. Recyclable Organocatalyzed Poly(Thiourethane) Covalent Adaptable Networks. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:E2913. [PMID: 33291704 PMCID: PMC7761908 DOI: 10.3390/polym12122913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 11/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
A new type of tetraphenylborate salts derived from highly basic and nucleophilic amines, namely 1,5-diazabicyclo[4.3.0]non-5-ene (DBN), 1,8-diazabicyclo(5.4.0)undec-7-ene (DBU) and triazabicyclodecene (TBD), was applied to the preparation of networked poly(thiourethane)s (PTUs), which showed a vitrimer-like behavior, with higher stress-relaxation rates than PTUs prepared by using dibutyl thin dilaurate (DBTDL) as the catalyst. The use of these salts, which release the amines when heated, instead of the pure amines, allows the formulation to be easily manipulated to prepare any type of samples. The materials prepared from stoichiometric mixtures of hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI), trithiol (S3) and with a 10% of molar excess of isocyanate or thiol were characterized by FTIR, thermomechanical analysis, thermogravimetry, stress-relaxation tests and tensile tests, thus obtaining a complete thermal and mechanical characterization of the materials. The recycled materials obtained by grinding the original PTUs and hot-pressing the small pieces in the optimized time and temperature conditions were fully characterized by mechanical, thermomechanical and FTIR studies. This allowed us to confirm their recyclability, without appreciable changes in the network structure and performance. From several observations, the dissociative interchange trans-thiocarbamoylation mechanism was evidenced as the main responsible of the topological rearrangements at high temperature, resulting in a vitrimeric-like behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Gamardella
- Department of Analytical and Organic Chemistry, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, C/ Marcel·lí Domingo 1, Building. N4., 43007 Tarragona, Spain;
| | - Sara Muñoz
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Av. Països Catalans, 26, 43007 Tarragona, Spain; (S.M.); (S.D.l.F.)
| | - Silvia De la Flor
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Av. Països Catalans, 26, 43007 Tarragona, Spain; (S.M.); (S.D.l.F.)
| | - Xavier Ramis
- Thermodynamics Laboratory, ETSEIB Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Av. Diagonal, 08028 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Angels Serra
- Department of Analytical and Organic Chemistry, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, C/ Marcel·lí Domingo 1, Building. N4., 43007 Tarragona, Spain;
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11
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Gamardella F, De la Flor S, Ramis X, Serra A. Recyclable poly(thiourethane) vitrimers with high Tg. Influence of the isocyanate structure. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2020.104574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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12
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Konuray O, Fernández-Francos X, De la Flor S, Ramis X, Serra À. The Use of Click-Type Reactions in the Preparation of Thermosets. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:E1084. [PMID: 32397509 PMCID: PMC7285069 DOI: 10.3390/polym12051084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Click chemistry has emerged as an effective polymerization method to obtain thermosets with enhanced properties for advanced applications. In this article, commonly used click reactions have been reviewed, highlighting their advantages in obtaining homogeneous polymer networks. The basic concepts necessary to understand network formation via click reactions, together with their main characteristics, are explained comprehensively. Some of the advanced applications of thermosets obtained by this methodology are also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osman Konuray
- Thermodynamics Laboratory, ETSEIB Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Av. Diagonal 647, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (O.K.); (X.F.-F.); (X.R.)
| | - Xavier Fernández-Francos
- Thermodynamics Laboratory, ETSEIB Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Av. Diagonal 647, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (O.K.); (X.F.-F.); (X.R.)
| | - Silvia De la Flor
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Av. Països Catalans 26, 43007 Tarragona, Spain;
| | - Xavier Ramis
- Thermodynamics Laboratory, ETSEIB Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Av. Diagonal 647, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (O.K.); (X.F.-F.); (X.R.)
| | - Àngels Serra
- Department of Analytical and Organic Chemistry, University Rovira i Virgili, c/ Marcel·lí Domingo 1, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
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13
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Gamardella F, Guerrero F, De la Flor S, Ramis X, Serra A. A new class of vitrimers based on aliphatic poly(thiourethane) networks with shape memory and permanent shape reconfiguration. Eur Polym J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2019.109361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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14
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Li L, Chen X, Torkelson JM. Reprocessable Polymer Networks via Thiourethane Dynamic Chemistry: Recovery of Cross-link Density after Recycling and Proof-of-Principle Solvolysis Leading to Monomer Recovery. Macromolecules 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.9b01359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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15
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Gamardella F, Sabatini V, Ramis X, Serra À. Tailor-made thermosets obtained by sequential dual-curing combining isocyanate-thiol and epoxy-thiol click reactions. POLYMER 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2019.04.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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