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Pachla J, Kopiasz RJ, Marek G, Tomaszewski W, Głogowska A, Drężek K, Kowalczyk S, Podgórski R, Butruk-Raszeja B, Ciach T, Mierzejewska J, Plichta A, Augustynowicz-Kopeć E, Jańczewski D. Polytrimethylenimines: Highly Potent Antibacterial Agents with Activity and Toxicity Modulated by the Polymer Molecular Weight. Biomacromolecules 2023; 24:2237-2249. [PMID: 37093622 PMCID: PMC10170506 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.3c00139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
Abstract
Cationic polymers have been extensively investigated as a potential replacement for traditional antibiotics. Here, we examined the effect of molecular weight (MW) on the antimicrobial, cytotoxic, and hemolytic activity of linear polytrimethylenimine (L-PTMI). The results indicate that the biological activity of the polymer sharply increases as MW increases. Thanks to a different position of the antibacterial activity and toxicity thresholds, tuning the MW of PTMI allows one to achieve a therapeutic window between antimicrobial activity and toxicity concentrations. L-PTMI presents significantly higher antimicrobial activity against model microorganisms than linear polyethylenimine (L-PEI) when polymers with a similar number of repeating units are compared. For the derivatives of L-PTMI and L-PEI, obtained through N-monomethylation and partial N,N-dimethylation of linear polyamines, the antimicrobial activity and toxicity were both reduced; however, resulting selectivity indices were higher. Selected materials were tested against clinical isolates of pathogens from the ESKAPE group and Mycobacteria, revealing good antibacterial properties of L-PTMI against antibiotic-resistant strains of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria but limited antibacterial properties against Mycobacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julita Pachla
- Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego 3, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Rafał J Kopiasz
- Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego 3, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Gabriela Marek
- Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego 3, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Waldemar Tomaszewski
- Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego 3, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Głogowska
- Department of Microbiology, National Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases Research Institute, Płocka 26, 01-138 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Karolina Drężek
- Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego 3, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Sebastian Kowalczyk
- Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego 3, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Rafał Podgórski
- Faculty of Chemical and Process Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, Waryńskiego 1, 00-645 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Beata Butruk-Raszeja
- Faculty of Chemical and Process Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, Waryńskiego 1, 00-645 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Tomasz Ciach
- Faculty of Chemical and Process Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, Waryńskiego 1, 00-645 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jolanta Mierzejewska
- Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego 3, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Andrzej Plichta
- Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego 3, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ewa Augustynowicz-Kopeć
- Department of Microbiology, National Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases Research Institute, Płocka 26, 01-138 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Dominik Jańczewski
- Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego 3, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland
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2
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Kopiasz RJ, Kulbacka N, Drężek K, Podgórski R, Łojszczyk I, Mierzejewska J, Ciach T, Augustynowicz-Kopeć E, Głogowska A, Iwańska A, Tomaszewski W, Jańczewski D. Influence of PEG Subunit on the Biological Activity of Ionenes: Synthesis of Novel Polycations, Antimicrobial and Toxicity Studies. Macromol Biosci 2022; 22:e2200094. [PMID: 35524947 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.202200094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
An alarming increase of antibiotic resistance among pathogens creates an urgent need to develop new antimicrobial agents. Many reported polycations show high antimicrobial activity along with low hemolytic activity. Unfortunately, most of those molecules remain highly cytotoxic against various mammalian cells. In this work, we present a systematic study on the impact of triethylene glycol monomethyl ether side groups (short PEG analog) on antimicrobial, hemolytic, and cytotoxic properties of novel amphiphilic ionenes. A detailed description of synthesis, leading to well-defined alternating polymers, which differ in structural elements responsible for hydrophilicity (PEG) and hydrophobicity (alkyl chain), is presented. Obtained results show that the PEG moiety and fine-tuned hydrophilic-lipophilic balance of ionenes synergistically lead to low-cytotoxic, low-hemolytic molecules with high activity against S. aureus, including methicillin-resistant strains (MRSA). Additionally, the results of mechanistic studies on bacterial cells and fluorescently labeled liposomes are also discussed. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafał J Kopiasz
- Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego 3, Warsaw, 00-664, Poland
| | - Natalia Kulbacka
- Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego 3, Warsaw, 00-664, Poland
| | - Karolina Drężek
- Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego 3, Warsaw, 00-664, Poland
| | - Rafał Podgórski
- Faculty of Chemical and Process Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, Waryńskiego 1, Warsaw, 00-645, Poland
| | - Ilona Łojszczyk
- Faculty of Chemical and Process Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, Waryńskiego 1, Warsaw, 00-645, Poland
| | - Jolanta Mierzejewska
- Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego 3, Warsaw, 00-664, Poland
| | - Tomasz Ciach
- Faculty of Chemical and Process Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, Waryńskiego 1, Warsaw, 00-645, Poland
| | - Ewa Augustynowicz-Kopeć
- Department of Microbiology, National Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases Research Institute, Płocka 26, Warsaw, 01-138, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Głogowska
- Department of Microbiology, National Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases Research Institute, Płocka 26, Warsaw, 01-138, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Iwańska
- Department of Microbiology, National Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases Research Institute, Płocka 26, Warsaw, 01-138, Poland
| | - Waldemar Tomaszewski
- Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego 3, Warsaw, 00-664, Poland
| | - Dominik Jańczewski
- Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego 3, Warsaw, 00-664, Poland
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Kopiasz RJ, Tomaszewski W, Kuźmińska A, Chreptowicz K, Mierzejewska J, Ciach T, Jańczewski D. Hydrophilic Quaternary Ammonium Ionenes—Is There an Influence of Backbone Flexibility and Topology on Antibacterial Properties? Macromol Biosci 2020; 20:e2000063. [DOI: 10.1002/mabi.202000063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rafał Jerzy Kopiasz
- Faculty of ChemistryWarsaw University of Technology Noakowskiego 3 Warsaw 00‐664 Poland
| | - Waldemar Tomaszewski
- Faculty of ChemistryWarsaw University of Technology Noakowskiego 3 Warsaw 00‐664 Poland
| | - Aleksandra Kuźmińska
- Faculty of Chemical and Process EngineeringWarsaw University of Technology Waryńskiego 1 Warsaw 00‐645 Poland
| | - Karolina Chreptowicz
- Faculty of ChemistryWarsaw University of Technology Noakowskiego 3 Warsaw 00‐664 Poland
| | - Jolanta Mierzejewska
- Faculty of ChemistryWarsaw University of Technology Noakowskiego 3 Warsaw 00‐664 Poland
| | - Tomasz Ciach
- Faculty of Chemical and Process EngineeringWarsaw University of Technology Waryńskiego 1 Warsaw 00‐645 Poland
| | - Dominik Jańczewski
- Faculty of ChemistryWarsaw University of Technology Noakowskiego 3 Warsaw 00‐664 Poland
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Kozon D, Mierzejewska J, Kobiela T, Grochowska A, Dudnyk K, Głogowska A, Sobiepanek A, Kuźmińska A, Ciach T, Augustynowicz‐Kopeć E, Jańczewski D. Amphiphilic Polymethyloxazoline–Polyethyleneimine Copolymers: Interaction with Lipid Bilayer and Antibacterial Properties. Macromol Biosci 2019; 19:e1900254. [DOI: 10.1002/mabi.201900254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Revised: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dominika Kozon
- Faculty of ChemistryWarsaw University of Technology Noakowskiego 3 00–664 Warsaw Poland
| | - Jolanta Mierzejewska
- Faculty of ChemistryWarsaw University of Technology Noakowskiego 3 00–664 Warsaw Poland
| | - Tomasz Kobiela
- Faculty of ChemistryWarsaw University of Technology Noakowskiego 3 00–664 Warsaw Poland
| | - Agnieszka Grochowska
- Faculty of ChemistryWarsaw University of Technology Noakowskiego 3 00–664 Warsaw Poland
- Department of MicrobiologyNational Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases Research Institute Płocka 26 01–138 Warsaw Poland
| | - Ksenia Dudnyk
- Faculty of ChemistryWarsaw University of Technology Noakowskiego 3 00–664 Warsaw Poland
| | - Agnieszka Głogowska
- Faculty of ChemistryWarsaw University of Technology Noakowskiego 3 00–664 Warsaw Poland
| | - Anna Sobiepanek
- Faculty of ChemistryWarsaw University of Technology Noakowskiego 3 00–664 Warsaw Poland
| | - Aleksandra Kuźmińska
- Faculty of Chemical and Process EngineeringWarsaw University of Technology Waryńskiego 1 00–645 Warsaw Poland
| | - Tomasz Ciach
- Faculty of Chemical and Process EngineeringWarsaw University of Technology Waryńskiego 1 00–645 Warsaw Poland
| | - Ewa Augustynowicz‐Kopeć
- Department of MicrobiologyNational Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases Research Institute Płocka 26 01–138 Warsaw Poland
| | - Dominik Jańczewski
- Faculty of ChemistryWarsaw University of Technology Noakowskiego 3 00–664 Warsaw Poland
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