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Idiazabal-Ayesa U, Guía-Galipienso FDL, Ramírez-Vélez R, Sanz-de la Garza M, Izquierdo M. Diagnostic cost-effectiveness of a two-stage cardiovascular evaluation program in young-adolescent athletes. Role of echocardiography. Curr Probl Cardiol 2024; 49:102724. [PMID: 38925205 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2024.102724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sports medical examinations are a tool to detect potentially life-threatening situations during physical activity, but their usefulness and protocols in young athletes remain controversial. The aim was to describe the diagnostic performance of a 2-step ECG and echocardiogram screening model in a large sample of healthy young-adolescent athletes (aged 11-16 years), evaluating its cost-effectiveness for cardiovascular disease (CVD) detection. METHODS Cross-sectional study of 2617 individuals (81 % male, mean age 15 years), over 20 federated sports (La Rioja-Spain). A cardiological examination included family and personal history, physical examination, ECG, and transthoracic echocardiogram. The previous ECG, conducted at 11-13 years old, was reviewed in 1589 individuals (60 %). ECGs were interpreted according to 2017 international criteria. The prevalence of structural cardiac disease (CD) was investigated, and the diagnostic performance of both tests and the cost of screening was evaluated. RESULTS CVD was diagnosed in 63 athletes (2.4 %) and 16 (0.6 %) with pathology related to sudden cardiac death (SCD). In 3 cases (0.11 %), cessation of sporting activity was indicated, and in 2 cases (0.07 %) treatment for congenital CD was indicated. ECG alterations were infrequent (2.5 %). Eighty percent of the structural CD diagnosed by echocardiogram had a normal ECG. The cost per CVD detected was €3,080, and for CVD associated with SCD, it was €12,323. CONCLUSIONS Our study shows the diagnostic cost-effectiveness of a two-step cardiac screening protocol, including ECG, and highlights the role of echocardiography in young adolescent athletes, which could be implemented at a low and reasonable cost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uxua Idiazabal-Ayesa
- Department of Cardiology and Internal Medicine, Hospital García Orcoyen, Estella, Navarra, Spain; Navarrabiomed, University Hospital of Navarre (HUN), Public University of Navarre (UPNA), IdiSNA, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Fernando de la Guía-Galipienso
- Policlínica Glorieta, Dénia, Spain; REMA Clinic - Sports Cardiology, Dénia, Spain; HCB Benidorm Hospital, Alicante, Spain; Department of Pathology, Catholic University of Valencia - San Vicente Mártir, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Robinson Ramírez-Vélez
- Navarrabiomed, University Hospital of Navarre (HUN), Public University of Navarre (UPNA), IdiSNA, Pamplona, Spain; CIBER of Frailty and Healthy Aging (CIBERFES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Sanz-de la Garza
- Cardiovascular Institute, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mikel Izquierdo
- Navarrabiomed, University Hospital of Navarre (HUN), Public University of Navarre (UPNA), IdiSNA, Pamplona, Spain; CIBER of Frailty and Healthy Aging (CIBERFES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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2
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Halasz G, Capelli B, Nardecchia A, Cattaneo M, Cassina T, Biasini V, Barbieri D, Villa M, Beltrami M, Perone F, Villani M, Badini M, Gervasi F, Piepoli M, Via G. Cost-effectiveness and diagnostic accuracy of focused cardiac ultrasound in the pre-participation screening of athletes: the SPORT-FoCUS study. Eur J Prev Cardiol 2023; 30:1748-1757. [PMID: 37668353 DOI: 10.1093/eurjpc/zwad287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
AIMS The role of pre-participation screening (PPS) modalities in preventing sudden cardiac death (SCD) in athletes is debated due to a high false-positive rate. Focused cardiac ultrasound (FoCUS) has shown higher sensitivity and specificity, but its cost-effectiveness remains uncertain. This study aimed to determine the diagnostic performance and cost-effectiveness of FoCUS use in PPS. METHODS AND RESULTS A total of 2111 athletes (77.4% male, mean age 24.9 ± 15.2years) underwent standardized family and medical history collection, physical examination, resting electrocardiography (ECG), FoCUS (10 min/5 views protocol), comprehensive echocardiography and exercise stress test. We prospectively evaluated three PPS incremental models: Model A, standardized medical history and physical examination Model B, Model A plus resting and stress ECG and Model C, Model B plus FoCUS (10 min/5 views protocol). We determined their incremental diagnostic accuracy and cost-effectiveness ratio. A total of 30 athletes were diagnosed with a cardiac condition associated with SCD: 3 were identified by Model A, 14 by Model B, and 13 athletes by Model C. The introduction of FoCUS markedly increased the sensitivity of PPS, compared with Model A and Model B (sensitivity 94% vs. 19% vs. 58% specificity 93% vs. 93% vs. 92%). The total screening costs were as follows: Model A 35.64 euros, Model B 87.68 euros, and Model C 120.89 euros. Considering the sole conditions at risk of SCD, the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio was 135.62 euros for Model B and 114.31 for Model C. CONCLUSIONS The implementation of FoCUS into the PPS allows to identify a significantly greater number of athletes at risk of SCD and markedly lowers the false negative rate. Furthermore, the incorporation of FoCUS into the screening process has shown to be cost-effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geza Halasz
- Cardiology Department, Azienda Ospedaliera SanCamillo Forlanini, Circonvallazione Gianicolense, 87, Rome 00152, Italy
| | - Bruno Capelli
- Sport and Exercise Medicine, Istituto Cardiocentro Ticino, Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale, Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Alessia Nardecchia
- Italian Ministry of Education and Research, I.I.S Ceccano, Via Gaeta 105, Ceccano 03023, Italy
| | - Mattia Cattaneo
- Cardiologia, Centro Medico, Lugano, Switzerland
- Cardiology Department, Istituto Cardiocentro Ticino, Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale, Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Tiziano Cassina
- Cardiac Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Istituto Cardiocentro Ticino, Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale, Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Vincenzo Biasini
- Sport Medicine and Exercise Medicine, Centro di Medicina dello Sport I° Livello, L'Aquila 67100, Italy
| | - Davide Barbieri
- Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, University of Ferrara, Corso Ercole I d'Este 32, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Michele Villa
- Cardiac Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Istituto Cardiocentro Ticino, Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale, Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Matteo Beltrami
- Cardiology Unit, San Giovanni di Dio Hospital, Florence 50142, Italy
| | - Francesco Perone
- Cardiac Rehabilitation Unit, Rehabilitation Clinic 'Villa delle Magnolie', Castel Morrone, Caserta 81020, Italy
| | - Matteo Villani
- Intensive Care Unit, G. Da Saliceto Hospital, Via Taverna Giuseppe, 49, 29121 Piacenza, Italy
| | - Matteo Badini
- Cardiology Department, Istituto Cardiocentro Ticino, Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale, Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Federico Gervasi
- Postgraduate School of Medical Statistics and Biometry, University of Milan, Via Festa del Perdono 7, Milan 20122, Italy
| | - Massimo Piepoli
- Clinical Cardiology, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, Via Morandi 30, San Donato Milanese, Milan 20097, Italy
- Department of Biomedical Science for Health, University of Milan, Via Festa del Perdono 7, Milan 20122, Italy
| | - Gabriele Via
- Cardiac Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Istituto Cardiocentro Ticino, Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale, Lugano, Switzerland
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3
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Cabral MD, Patel DR, Greydanus DE, Deleon J, Hudson E, Darweesh S. Medical perspectives on pediatric sports medicine–Selective topics. Dis Mon 2022; 68:101327. [DOI: 10.1016/j.disamonth.2022.101327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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4
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MacLachlan H, Dhutia H, Bhatia R, Boden K, Forenc K, Basu J, Miles C, Osborne R, Chandra N, Malhotra A, Stuart G, Peirce N, Sharma S, Papadakis M. Results of a nationally implemented cardiac screening programme in elite cricket players in England and Wales. J Sci Med Sport 2021; 25:287-292. [PMID: 35016820 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2021.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We assessed the diagnostic yield and costs of an electrocardiogram-based national screening programme in elite cricket players and the incremental value of transthoracic echocardiography and periodic evaluation. DESIGN Cross-sectional study. METHODS Between 2008 and 2019, 1208 cricketers underwent screening with a health questionnaire, 12-lead electrocardiogram and cardiology consultation. Athletes with concerning findings underwent on-site transthoracic echocardiography and further investigations as necessary. In addition, despite a normal health questionnaire and electrocardiogram, 342 (28.3%) athletes had a transthoracic echocardiogram and 493 (40.8%) underwent repeat evaluations. RESULTS After initial evaluation, 47 (3.9%) athletes underwent on-site transthoracic echocardiography of whom 35 (2.8%) were referred for further evaluation. Four athletes (0.3%) were diagnosed with major cardiac conditions; hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (n = 1), arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy (n = 1) and Wolff-Parkinson-White pattern (n = 2). Two athletes were identified with minor valvular abnormalities. Repeat evaluation of 493 athletes identified hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in a 22-year-old athlete, two years after his initial normal screening. During a follow-up of 5.8 ± 2.9 years no additional diagnoses or adverse cardiac events were reported. The cost of the electrocardiogram-based programme was £127,844, translating to £106 per athlete and £25,569 per major cardiac condition identified.Routine transthoracic echocardiography in 342 athletes identified two athletes with major cardiac conditions (bicuspid aortic valve with severe aortopathy and aortic regurgitation and an atrial septal defect associated with right ventricular volume overload) and 10 athletes with minor abnormalities. CONCLUSIONS An electrocardiogram-based national screening programme identified a major cardiac condition in 0.3% of athletes. Routine transthoracic echocardiography and periodic evaluation increased the diagnostic yield to 0.6%, at an incremental cost.
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Affiliation(s)
- H MacLachlan
- Cardiovascular Clinical Academic Group, St Georges, University of London, United Kingdom
| | - H Dhutia
- Department of Cardiology, Glenfield Hospital, United Kingdom
| | - R Bhatia
- Cardiovascular Clinical Academic Group, St Georges, University of London, United Kingdom
| | - K Boden
- England and Wales Cricket Board and National Centre for Sports and Exercise Medicine and National Cricket Performance Centre, Loughborough University, United Kingdom
| | - K Forenc
- Cardiovascular Clinical Academic Group, St Georges, University of London, United Kingdom
| | - J Basu
- Cardiovascular Clinical Academic Group, St Georges, University of London, United Kingdom
| | - C Miles
- Cardiovascular Clinical Academic Group, St Georges, University of London, United Kingdom
| | - R Osborne
- Cardiac Risk in the Young, United Kingdom
| | - N Chandra
- Department of Cardiology, Frimley Park Hospital, United Kingdom
| | - A Malhotra
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - G Stuart
- National Institute of Health Research Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Centre, Bristol Heart Institute, United Kingdom
| | - N Peirce
- England and Wales Cricket Board and National Centre for Sports and Exercise Medicine and National Cricket Performance Centre, Loughborough University, United Kingdom
| | - S Sharma
- Cardiovascular Clinical Academic Group, St Georges, University of London, United Kingdom
| | - M Papadakis
- Cardiovascular Clinical Academic Group, St Georges, University of London, United Kingdom.
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5
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Abstract
Hereditary diseases under the age of 35 are the most common underlying heart disease, leading to sudden cardiac death (SCD) in competitive sports, while in older people, atherosclerotic coronary artery disease (CAD) is the main cause. The following preventive measures are recommended: (a) The pre-participation cardiovascular screening, (b) the genetic testing, (c) the use of implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD), (d) the prohibition of doping in sports, (e) the prevention of 'exercise-induced' cardiac complications, (f) the reduction of high-risk factors for CAD, and (g) the use of cardiopulmonary resuscitation. The cost-effectiveness of the electrocardiograms in the pre-participation screening programs remains questionable. Genetic testing is recommended in borderline cases and positive family history. Athletes with ICD can, under certain conditions, participate in competitive sports. Excessive endurance exercise appears to harm the endothelium, promotes inflammatory processes and leads to fibrosis in the myocardium, and calcium deposition in the coronary vessels. Cardiac arrest may be reversed if cardiopulmonary resuscitation is performed and a defibrillator is immediately used. Thus, equipping all fields with automatic external defibrillators are recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asterios Deligiannis
- Laboratory of Sports Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Evangelia Kouidi
- Laboratory of Sports Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
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6
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Rodríguez-Capitán J, Fernández-Meseguer A, Márquez-Camas P, García-Pinilla JM, Calvo-Bonacho E, García-Margallo T, Cabrera-Bueno F, Gómez-Doblas JJ, Jiménez-Navarro MF, de Teresa-Galván E. Prevalence of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in a large sample of the Spanish working population. Rev Clin Esp 2021; 221:315-322. [PMID: 32709302 DOI: 10.1016/j.rce.2020.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2019] [Revised: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES To date, in Spain, there are no studies that have evaluated the prevalence of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in the general population. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in a large sample of the working population of Spain. MATERIALS AND METHODS The study included 13,179 workers (73% men; mean age, 40 years) from 5 regions of Spain who, between May 2008 and November 2010, had a medical examination with an electrocardiogram. The workers with suggestive abnormalities in the electrocardiogram or a predisposing medical history (exertional syncope or sudden death of a family member younger than 50 years) were referred for an echocardiographic evaluation. We defined hypertrophic cardiomyopathy as a parietal thickness ≥13mm in any segment of the left ventricle. We estimated the prevalence of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in the entire sample and in the workers without hypertension. RESULTS A total of 1008 workers were selected for the echocardiogram, although only 496 (49.2% of those selected) of these attended the appointment. After the echocardiogram, we detected 16 cases of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, estimating a prevalence of 0.24% for the entire sample. In the subgroup of workers with no hypertension, we observed 10 cases of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, which corresponds to an estimated prevalence of 0.19%. CONCLUSIONS In our sample of the working population in Spain, the estimated prevalence of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy was 0.24%. In the subgroup of patients with no hypertension, the estimated prevalence was 0.19%.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Rodríguez-Capitán
- UGC Área del Corazón, Servicio de Cirugía Cardiovascular y Cardiología, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, Málaga, España; Instituto Biosanitario de Málaga (IBIMA), CIBERCV Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, España
| | | | - P Márquez-Camas
- UGC Área del Corazón, Servicio de Cirugía Cardiovascular y Cardiología, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, Málaga, España; Instituto Biosanitario de Málaga (IBIMA), CIBERCV Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, España
| | - J M García-Pinilla
- UGC Área del Corazón, Servicio de Cirugía Cardiovascular y Cardiología, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, Málaga, España; Instituto Biosanitario de Málaga (IBIMA), CIBERCV Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, España
| | | | | | - F Cabrera-Bueno
- UGC Área del Corazón, Servicio de Cirugía Cardiovascular y Cardiología, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, Málaga, España; Instituto Biosanitario de Málaga (IBIMA), CIBERCV Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, España
| | - J J Gómez-Doblas
- UGC Área del Corazón, Servicio de Cirugía Cardiovascular y Cardiología, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, Málaga, España; Instituto Biosanitario de Málaga (IBIMA), Fundación Pública Andaluza para la Investigación de Málaga en Biomedicina y Salud (FIMABIS), Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, España
| | - M F Jiménez-Navarro
- UGC Área del Corazón, Servicio de Cirugía Cardiovascular y Cardiología, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, Málaga, España; Instituto Biosanitario de Málaga (IBIMA), Fundación Pública Andaluza para la Investigación de Málaga en Biomedicina y Salud (FIMABIS), Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, España.
| | - E de Teresa-Galván
- UGC Área del Corazón, Servicio de Cirugía Cardiovascular y Cardiología, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, Málaga, España; Instituto Biosanitario de Málaga (IBIMA), Fundación Pública Andaluza para la Investigación de Málaga en Biomedicina y Salud (FIMABIS), Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, España
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7
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Rodríguez-Capitán J, Fernández-Meseguer A, Márquez-Camas P, García-Pinilla JM, Calvo-Bonacho E, García-Margallo T, Cabrera-Bueno F, Gómez-Doblas JJ, Jiménez-Navarro MF, de Teresa-Galván E. Prevalence of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in a large sample of the Spanish working population. Rev Clin Esp 2021; 221:315-322. [PMID: 34059228 DOI: 10.1016/j.rceng.2020.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES To date, in Spain, there are no studies that have evaluated the prevalence of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in the general population. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in a large sample of the working population of Spain. MATERIALS AND METHODS The study included 13,179 workers (73% men; mean age: 40 years) from 5 regions of Spain who, between May 2008 and November 2010, had a medical examination with an electrocardiogram. The workers with suggestive abnormalities in the electrocardiogram or a predisposing medical history (exertional syncope or sudden death of a family member younger than 50 years) were referred for an echocardiographic evaluation. We defined hypertrophic cardiomyopathy as a parietal thickness ≥13mm in any segment of the left ventricle. We estimated the prevalence of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in the entire sample and in the workers without hypertension. RESULTS A total of 1008 workers were selected for the echocardiogram, although only 496 (49.2% of those selected) of these attended the appointment. After the echocardiogram, we detected 16 cases of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, estimating a prevalence of 0.24% for the entire sample. In the subgroup of workers with no hypertension, we observed 10 cases of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, which corresponds to an estimated prevalence of 0.19%. CONCLUSIONS In our sample of the working population in Spain, the estimated prevalence of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy was 0.24%. In the subgroup of patients with no hypertension, the estimated prevalence was 0.19%.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Rodríguez-Capitán
- UGC Área del Corazón, Servicio de Cirugía Cardiovascular y Cardiología, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, Málaga, Spain; Instituto Biosanitario de Málaga (IBIMA), CIBERCV Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - P Márquez-Camas
- UGC Área del Corazón, Servicio de Cirugía Cardiovascular y Cardiología, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, Málaga, Spain; Instituto Biosanitario de Málaga (IBIMA), CIBERCV Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - J M García-Pinilla
- UGC Área del Corazón, Servicio de Cirugía Cardiovascular y Cardiología, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, Málaga, Spain; Instituto Biosanitario de Málaga (IBIMA), CIBERCV Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - F Cabrera-Bueno
- UGC Área del Corazón, Servicio de Cirugía Cardiovascular y Cardiología, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, Málaga, Spain; Instituto Biosanitario de Málaga (IBIMA), CIBERCV Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - J J Gómez-Doblas
- UGC Área del Corazón, Servicio de Cirugía Cardiovascular y Cardiología, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, Málaga, Spain; Instituto Biosanitario de Málaga (IBIMA), Fundación Pública Andaluza para la Investigación de Málaga en Biomedicina y Salud (FIMABIS), Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - M F Jiménez-Navarro
- UGC Área del Corazón, Servicio de Cirugía Cardiovascular y Cardiología, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, Málaga, Spain; Instituto Biosanitario de Málaga (IBIMA), Fundación Pública Andaluza para la Investigación de Málaga en Biomedicina y Salud (FIMABIS), Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain.
| | - E de Teresa-Galván
- UGC Área del Corazón, Servicio de Cirugía Cardiovascular y Cardiología, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, Málaga, Spain; Instituto Biosanitario de Málaga (IBIMA), Fundación Pública Andaluza para la Investigación de Málaga en Biomedicina y Salud (FIMABIS), Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
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8
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Idiazabal-Ayesa U, Izquierdo M, Elías Ruiz V, Ramírez-Vélez R. Medidas de las cavidades cardiacas de jóvenes adolescentes deportistas. Rev Esp Cardiol (Engl Ed) 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.recesp.2020.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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9
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Idiazabal-Ayesa U, Izquierdo M, Elías Ruiz V, Ramírez-Vélez R. Cardiac dimensions for young adolescent athletes. REVISTA ESPANOLA DE CARDIOLOGIA (ENGLISH ED.) 2021; 74:196-198. [PMID: 32843321 DOI: 10.1016/j.rec.2020.06.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Mikel Izquierdo
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica (Navarrabiomed), Pamplona, Navarra, Spain; Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), Pamplona, Navarra, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERFES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Vicente Elías Ruiz
- Medicina de la Educación Física y el Deporte, CTD Adarraga, Logroño, La Rioja, Spain
| | - Robinson Ramírez-Vélez
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica (Navarrabiomed), Pamplona, Navarra, Spain; Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), Pamplona, Navarra, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERFES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
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10
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Chevalier L, Corneloup L, Carré F, Mignot A, Jaussaud J, Gencel L, Clement-Guinaudeau S, Pospiech T. Aortic dilatation: Value of echocardiography in the systematic assessment of elite rugby players in the French National Rugby League (LNR). Scand J Med Sci Sports 2021; 31:1078-1085. [PMID: 33421195 DOI: 10.1111/sms.13919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2020] [Revised: 11/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The value of echocardiography in the screening of athletes in addition to the electrocardiogram is debated and still unclear. 336 rugby players in French professional divisions (Top 14, Pro D2) were prospectively assessed with electrocardiogram and echocardiography. 75% were Caucasian, 16.4% Pacific Islanders, and 8.6% Afro-Caribbean. Six (1.8%) players had electrocardiogram abnormalities, exclusively negative T waves. Twenty-one (6.25%) of them had abnormal echocardiography findings: one possible early hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, one anomalous origin of coronary artery, two left ventricular dilatations, one isolated bicuspid aortic valve, two aortic regurgitations, and 14 ascending aortic dilatations. The median aortic diameter was modestly correlated with age: 32 mm [23-48] in players aged ≤25 years vs 33.5 mm [24-50] in those aged >25 years (P = 0.02, correlation coefficient -.01). This tendency increased with cumulative hours of weight training: 34 mm [24-50] in forwards vs 32 mm [25-44] in backs (P = 0.01); and ethnicity, with Pacific Islanders having higher values in both raw data and body surface area or height-indexed data than Afro-Caribbeans and Caucasians: 34 [25-50] vs 32 [27-48] and 33 [23-49] mm (P = 0.017); 15 [12.2-21] vs 14.8 [11-19.9] and 14.8 [10-20.9] mm/m2 (P < 0.0001); 18.5 [14-25] mm/m vs 17.4 [14.8-25] mm/m and 17.6 [12.2-25.3] mm/m (P = 0.0125). In a population of professional rugby players, echocardiography was contributive. The main anomaly was aortic dilatation (14/336, 4.2%). While this is proportionally much higher than in other sports, the cutoffs need to be defined more precisely by including the criterion of ethnicity, as is already the case for electrocardiography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Chevalier
- Clinique du Sport, Bordeaux-Mérignac, Mérignac, France.,Ligue Nationale Rugby, Paris, France
| | - Luc Corneloup
- Clinique du Sport, Bordeaux-Mérignac, Mérignac, France
| | - Francois Carré
- Univ Rennes 1, CHU Rennes, Inserm, LTSI - UMR 1099, Rennes, France
| | - Aude Mignot
- Clinique du Sport, Bordeaux-Mérignac, Mérignac, France
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11
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Schöffl I, Wüstenfeld J, Jones G, Dittrich S, Lutter C, Schöffl V. Athlete's Heart in Elite Sport Climbers: Cardiac Adaptations Determined Using ECG and Echocardiography Data. Wilderness Environ Med 2020; 31:418-425. [PMID: 33189521 DOI: 10.1016/j.wem.2020.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Sudden cardiac death in a young athlete is the leading cause of mortality in athletes during sport. Specific knowledge about cardiac adaptations are necessary for a better understanding of the underlying causes of such events. METHODS A retrospective analysis of the electrocardiogram and echocardiographic data obtained during the yearly medical examination of the entire German junior national climbing team was undertaken. First, data from 1 examination were used. In a second step, data from 2 examinations spaced 2 y apart were analyzed for a selected subgroup to gain more knowledge about adaptations to climbing. The data from the subgroup were compared to an age- and sex-matched control group of Nordic skiers from the German junior national Nordic skiing team. RESULTS Forty-seven young climbers (20 girls, 27 boys) were examined once. There were no pathological findings in the electrocardiogram or echocardiography. The left ventricular (LV) measurements fell between those for athletes and nonathletes. Eight boys and 6 girls from this group were tested twice over a timeframe of 27.5 mo. All LV measurements increased over time. After 2 y, the measurements from the climbers were comparable to those of the Nordic skiers. CONCLUSIONS Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (hypertrophy of the LV) is the leading cause of sudden cardiac death in athletes. An increase in LV dimensions was observed in the young climbers in this study. LV dimensions being comparable to high-level Nordic skiers after 2 y in the national team imply structural changes over time in this cohort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Schöffl
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, University Hospital Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany; Section of Sportsmedicine and Sports Orthopaedics, Department of Orthopedic and Trauma Surgery, Klinikum Bamberg, Bamberg, Germany; School of Clinical and Applied Sciences, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, United Kingdom.
| | - Jan Wüstenfeld
- Insitute for Applied Exercise Science, University Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Gareth Jones
- School of Clinical and Applied Sciences, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Sven Dittrich
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, University Hospital Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Chris Lutter
- Department of Orthopaedics, University Hospital Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Volker Schöffl
- Section of Sportsmedicine and Sports Orthopaedics, Department of Orthopedic and Trauma Surgery, Klinikum Bamberg, Bamberg, Germany; School of Clinical and Applied Sciences, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, United Kingdom; Department of Emergency Medicine, Section Wilderness Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, CO
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12
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D'Ascenzi F, Anselmi F, Mondillo S, Finocchiaro G, Caselli S, Garza MSDL, Schmied C, Adami PE, Galderisi M, Adler Y, Pantazis A, Niebauer J, Heidbuchel H, Papadakis M, Dendale P. The use of cardiac imaging in the evaluation of athletes in the clinical practice: A survey by the Sports Cardiology and Exercise Section of the European Association of Preventive Cardiology and University of Siena, in collaboration with the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging, the European Heart Rhythm Association and the ESC Working Group on Myocardial and Pericardial Diseases. Eur J Prev Cardiol 2020; 28:1071-1077. [PMID: 32529943 DOI: 10.1177/2047487320932018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Pre-participation evaluation (PPE) is recommended to prevent sudden cardiac death in athletes. Although imaging is not advocated as a first-line screening tool, there is a growing interest in the use of echocardiography in PPE of athletes. This survey aimed to map the use of imaging in the setting of PPE and explore physician beliefs and potential barriers that may influence individual practices. METHODS An international survey of healthcare professionals was performed across ESC Member Countries. Percentages were reported based on the number of respondents per question. RESULTS In total, 603 individuals from 97 countries participated in the survey. Two-thirds (65%) of respondents use echocardiography always or often as part of PPE of competitive athletes and this practice is not influenced by the professional or amateur status of the athlete. The majority (81%) of respondents who use echocardiography as a first-line screening tool perform the first echocardiogram during adolescence or at the first clinical evaluation, and 72% repeat it at least once in the athletes' career, at 1-5 yearly intervals. In contrast, cardiac magnetic resonance is reserved as a second-line investigation of symptomatic athletes. The majority of the respondents did not report any barriers to echocardiography, while several barriers were identified for cardiac magnetic resonance. CONCLUSIONS Echocardiography is frequently used as a first-line screening tool of athletes. In the absence of scientific evidence, before such practice is recommended, large studies using echocardiography in the PPE setting are necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavio D'Ascenzi
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies, Division of Cardiology, University of Siena, Italy
| | - Francesca Anselmi
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies, Division of Cardiology, University of Siena, Italy
| | - Sergio Mondillo
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies, Division of Cardiology, University of Siena, Italy
| | | | - Stefano Caselli
- Cardiovascular Centre Zürich, Hirslanden Klinik im Park, Zürich, Switzerland
| | | | - Christian Schmied
- Department of Cardiology, University Heart Centre Zurich, University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Paolo Emilio Adami
- Health and Science Department, International Association of Athletics Federation - IAAF, Monaco, France
| | - Maurizio Galderisi
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | - Yehuda Adler
- College of Law and Business, Ramat Gan, Israel.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel.,Mayanei Hayeshua Medical Center, Bnei Brak, Israel
| | | | - Josef Niebauer
- Institute of Sports Medicine, Prevention and Rehabilitation and Research Institute of Molecular Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Hein Heidbuchel
- Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Antwerp, and Antwerp University, Belgium.,Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Michael Papadakis
- Cardiology Clinical Academic Group, St George's University of London, UK
| | - Paul Dendale
- Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
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13
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Leischik R, Dworrak B, Strauss M, Horlitz M, Pareja-Galeano H, de la Guía-Galipienso F, Lippi G, Lavie CJ, Perez MV, Sanchis-Gomar F. Special Article - Exercise-induced right ventricular injury or arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy (ACM): The bright side and the dark side of the moon. Prog Cardiovasc Dis 2020; 63:671-681. [PMID: 32224113 DOI: 10.1016/j.pcad.2020.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
There is still debate on the range of normal physiologic changes of the right ventricle or ventricular (RV) function in athletes. Genetic links to arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy (ACM) are well-established. There is no current consensus on the importance of extensive exercise and exercise-induced injury to the RV. During the intensive exercise of endurance sports, the cardiac structures adapt to athletic load over time. Some athletes develop RV cardiomyopathy possibly caused by genetic predisposition, whilst others develop arrhythmias from the RV. Endurance sports lead to increased volume and pressure load in both ventricles and increased myocardial mass. The extent of volume increase and changes in myocardial structure contribute to impairment of RV function and pose a challenge in cardiovascular sports medicine. Genetic predisposition to ACM may play an important role in the risk of sudden cardiac death of athletes. In this review, we discuss and evaluate existing results and opinions. Intensive training in competitive dynamic/power and endurance sports leads to specific RV adaptation, but physiological adaptation without genetic predisposition does not necessarily lead to severe complications in endurance sports. Discriminating between physiological adaptation and pathological form of ACM or RV impairment provoked by reinforced exercise presents a challenge to clinical sports cardiologists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman Leischik
- Department of Cardiology, Section Prevention and Sports Medicine, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health, Witten/Herdecke University, 58095 Witten, Germany.
| | - Birgit Dworrak
- Department of Cardiology, Section Prevention and Sports Medicine, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health, Witten/Herdecke University, 58095 Witten, Germany
| | - Marcus Strauss
- Department of Cardiology I - Coronary and Peripheral Vascular Disease, Heart Failure Medicine, University Hospital Muenster, Cardiol, 48149 Muenster, Germany
| | - Mark Horlitz
- Department of Cardiology, Section Prevention and Sports Medicine, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health, Witten/Herdecke University, 58095 Witten, Germany
| | - Helios Pareja-Galeano
- Facultad de Ciencias del Deporte y Fisioterapia, Universidad Europea, 28670 Madrid, Spain
| | - Fernando de la Guía-Galipienso
- Cardiology Service of Marina Baixa Hospital, Alicante, Spain; REMA Sports Cardiology Clinic, 03700 Denia, Alicante, Spain
| | - Giuseppe Lippi
- Section of Clinical Biochemistry, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Carl J Lavie
- John Ochsner Heart and Vascular Institute, Ochsner Clinical School, The University of Queensland School of Medicine, 70121 New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Marco V Perez
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, 94305-5110 Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Fabian Sanchis-Gomar
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, 94305-5110 Stanford, CA, USA; Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia and INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, 46010 Valencia, Spain.
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14
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Speers C, Seth AN, Patel KC, Rakhit DJ, Gillett MJ. Defining the Process of a Cardiovascular Risk Assessment Program: Lessons Learned From Cardiac Assessment of Elite Soccer Players in the United Kingdom. Clin J Sport Med 2019; 29:500-505. [PMID: 31688182 DOI: 10.1097/jsm.0000000000000534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Retrospectively analyze the cardiac assessment process for elite soccer players, and provide team physicians with a systematic guide to managing longitudinal cardiac risk. DESIGN Descriptive Epidemiology Study. SETTING Cardiac assessments incorporating clinical examination, 12-lead ECG, echocardiography, and health questionnaire. PARTICIPANTS Soccer players at 5 professional clubs in England, the United Kingdom. INTERVENTION Data was retrospectively collected, inspected, and analyzed to determine their clinical management and subsequent follow-up. RESULTS Over 2 years, 265 soccer players, aged 13 to 37 years with 66% of white European ethnicity, were included in the cohort. Eleven percent had "not-normal" assessments, of these assessments, 83% were considered gray screens, falling into three broad categories: structural cardiac features (including valvular abnormalities), functional cardiac features, and electrocardiogram changes. After cardiology consultation, all assessments were grouped into low, enhanced and high-risk categories for ongoing longitudinal risk management. Overall clear-cut pathology was identified in 2%. CONCLUSIONS Cardiovascular assessment is a vital tool in identifying athletes at risk of sudden cardiac death to mitigate their risk through surveillance, intervention, or participation restriction. The decision whether a player is fit to play or not requires a robust risk assessment followed by input from a multidisciplinary team that includes both the team physician and cardiologist. This educational article proposes a clinical management pathway to aid clinicians with this process. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Sudden cardiac death is the important medical cause of death during exercise. The team physician should assume responsibility for the management of the longitudinal risk of their players' cardiac assessments in conjunction with sports cardiologist.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Dhrubo Jyoti Rakhit
- Southampton University Hospitals, NHS Trust, Cardiology Department, Southampton, England
| | - Mark James Gillett
- West Bromwich Albion F.C. Sports Medicine and Sports Science Department, West Bromwich, England
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15
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Stephen VS, Wells M. Technically Adequate Images for Preparticipation Screening Echocardiography Can Be Obtained by Novices After a Single Day of Training. JOURNAL OF ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE 2019; 38:3015-3023. [PMID: 30985021 DOI: 10.1002/jum.15009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Revised: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Echocardiography-naïve physicians were trained in a 1-day course to determine whether they could obtain images adequate for preparticipation screening in athletes. METHODS Twenty-six physicians with no previous experience in echocardiography were trained to perform preparticipation screening echocardiography during a 6-hour course. Each image was rated for its technical quality on a diagnostic adequacy score. The time taken to perform the images was also evaluated. RESULTS The images obtained a median score of 3 (interquartile range, 2-4), which was considered adequate for preparticipation screening. Video clips achieved a higher rating than the still images, with a median score of 4 (interquartile range, 3-4). The best-performing 50% of the participants obtained adequate images for screening 95% of the time after the initial training. Considering the group overall, 79.2% of all video clips were adequate. The median time to perform the scans was 39 seconds. The correlation between the time and adequacy score showed that the quickest novices were also able to obtain the best images. CONCLUSIONS It is feasible to use novice sonographers to perform preparticipation screening echocardiography provided that the skill of the candidates is assessed after training, and competent individuals are selected. Video images should be used rather than still images.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Sarah Stephen
- Division of Emergency Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Parktown, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Mike Wells
- Division of Emergency Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Parktown, Johannesburg, South Africa
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16
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The optimal approach to screening young people to decrease the risk of sudden death remains unknown. It deserves the passionate attention that researchers, clinicians and families have given it. The new data from January 2018 to July 2019 are reviewed here. RECENT FINDINGS Cardiac findings associated with a risk of sudden death were reported in 0.4% of screened athletes. Well run programs continue report varying sensitivity for screening ECGs (between 86 and 100%). One major article reported a higher incidence of sudden death in young people than has been previously published (6.8/100 000 athletes). SUMMARY The rate of important findings in sophisticated screening programs is approximately 0.4%, suggesting that this is near the population rate of detectable disease in most athletic groups. ECGs are unquestionably capable of detecting disease that can be missed by history and physical, but the performance characteristics of ECGs continue to vary from study to study. In addition, the underlying cost and infrastructure of ECG and echocardiographic screening remains unaddressed by the recent literature. A few small studies have started to look at alternative technology approaches to ECG screening. VIDEO ABSTRACT.
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17
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Angelini P. Coronary artery anomalies: Why should we diagnose them in young athletes, by what means, and for what aims? Eur J Prev Cardiol 2019; 26:985-987. [DOI: 10.1177/2047487319840894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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18
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Gerling S, Loose O, Zant R, Michel H, Melter M, Gündisch C, Krutsch V, Krutsch W. Echocardiographic diagnosis of congenital coronary artery abnormalities in a continuous series of adolescent football players. Eur J Prev Cardiol 2019; 26:988-994. [DOI: 10.1177/2047487319825520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background Sudden cardiac death (SCD) in children and adolescents is rare. Several studies have reported a higher risk of SCD during athletic competition. High risk congenital coronary artery abnormalities are the second leading cause of SCD in young athletes in the USA. Echocardiographic assessment of coronary arteries has not been routinely used in screening programmes for junior athletes so far. Design Prospective cohort study in 1045 consecutive adolescent elite football players. Methods All athletes underwent a standardized cardiovascular screening protocol with a medical history, a physical examination, 12-lead resting electrocardiogram and a complete transthoracic 2D-echocardiography. Results Two athletes (0.19%) showed a high-risk coronary artery abnormality (CAA) with a right coronary artery originating abnormal from the aorta and coursing inter-arterial. Low-risk CAAs were found in 16 athletes (1.53%). There was an ectasia of the left coronary artery (+3.9z and +4.3z) and a fistula from the left coronary artery in two cases (0.19%), respectively. In 1.05% ( n = 11) we found a high take-off (2.3–6.8 mm) and in one case (0.096%) there was a tangential take-off of the right main coronary artery. Variants of coronary arterial anatomy were identified in 335 of 1045 athletes (32.06%). Conclusion Basic pre-participation screening tests including 12-lead or exercise electrocardiogram do not safely identify high-risk CAAs. In adolescent athletes an expert cardiologist is able to describe the origin and the proximal course of the coronary arteries and identify major abnormalities in most of the cases by transthoracic 2D-echocardiography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Gerling
- Deparment of Paediatrics, University Children's Hospital Regensburg (KUNO), Germany
| | - Oliver Loose
- Department of Paediatric Surgery, Hospital Barmherzige Brüder, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Robert Zant
- Deparment of Paediatrics, University Children's Hospital Regensburg (KUNO), Germany
| | - Holger Michel
- Deparment of Paediatrics, University Children's Hospital Regensburg (KUNO), Germany
| | - Michael Melter
- Deparment of Paediatrics, University Children's Hospital Regensburg (KUNO), Germany
| | | | - Volker Krutsch
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Paracelsus Medical University Nuremberg, Germany
| | - Werner Krutsch
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, University Hospital Regensburg, Germany
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19
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Modaff DS, Hegde SM, Wyman RA, Rahko PS. Usefulness of Focused Screening Echocardiography for Collegiate Athletes. Am J Cardiol 2019; 123:169-174. [PMID: 30348435 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2018.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Revised: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Sudden cardiac death in a young healthy athlete is a rare but catastrophic event. The American Heart Association preparticipation screening guidelines recommend a focused history and physical without routine imaging or electrocardiogram screening. We hypothesized that a focused echocardiogram can identify structural abnormalities that may lead to sudden cardiac death in athletes, which might otherwise go undetected by history and physical. We retrospectively reviewed the charts of all incoming collegiate athletes at a single university from 2005 to 2013, all of whom had undergone a focused, 5-minute echocardiogram along with a guideline-based preparticipation history and physical (PPS H&P). Abnormal findings prompted further testing or referral. We report the prevalence of abnormal findings and the relation between an abnormal PPS H&P and screening echocardiogram. A total of 2,898 athletes were screened and 159 (5%) had findings. Forty athletes underwent further testing and evaluation. Of these athletes, 3 had newly diagnosed abnormalities that warranted restriction of participation: 1 apical-variant hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, 1 large bidirectional atrial septal defect with right ventricular dysfunction, and 1 dilated ascending aorta. Two of these athletes had a normal PPS H&P. Conversely, of the 661 athletes with an abnormal PPS H&P, only 1 (0.15%) had an abnormal screening echocardiogram. In conclusion, although the overall number was low, the 5-minute screening echocardiogram detected athletes at risk for sudden cardiac death not discovered on PPS H&P.
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20
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Caparrós-Hernández ME, García-Fernández M, Miró-Vicedo C, Ponce-Abellán MDM, Ruso-Ruso A, Jover-Ríos MD, Méndez-Mora J, Caparrós-Hernández F, Seguí-Pérez C, Seguí-Pérez M, Esteve-Atiénzar P, Peris-García J, Bonet-Tur D, Roig-Rico P, Pérez-Fullana A, Seguí-Ripoll JM. Sudden Death in Sports: Case Report and Review of an Ongoing Problem. Health (London) 2019. [DOI: 10.4236/health.2019.111008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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21
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Moulson N, Jaff Z, Wiltshire V, Taylor T, O'Connor HM, Hopman WM, Johri AM. Feasibility and Reliability of Nonexpert POCUS for Cardiovascular Preparticipation Screening of Varsity Athletes: The SHARP Protocol. Can J Cardiol 2018; 35:35-41. [PMID: 30595181 DOI: 10.1016/j.cjca.2018.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Revised: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Point of care ultrasound (POCUS) is a potential adjunctive cardiovascular preparticipation screening modality for young competitive athletes. A novel cardiac POCUS screening protocol, Screening the Heart of the Athlete Research Program (SHARP), was developed for nonexpert examiners to assess common structural etiologies associated with sudden cardiac arrest/death (SCA/D). METHODS Assessment of primary outcomes of feasibility, and reliability of obtained measurements, performed by comparison to formal transthoracic echocardiogram was undertaken. Inter-rater reliability was based on Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) defined as moderate for 0.40 to 0.59, good for 0.60 to 0.79, and excellent for 0.80 or greater. Electrocardiograms (ECGs) were also obtained. Identification of disease or other abnormalities was a secondary outcome. RESULTS Fifty varsity athletes at our institution underwent the SHARP protocol, with 19 undergoing formal transthoracic echocardiogram and ECG for comparison. POCUS image quality was good to excellent. Feasibility of assessing for hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, aortic root dilatation, and left-ventricular function was deemed highly possible but limited in 20% for right-ventricular assessment. Reliability was good for measurements of interventricular septal thickness (0.67), end diastolic left-ventricular diameter (0.61), aortic root diameter (0.63), and moderate for left-ventricular posterior wall thickness (0.42). No cardiovascular abnormalities were detected. CONCLUSIONS A novel, comprehensive SHARP POCUS protocol performed by nonexpert practitioners demonstrated feasibility and reliability to assess varsity level athletes for common structural etiologies associated with SCA/D. Further large athlete screening cohort studies are required to validate the SHARP protocol and the role of cardiac POCUS as a screening modality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathaniel Moulson
- Division of Cardiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Zardasht Jaff
- Department of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Victoria Wiltshire
- Department of Athletics and Recreation, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Taryn Taylor
- Department of Sports Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - H Michael O'Connor
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Wilma M Hopman
- Department of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Amer M Johri
- Department of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada.
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22
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Angelini P, Cheong BY, Lenge De Rosen VV, Lopez A, Uribe C, Masso AH, Ali SW, Davis BR, Muthupillai R, Willerson JT. High-Risk Cardiovascular Conditions in Sports-Related Sudden Death: Prevalence in 5,169 Schoolchildren Screened via Cardiac Magnetic Resonance. Tex Heart Inst J 2018; 45:205-213. [PMID: 30374227 DOI: 10.14503/thij-18-6645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Improving preparticipation screening of candidates for sports necessitates establishing the prevalence of high-risk cardiovascular conditions (hr-CVC) that predispose young people to sudden cardiac death (SCD). Our accurate, novel protocol chiefly involved the use of cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) to estimate this prevalence. Middle and high school students from a general United States population were screened by means of questionnaires, resting electrocardiograms, and CMR to determine the prevalence of 3 types of hr-CVC: electrocardiographic abnormalities, cardiomyopathies, and anomalous coronary artery origin from the opposite sinus with intramural coronary course (ACAOS-IM). We examined the range of normal left ventricular size and function in the main study cohort (schoolchildren 11-14 yr old). We defined diagnostic criteria for hr-CVC and compared the cardiac measurements of these younger participants with those of older children whom we examined (age, 15-18 yr). From 5,169 completed diagnostic studies (mean participant age, 13.06 ± 1.78 yr), CMR results revealed 76 previously undiagnosed cases of hr-CVC (1.47% of the total cohort): 11 of dilated cardiomyopathy (14.5%), 3 of nonobstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (3.9%), 23 ACAOS-IM cases (30.3%; 6 left-ACAOS and 17 right-ACAOS), 4 Wolff-Parkinson-White patterns (5.3%), 34 prolonged QT intervals (44.7%), and 1 Brugada pattern (1.3%). Cardiomyopathies were significantly more prevalent in the older children. Of note, we identified 959 cases (18.5%) of left ventricular noncompaction. If our estimate is accurate, only 1.47% of school-age sports participants will need focused secondary evaluations; the rest can probably be reassured about their cardiac health after one 30-minute screening study.
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23
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Angelini P, Cheong BY, Lenge De Rosen VV, Lopez JA, Uribe C, Masso AH, Ali SW, Davis BR, Muthupillai R, Willerson JT. Magnetic Resonance Imaging–Based Screening Study in a General Population of Adolescents. J Am Coll Cardiol 2018; 71:579-580. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2017.11.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Revised: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 11/24/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Grazioli G, Sanz de la Garza M, Vidal B, Montserrat S, Sarquella-Brugada G, Pi R, Til L, Gutierrez J, Brugada J, Sitges M. Prevention of sudden death in adolescent athletes: Incremental diagnostic value and cost-effectiveness of diagnostic tests. Eur J Prev Cardiol 2017; 24:1446-1454. [DOI: 10.1177/2047487317713328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gonzalo Grazioli
- Cardiovascular Institute, Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona; IDIBAPS, Institute for Biomedical Research August Pi i Sunyer, Spain
| | - Maria Sanz de la Garza
- Cardiovascular Institute, Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona; IDIBAPS, Institute for Biomedical Research August Pi i Sunyer, Spain
| | - Barbara Vidal
- Cardiovascular Institute, Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona; IDIBAPS, Institute for Biomedical Research August Pi i Sunyer, Spain
| | - Silvia Montserrat
- Cardiovascular Institute, Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona; IDIBAPS, Institute for Biomedical Research August Pi i Sunyer, Spain
| | - Georgia Sarquella-Brugada
- Department of Cardiology, Hospital Sant Joan de Deu, University of Barcelona, Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain
| | | | - Lluis Til
- GIRSANE, Consorci Sanitari de Terrassa-Centre d Alt Rendiment, Sant Cugat del Valles, Spain
| | | | - Josep Brugada
- Cardiovascular Institute, Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona; IDIBAPS, Institute for Biomedical Research August Pi i Sunyer, Spain
| | - Marta Sitges
- Cardiovascular Institute, Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona; IDIBAPS, Institute for Biomedical Research August Pi i Sunyer, Spain
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Kerkhof DL, Gleason CN, Basilico FC, Corrado GD. Is There a Role for Limited Echocardiography During the Preparticipation Physical Examination? PM R 2016; 8:S36-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pmrj.2016.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Revised: 12/24/2015] [Accepted: 01/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Courtney N. Gleason
- Brown University Warren Alpert Medical School, Departments of Orthopedics and Pediatrics, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI
| | | | - Gianmichel D. Corrado
- Division of Sports Medicine, Department of Orthopedics, Boston Children's Hospital, 319 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA 02115; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Northeastern University, Boston, MA; The Micheli Center for Sports Injury Prevention, Waltham, MA
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Differentiating hypertrophic cardiomyopathy from athlete's heart: An electrocardiographic and echocardiographic approach. J Electrocardiol 2016; 49:539-44. [PMID: 27016258 DOI: 10.1016/j.jelectrocard.2016.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Differential diagnosis of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) vs athlete's heart is challenging in individuals with mild-moderate left-ventricular hypertrophy. This study aimed to assess ECG and echocardiographic parameters proposed for the differential diagnosis of HCM. The study included 75 men in three groups: control (n=30), "gray zone" athletes with interventricular septum (IVS) measuring 13-15mm (n=25) and HCM patients with IVS of 13-18mm (n=20). The most significant differences were found in relative septal thickness (RST), calculated as the ratio of 2 x IVS to left ventricle end-diastolic diameter (LV-EDD) (0.37, 0.51, 0.71, respectively; p<0.01) and in spatial QRS-T angle as visually estimated (9.8, 33.6, 66.2, respectively; p<0.01). The capacity for differential HCM diagnosis of each of the 5 criteria was assessed using the area under the curve (AUC), as follows: LV-EDD<54 (0.60), family history (0.61), T-wave inversion (TWI) (0.67), spatial QRS-T angle>45 (0.75) and RST>0.54 (0.92). Pearson correlation between spatial QRS-T angle>45 and TWI was 0.76 (p 0.01). The combination of spatial QRS-T angle>45 and RST>0.54 for diagnosis of HCM had an AUC of 0.79. The best diagnostic criteria for HCM was RST>0.54. The spatial QRS-T angle>45 did not add sensitivity if TWI was present. No additional improvement in differential diagnosis was obtained by combining parameters.
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Ferreira-González I, Abu-Assi E, Arias MA, Gallego P, Sánchez-Recalde Á, Avanzas P, Bayes-Genis A, de Isla LP, Sanchis J. REVISTA ESPAÑOLA DE CARDIOLOGÍA. Estado actual y perspectiva futura. Rev Esp Cardiol 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.recesp.2016.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Ferreira-González I, Abu-Assi E, Arias MA, Gallego P, Sánchez-Recalde Á, Avanzas P, Bayes-Genis A, de Isla LP, Sanchis J. Revista Española de Cardiología: Current Position and Future Directions. REVISTA ESPANOLA DE CARDIOLOGIA (ENGLISH ED.) 2016; 69:327-336. [PMID: 26927537 DOI: 10.1016/j.rec.2016.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/22/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Pablo Avanzas
- Former Associate Editor, Revista Española de Cardiología
| | | | | | - Juan Sanchis
- Former Editor-in-Chief, Revista Española de Cardiología
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30
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Aagaard P, Phelan D. Athlete Screening for Cardiomyopathies: Recent Insights and Latest Guidelines. CURRENT CARDIOVASCULAR RISK REPORTS 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s12170-016-0494-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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The effectiveness of screening history, physical exam, and ECG to detect potentially lethal cardiac disorders in athletes: A systematic review/meta-analysis. J Electrocardiol 2015; 48:329-38. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelectrocard.2015.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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33
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Mahía-Casado P, García-Orta R, Gómez de Diego JJ, Barba-Cosials J, Rodríguez-Palomares JF, Aguadé-Bruix S. Update on cardiac imaging techniques 2014. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 68:129-35. [PMID: 25547375 DOI: 10.1016/j.rec.2014.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2014] [Accepted: 09/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
In this article, we review the contributions of the most important imaging techniques used in cardiology, reported in 2014. Echocardiography remains the cornerstone for diagnosing and monitoring valvular heart disease, and there has been a continuing effort to improve quantification of this condition and obtain prognostic parameters for follow-up. The study of regional myocardial function is anchored in the diagnosis of subclinical ventricular dysfunction, and 3-dimensional transesophageal echocardiography has become the perfect ally in interventional procedures for structural heart disease. Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging and cardiac computed tomography are the focus of most publications on cardiac imaging in ischemic heart disease, reflecting their consolidated use in clinical practice. Nuclear medicine excels in the study of myocardial viability after interventional treatment of acute coronary syndromes and its performance is validated in the diagnosis of ischemic heart disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rocío García-Orta
- Servicio de Cardiología, Hospital Virgen de las Nieves, Granada, Spain
| | | | - Joaquín Barba-Cosials
- Departamento de Cardiología, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Navarre, Spain
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Spethmann S, Prescher S, Dreger H, Nettlau H, Baumann G, Knebel F, Koehler F. Electrocardiographic monitoring during marathon running: a proof of feasibility for a new telemedical approach. Eur J Prev Cardiol 2014; 21:32-7. [PMID: 25354952 DOI: 10.1177/2047487314553736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE There is a risk for sudden cardiac death and nonfatal arrhythmias for marathon runners. A new telemedical approach to prevent sudden cardiac death could be online electrocardiogram monitoring during endurance sport events, which would allow the emergency services located along the running track to initiate instantaneous therapy. In a first proof-of-concept study we evaluate the feasibility of recording, transferring and analysing an electrocardiogram via a mobile phone (electrocardiogram streaming) and compare the quality to a conventional Holter electrocardiogram during marathon running. METHODS A total of 10 recreational endurance runners are equipped with a Holter Tele-electrocardiogram and a standard smartphone connected via Bluetooth to each other in order to continuously record an electrocardiogram during a first marathon event (five runners) and a second marathon event (five runners). All streaming electrocardiogram data were transferred from the device to our telemedicine centre (Charité Campus Mitte, Berlin, Germany); the data were monitored live and stored for a subsequent offline analysis. The primary endpoint was the percentage of successful transfer time of the streaming electrocardiogram compared with Holter electrocardiogram; the secondary endpoint was the percentage of correctly identified arrhythmias in the observed period. RESULTS It is technically feasible to stream an electrocardiogram during marathon running in the presence of thousands of mobile phone users. In addition, the identification of arrhythmias during a marathon is possible by electrocardiogram streaming. However, during the first race, the data transfer quality was low. After improvement of the software, in the subsequent race there was an extremely good quality in the data transfer via the mobile phone network (89%) and 100% of the rhythm disturbances could be detected in the streamed electrocardiogram. CONCLUSION Online electrocardiogram surveillance during marathon running is a promising preventive concept. Intensive further technical development is needed first before further studies with clinical endpoints can start.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Spethmann
- Medizinische Klinik für Kardiologie und Angiologie, Campus Mitte, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany Bundeswehrkrankenhaus Berlin, Abteilung I - Innere Medizin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sandra Prescher
- Medizinische Klinik für Kardiologie und Angiologie, Campus Mitte, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Henryk Dreger
- Medizinische Klinik für Kardiologie und Angiologie, Campus Mitte, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Herbert Nettlau
- Zentrum für Kardiovaskuläre Telemedizin GmbH, Berlin, Germany
| | - Gert Baumann
- Medizinische Klinik für Kardiologie und Angiologie, Campus Mitte, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Fabian Knebel
- Medizinische Klinik für Kardiologie und Angiologie, Campus Mitte, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Friedrich Koehler
- Medizinische Klinik für Kardiologie und Angiologie, Campus Mitte, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany Zentrum für Kardiovaskuläre Telemedizin GmbH, Berlin, Germany
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